Social Psychology With Infotrac

by Michener, H. Andrew; Delamater, John D.; Myers, Daniel J.

• ISBN13: 9780534583217
• ISBN10: 0534583210
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-13
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

1. Introduction to Social Psychology. 2. Research Methods in Social Psychology. 3. Socialization. 4. Self and Identity. 5. Social Perception and Cognition. 6. Attitudes. 7. Symbolic Communication and Language. 8. Social Influence and Persuasion. 9. Self-Presentation and Impression Management. 10. Helping and Altruism. 11. Aggression. 12. Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships. 13. Group Cohesion And Conformity. 14. Group Structure and Performance. 15. Intergroup Conflict. 16. Life Course and Gender Roles. 17. Social Structure and Personality. 18. Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction. 19. Collective Behavior and Social Movements.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
Introduction to Social Psychology	1	(24)
Introduction	2	(1)
What Is Social Psychology?	3	(2)
A Formal Definition	3	(1)
Core Concerns of Social Psychology	3	(2)
Relation to Other Fields	5	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives in Social Psychology	5	(14)
Role Theory	6	(3)
Reinforcement Theory	9	(3)
Cognitive Theory	12	(2)
Symbolic Interaction Theory	14	(2)
Evolutionary Theory	16	(2)
A Comparison of Perspectives	18	(1)
Is Social Psychology a Science?	19	(2)
Characteristics of Science	20	(1)
Social Psychology as a Science	20	(1)
Summary	21	(3)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	24	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	24	(1)
Research Methods in Social Psychology	25	(25)
Introduction	26	(1)
Questions about Research Methods	26	(1)
Characteristics of Empirical Research	26	(3)
Objectives of Research	26	(1)
Research Hypotheses	27	(1)
Validity of Findings	28	(1)
Research Methods	29	(16)
Surveys	29	(7)
Field Studies and Naturalistic Observation	36	(2)
Archival Research and Content Analysis	38	(2)
Experiments	40	(4)
Comparison of Research Methods	44	(1)
Meta-Analysis	44	(1)
Research in Diverse Populations	45	(1)
Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research	46	(2)
Potential Sources of Harm	46	(1)
Institutional Safeguards	47	(1)
Potential Benefits	48	(1)
Summary	48	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	49	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	49	(1)
Socialization	50	(28)
Introduction	51	(1)
Perspectives on Socialization	52	(3)
The Developmental Perspective	52	(1)
The Social Learning Perspective	53	(1)
The Interpretive Perspective	54	(1)
The Impact of Social Structure	55	(1)
Agents of Childhood Socialization	55	(7)
Family	55	(4)
Peers	59	(2)
School	61	(1)
Processes of Socialization	62	(4)
Instrumental Conditioning	62	(3)
Observational Learning	65	(1)
Internalization	66	(1)
Outcomes of Socialization	66	(8)
Gender Role	66	(2)
Linguistic and Cognitive Competence	68	(2)
Moral Development	70	(3)
Work Orientations	73	(1)
Adult Socialization	74	(2)
Role Acquisition	74	(1)
Anticipatory Socialization	75	(1)
Role Discontinuity	76	(1)
Summary	76	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	77	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	77	(1)
Self and Identity	78	(27)
Introduction	79	(2)
The Nature and Genesis of Self	81	(4)
The Self as Source and Object of Action	81	(1)
Self-Differentiation	81	(2)
Role Taking	83	(1)
The Social Origins of Self	83	(2)
Identities: The Self We Know	85	(4)
Role Identities	85	(1)
Social Identities	86	(1)
Research on Self-Concept Formation	87	(1)
The Situated Self	88	(1)
Identities: The Self We Enact	89	(4)
Identities and Behavior	90	(1)
Choosing an Identity to Enact	90	(2)
Identities as Sources of Consistency	92	(1)
The Self in Thought and Feeling	93	(5)
Self-Schema	93	(1)
Effects of Self-Awareness	94	(1)
Effects of Self-Discrepancies	95	(1)
Influences of Self on Emotions	96	(2)
Self-Esteem	98	(5)
Assessment of Self-Esteem	98	(1)
Sources of Self-Esteem	99	(1)
Self-Esteem and Behavior	100	(2)
Protecting Self-Esteem	102	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	104	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	104	(1)
Social Perception and Cognition	105	(33)
Introduction	106	(1)
Schemas	107	(4)
Types of Schemas	108	(1)
Schematic Processing	109	(2)
Schemas as Cultural Elements	111	(1)
Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes	111	(6)
Person Schemas	111	(3)
Group Stereotypes	114	(3)
Impression Formation	117	(8)
Trait Centrality	117	(3)
Integrating Information About Others	120	(3)
Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies	123	(1)
Heuristics	123	(2)
Attribution Theory	125	(6)
Dispositional Versus Situational Attributions	125	(1)
Inferring Dispositions From Acts	126	(2)
Covariation Model of Attribution	128	(2)
Attributions for Success and Failure	130	(1)
Bias and Error in Attribution	131	(4)
Overattribution to Dispositions	131	(2)
Focus of Attention Bias	133	(1)
Actor-Observer Difference	133	(1)
Motivational Biases	134	(1)
Cultural Basis of Attributions	135	(1)
Summary	136	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	137	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	137	(1)
Attitudes	138	(24)
Introduction	139	(1)
The Nature of Attitudes	139	(3)
The Components of an Attitude	139	(1)
Attitude Formation	140	(1)
The Functions of Attitudes	141	(1)
Attitude Organization	142	(1)
Attitude Structure	142	(1)
Cognitive Consistency	143	(6)
Balance Theory	144	(2)
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance	146	(2)
Is Consistency Inevitable?	148	(1)
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior	149	(9)
Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?	149	(2)
Activation of the Attitude	151	(1)
Characteristics of the Attitude	151	(3)
Attitude-Behavior Correspondence	154	(1)
Situational Constraints	155	(3)
The Reasoned Action Model	158	(2)
Formal Model	159	(1)
Assessment of the Model	159	(1)
Summary	160	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	161	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	161	(1)
Symbolic Communication and Language	162	(32)
Introduction	163	(1)
Language and Verbal Communication	163	(9)
Linguistic Communication	164	(1)
The Encoder-Decoder Model	165	(2)
The Intentionalist Model	167	(2)
The Perspective-Taking Model	169	(3)
Nonverbal Communication	172	(7)
Types of Nonverbal Communication	172	(2)
What's in a Face?	174	(1)
Facial Communication of Emotion	175	(3)
Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication	178	(1)
Social Structure and Communication	179	(10)
Gender and Communication	179	(3)
Social Stratification and Speech Style	182	(1)
Communicating Status and Intimacy	183	(3)
Normative Distances for Interaction	186	(3)
Conversational Analysis	189	(3)
Initiating Conversations	189	(1)
Regulating Turn Taking	190	(1)
Feedback and Coordination	190	(2)
Summary	192	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	193	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	193	(1)
Social Influence and Persuasion	194	(28)
Introduction	195	(1)
Forms of Social Influence	195	(1)
Attitude Change via Persuasion	196	(12)
Processing Persuasive Messages	197	(1)
Communication-Persuasion Paradigm	198	(1)
The Source	198	(3)
The Message	201	(5)
The Target	206	(2)
Compliance with Threats and Promises	208	(6)
Effectiveness of Threats and Promises	208	(4)
Problems in Using Threats and Promises	212	(1)
Bilateral Threat and Negotiation	213	(1)
Obedience to Authority	214	(4)
Experimental Study of Obedience	216	(1)
Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority	217	(1)
Resisting Influence and Persuasion	218	(2)
Inoculation	219	(1)
Forewarning	219	(1)
Reactance	219	(1)
Summary	220	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	221	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	221	(1)
Self-Presentation and Impression Management	222	(23)
Introduction	223	(1)
Self-Presentation in Everyday Life	224	(3)
Definition of the Situation	224	(2)
Self-Disclosure	226	(1)
Tactical Impression Management	227	(7)
Managing Appearances	228	(1)
Ingratiation	229	(3)
Aligning Actions	232	(1)
Altercasting	233	(1)
The Downside of Self-Presentation	234	(1)
Self-Presentation May Be Hazardous to Your Health	234	(1)
Deception May Be Hazardous to Your Relationships	235	(1)
Detecting Deceptive Impression Management	235	(3)
Ulterior Motives	235	(1)
Nonverbal Cues of Deception	236	(2)
Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities	238	(5)
Embarrassment and Saving Face	238	(2)
Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation	240	(1)
Stigma	240	(3)
Summary	243	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	244	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	244	(1)
Helping and Altruism	245	(26)
Introduction	246	(1)
Motivation to Help Others	247	(5)
Egoism and Cost-Reward Motivation	247	(1)
Altruism and Empathic Concern	248	(2)
Evolution and Helping	250	(2)
Characteristics of the Needy That Foster Helping	252	(1)
Acquaintanceship and Liking	252	(1)
Similarity	252	(1)
Deservingness	253	(1)
Normative Factors in Helping	253	(4)
Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity	254	(1)
Personal Norms and Helping	255	(1)
Helping Behavior as Role Behavior	256	(1)
Personal and Situational Factors in Helping	257	(4)
Modeling Effects	257	(2)
Gender Differences in Helping	259	(1)
Good and Bad Moods	259	(2)
Guilt and Helping	261	(1)
Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations	261	(6)
The Decision to Intervene	262	(1)
The Bystander Effect	263	(2)
Costs and Emergency Intervention	265	(2)
Seeking and Receiving Help	267	(2)
Help and Obligation	267	(1)
Threats to Self-Esteem	268	(1)
Summary	269	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	270	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	270	(1)
Aggression	271	(24)
Introduction	272	(1)
What Is Aggression?	272	(1)
Aggression and the Motivation to Harm	272	(4)
Aggression as Instinct	273	(1)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	273	(2)
Aversive Emotional Arousal	275	(1)
Social Learning and Aggression	276	(1)
Characteristics of Targets That Affect Aggression	276	(3)
Gender and Race	276	(2)
Attribution for Attack	278	(1)
Retaliatory Capacity	278	(1)
Situational Impacts on Aggression	279	(2)
Reinforcements	279	(1)
Modeling	279	(1)
Norms	280	(1)
Stress	281	(1)
Aggressive Cues	281	(1)
Reducing Aggressive Behavior	281	(3)
Reducing Frustration	281	(1)
Punishment to Suppress Aggression	282	(1)
Nonaggressive Models	283	(1)
Catharsis	283	(1)
Aggression in Society	284	(9)
Sexual Assault	284	(2)
Pornography and Violence	286	(4)
Media Violence and Aggression	290	(3)
Summary	293	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	294	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	294	(1)
Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships	295	(28)
Introduction	296	(1)
Who Is Available?	297	(2)
Routine Activities	297	(1)
Proximity	297	(1)
Familiarity	298	(1)
Who Is Desirable?	299	(6)
Social Norms	299	(1)
Physical Attractiveness	299	(4)
Exchange Processes	303	(2)
The Determinants of Liking	305	(3)
Similarity	305	(2)
Shared Activities	307	(1)
Reciprocal Liking	308	(1)
The Growth of Relationships	308	(4)
Self-Disclosure	308	(2)
Trust	310	(1)
Interdependence	311	(1)
Love and Loving	312	(4)
Liking Versus Loving	312	(1)
Passionate Love	313	(1)
The Romantic Love Ideal	314	(1)
Love as a Story	315	(1)
Breaking Up	316	(5)
Progress? Chaos?	316	(1)
Unequal Outcomes and Instability	316	(2)
Differential Commitment and Dissolution	318	(1)
Responses to Dissatisfaction	318	(3)
Summary	321	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	322	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	322	(1)
Group Cohesion and Conformity	323	(26)
Introduction	324	(1)
What Is a Group?	324	(5)
Group Cohesion	325	(1)
Group Structure and Goals	326	(1)
Roles in Groups	327	(2)
Status of Group Members	329	(6)
Status Characteristics	330	(1)
Status Generalization	331	(2)
Expectation States Theory	333	(1)
Overcoming Status Generalization	334	(1)
Conformity to Group Norms	335	(9)
Group Norms	335	(3)
Conformity	338	(1)
Why Conform?	339	(2)
Increasing Conformity	341	(3)
Minority Influence in Groups	344	(3)
Effectiveness of Minority Influence	345	(1)
Differences Between Minority and Majority Influence	346	(1)
Summary	347	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	348	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	348	(1)
Group Structure and Performance	349	(29)
Introduction	350	(1)
Group Leadership	351	(6)
Endorsement of Formal Leaders	352	(1)
Revolutionary and Conservative Coalitions	353	(1)
Activities of Leaders	354	(1)
Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness	354	(3)
Productivity and Performance	357	(7)
Group Size	359	(3)
Group Goals	362	(1)
Communication Networks	362	(2)
Reward Distribution and Equity	364	(5)
Principles Used in Reward Distribution	365	(1)
Equity Theory	365	(2)
Task Interdependence	367	(1)
Responses to Inequity	368	(1)
Brainstorming	369	(2)
Production Blocking	370	(1)
Group Decision Making	371	(5)
Groupthink	371	(3)
Risky Shift, Cautious Shift, and Group Polarization	374	(2)
Summary	376	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	377	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	377	(1)
Intergroup Conflict	378	(23)
Introduction	379	(2)
Intergroup Conflict	380	(1)
Development of Intergroup Conflict	381	(5)
Realistic Group Conflict	381	(1)
Social Identity	382	(3)
Aversive Events and Escalation	385	(1)
Persistence of Intergroup Conflict	386	(4)
Biased Perception of the Out-Group	386	(3)
Changes in Relations Between Conflicting Groups	389	(1)
Impact of Conflict on Within-Group Processes	390	(2)
Group Cohesion	390	(1)
Leadership Militancy	391	(1)
Norms and Conformity	391	(1)
Resolution of Intergroup Conflict	392	(7)
Superordinate Goals	393	(1)
Intergroup Contact	393	(3)
Mediation and Third-Party Intervention	396	(1)
Unilateral Conciliatory Initiatives	397	(2)
Summary	399	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	400	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	400	(1)
Life Course and Gender Roles	401	(29)
Introduction	402	(1)
Components of the Life Course	403	(1)
Careers	403	(1)
Identities and Self-Esteem	403	(1)
Stress and Satisfaction	404	(1)
Influences on Life Course Progression	404	(5)
Biological Aging	405	(1)
Social Age Grading	405	(2)
Historical Trends and Events	407	(2)
Stages in the Life Course: Age and Gender Roles	409	(15)
Stage I: Achieving Independence	409	(4)
Stage II: Balancing Family and Work Commitments	413	(6)
Stage III: Performing Adult Roles	419	(3)
Stage IV: Coping with Loss	422	(2)
Historical Variations	424	(4)
Women's Work: Gender Role Attitudes and Behavior	424	(2)
Impact of Events	426	(2)
Summary	428	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	429	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	429	(1)
Social Structure and Personality	430	(30)
Introduction	431	(1)
Status Attainment	432	(7)
Occupational Status	433	(1)
Intergenerational Mobility	434	(4)
Social Networks	438	(1)
Individual Values	439	(3)
Occupational Role	440	(2)
Education	442	(1)
Social Influences on Health	442	(13)
Physical Health	442	(4)
Mental Health	446	(9)
Alienation	455	(3)
Self-Estrangement	455	(2)
Powerlessness	457	(1)
Summary	458	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	459	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	459	(1)
Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction	460	(30)
Introduction	461	(1)
The Violation of Norms	461	(11)
Norms	461	(1)
Anomie Theory	462	(3)
Control Theory	465	(2)
Differential Association Theory	467	(2)
Routine Activities Perspective	469	(3)
Reactions to Norm Violations	472	(4)
Reactions to Rule Breaking	472	(1)
Determinants of the Reaction	473	(2)
Consequences of Labeling	475	(1)
Labeling and Secondary Deviance	476	(4)
Societal Reaction	476	(3)
Secondary Deviance	479	(1)
Formal Social Controls	480	(8)
Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance	481	(6)
Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling	487	(1)
Summary	488	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	489	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	489	(1)
Collective Behavior and Social Movements	490	(27)
Introduction	491	(1)
Collective Behavior	491	(14)
Crowds	492	(3)
Gatherings	495	(2)
Underlying Causes of Collective Behavior	497	(3)
Precipitating Incidents	500	(1)
Empirical Studies of Riots	501	(4)
Social Movements	505	(11)
The Development of a Movement	506	(3)
Social Movement Organizations	509	(6)
The Consequences of Social Movements	515	(1)
Summary	516	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	516	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Search Words	516	(1)
Glossary	517	(17)
References	534	(79)
Credits	613	(2)
Name Index	615	(22)
Subject Index	637