Social Policy

by Bochel, Hugh; Bochel, Catherine; Page, Robert; Sykes, Rob

• ISBN13: 9780130870094
• ISBN10: 0130870099
• Edition: Illus.
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-12-30
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Social Policy: Issues and Developmentsprovides an engaging,comprehensive introduction to contemporary British social policy. It focuses primarily upon developments since 1997 including coverage of major service areas, ideological and other current debates in the subject.It combines description and analysis in a clear and straightforward approach, whilst recognising the complexities of contemporary social policy.

Table of Contents

About the contributors	xv
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgements	viii
Part I The context for social policy	1	(36)
1 Introducing social policy	3	(11)
Issues in Focus	3	(1)
What is social policy?	3	(5)
Development of the welfare state	8	(2)
Structure of this book	10	(1)
Summary	11	(1)
Discussion and review topics	12	(1)
Further reading	12	(1)
Some useful websites	12	(1)
References	13	(1)
2 The politics and government of social policy	14	(23)
Issues in Focus	14	(1)
Politics and social policy	15	(9)
Political parties	15	(3)
Pressure groups	18	(2)
The media	20	(4)
Government of social policy	24	(9)
Government under the Conservatives, 1979-1997	25	(1)
Government under New Labour	26	(7)
Summary	33	(1)
Discussion and review topics	33	(1)
Further reading	34	(1)
Some useful websites	34	(1)
References	34	(3)
Part II Developments in services	37	(202)
3 Income maintenance and taxation	39	(27)
Issues in Focus	39	(1)
Context: Cultural assumptions and socio-economic inequality	40	(4)
Cultural assumptions	41	(2)
Socio-economic inequality	43	(1)
Importance of social security and taxation	44	(2)
Defining 'social security' and taxation	46	(6)
Social security	46	(2)
Taxation	48	(2)
Aims of social security and taxation	50	(2)
Overview of the current system	52	(8)
Social security	52	(3)
Taxation	55	(5)
Tackling fraud in social security and taxation	60	(1)
Recent reforms and future prospects	60	(2)
Summary	62	(2)
Discussion and review topics	63	(1)
Further reading	64	(1)
Some useful websites	64	(1)
References	65	(1)
4 'Working off welfare'	66	(21)
Issues in Focus	66	(2)
Brief history of welfare and work in Britain	68	(2)
Causes of unemployment and construction of policies to tackle them	70	(3)
Labour and welfare-to-work	73	(7)
Evaluating welfare-to-work policies	78	(2)
Prospects for the future	80	(1)
Welfare-to-work landmarks, 1601-1996	81	(1)
Summary	82	(1)
Discussion and review topics	83	(1)
Further reading	83	(1)
Some useful websites	84	(1)
References	84	(3)
5 Education	87	(22)
Issues in Focus	87	(1)
Education up to 1979	88	(4)
Education, 1979-1997	92	(3)
Education since 1997	95	(10)
Nursery places and pre-school education	96	(1)
Primary and secondary education	96	(6)
Lifelong learning and higher education	102	(2)
Education and devolution	104	(1)
Education landmarks, 1979-2002	105	(1)
Summary	105	(2)
Discussion and review topics	107	(1)
Further reading	107	(1)
Some useful websites	107	(1)
References	108	(1)
6 Personal social services	109	(22)
Issues in Focus	109	(2)
Historical and policy context	111	(7)
Personal social services, 1970-1979	112	(1)
Personal social services, 1979-1997	113	(2)
Personal social services since 1997	115	(3)
Aspects of social services	118	(8)
Family and childcare	118	(2)
Community care	120	(4)
Youth justice	124	(2)
Summary	126	(1)
Discussion and review topics	127	(1)
Further reading	127	(1)
Some useful websites	128	(1)
References	128	(3)
7 Crime and criminal justice policy	131	(21)
Issues in Focus	131	(1)
Defining criminal and social justice	132	(4)
Criminal justice	132	(1)
Social justice	133	(3)
Inequality of justice	136	(4)
How does the criminal justice system work in practice?	136	(4)
Inequality and justice	140	(5)
What (and who) is the crime problem?	140	(1)
Politics of imprisonment	140	(3)
So, what is 'the crime problem'?	143	(2)
Redefining the 'justice gap'	145	(3)
Crime, disorder and social exclusion	145	(1)
What is the 'justice gap'?	146	(2)
Summary	148	(1)
Discussion and review topics	149	(1)
Further reading	149	(1)
Some useful websites	150	(1)
References	150	(2)
8 Health policy	152	(19)
Issues in Focus	152	(1)
Growth of state involvement in health	153	(1)
Health policy, 1948-1979	154	(1)
Health policy, 1979-1997	155	(4)
NHS funding and internal markets	156	(1)
Public health measures	157	(1)
Private health provision	158	(1)
Health policy since 1997	159	(8)
NHS funding	159	(2)
Reforming primary care	161	(1)
Structural change	162	(2)
Inequalities in health	164	(2)
Private health provision	166	(1)
Devolution	166	(1)
Summary	167	(1)
Discussion and review topics	168	(1)
Further reading	168	(1)
Some useful websites	169	(1)
References	169	(2)
9 Housing policy	171	(22)
Issues in Focus	171	(1)
State intervention in the housing market	172	(2)
Regulation and 'nuisance' removal	172	(2)
Conservative housing policy, 1979-1997: state to market: market to state	174	(4)
Private landlords	177	(1)
Housing associations	177	(1)
Housing Benefit	177	(1)
Home ownership	177	(1)
New Labour and housing policy	178	(3)
'Social' housing	178	(1)
The private landlord sector	179	(1)
Home ownership	179	(1)
Devolution	179	(1)
Housing Benefit	180	(1)
Housing and social exclusion	181	(5)
Unpopular housing	181	(1)
New Deal for Communities	181	(1)
Neighbourhood renewal	182	(1)
Rough sleeping	183	(1)
Statutory homelessness	184	(2)
Housing and community care	186	(2)
Purpose-built accommodation and support	186	(1)
Adapted properties	187	(1)
Lifetime homes	188	(1)
General housing and community care	188	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
Discussion and review topics	189	(1)
Further reading	189	(1)
Some useful websites	190	(1)
References	190	(3)
10 Ethics, risk and social policy	193	(1)
Issues in Focus	193	(1)
Ethical theory	194	(7)
Are moral judgements matters of opinion?	196	(1)
Role of theory	196	(3)
Justice	199	(2)
Feminist ethics	201	(1)
Applied ethics	201	(10)
Rationing	202	(2)
Science, human genetics and reproduction	204	(3)
Professional ethics	207	(4)
Risk	211	(2)
Summary	213	(1)
Discussion and review topics	214	(1)
Further reading	214	(1)
Some useful websites	215	(1)
References	215	(2)
11 Exploring the boundaries of social policy	217	(1)
Issues in Focus	217	(1)
New and traditional social policy concerns	218	(1)
Setting the context: the changing nature of social policy	219	(2)
Food	221	(4)
Food interests	222	(1)
Government policy	223	(2)
The environment and sustainability	225	(1)
Government policy	226	(1)
Transport and travel	226	(3)
Transport/travel interests	228	(1)
Government policy	228	(1)
Information and communication technology	229	(2)
Government policy	231	(1)
Summary	231	(2)
Discussion and review topics	232	(1)
Further reading	233	(1)
Some useful websites	233	(1)
References	234	(5)
Part III Theorising social policy
12 The New Right: neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism	239	(78)
Issues in Focus	239	(1)
Neo-liberalism	240	(2)
Freedom	240	(1)
Individualism	240	(1)
The free market	241	(1)
Role of government	241	(1)
Neo-conservatism	242	(1)
Law and order	242	(1)
Public morality	243	(1)
National identity	243	(1)
Neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism: two sides of the same coin?	243	(2)
The New Right and the welfare state	245	(4)
Philosophical objections	245	(1)
Economic objections	245	(2)
Social objections	247	(1)
Reforming the welfare state	248	(1)
The New Right and British social policy since 1945	249	(13)
New Right resistance	250	(2)
The Thatcher years, 1979-1990	252	(6)
The Major years, 1992-1997	258	(4)
The New Right legacy	262	(1)
Summary	263	(1)
Discussion and review topics	263	(1)
Further reading	264	(1)
Some useful websites	264	(1)
References	264	(4)
13 From democratic socialism to New Labour	268	(1)
Issues in Focus	268	(1)
The democratic socialist phase, 1945-1951	269	(4)
Economic policy	269	(2)
Social policy	271	(2)
Towards social democracy, 1951 and beyond	273	(7)
Social democracy in practice, 1964-1979	275	(4)
A renewed challenge to social democracy, 1979-1983	279	(1)
New Labour and the Third Way	280	(7)
New Labour and economic policy	281	(2)
New Labour and social policy	283	(4)
Summary	287	(1)
Discussion and review topics	288	(1)
Further reading	288	(1)
Some useful websites	288	(1)
References	289	(3)
14 Alternative approaches to social policy	292	(1)
Issues in Focus	292	(1)
Feminism	293	(4)
Ethnicity and anti-racism	297	(5)
Disability	302	(3)
Theoretical implications	305	(3)
Summary	308	(2)
Discussion and review topics	309	(1)
Further reading	310	(1)
Some useful websites	310	(1)
References	311	(6)
Part IV European and international developments
15 European welfare states and European Union social policy	317	(56)
Issues in Focus	317	(1)
Patterns of similarity and difference in European welfare states	318	(6)
A greying and less familial Europe?	319	(1)
Unemployment	320	(1)
Poverty and social exclusion	321	(2)
Summary	323	(1)
Development of the EU's 'social dimension' — from Common Market to European Union	324	(7)
From Common Market to single market: 1950's to 1980's	325	(1)
EU economic and social policies in the 1990's	326	(4)
Current issues and developments	330	(1)
Social policymaking in the EU	331	(5)
Key EU social policymaking bodies	331	(5)
EU social policy now and in the future	336	(3)
EU social policy summarised	336	(3)
Summary	339	(1)
Discussion and review topics	340	(1)
Further reading	340	(1)
Some useful websites	341	(1)
References	341	(1)
16 Globalisation, welfare and social policy: issues and developments	342	(1)
Issues in Focus	342	(1)
What is globalisation? Contested ideas — contested reality?	343	(2)
Variety of globalisation processes — social, political and economic	345	(9)
Social and cultural globalisation	345	(2)
Political globalisation	347	(2)
Economic globalisation	349	(3)
Key features of globalisation?	352	(2)
Globalisation and welfare	354	(9)
Theories and perspectives	354	(6)
'Testing' the perspectives	360	(2)
Globalisation and future of welfare	362	(1)
Summary	363	(2)
Discussion and review topics	365	(1)
Further reading	365	(1)
Some useful websites	365	(1)
References	366	(2)
17 Conclusions	368	(5)
Issues in Focus	368	(4)
Discussion and review topics	372	(1)
Glossary	373	(6)
Index	379