Social Psychology with SocialSense CD-ROM and PowerWeb

by Franzoi, Stephen L.

• ISBN13: 9780073191836
• ISBN10: 0073191833
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-30
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This distinctive, theory-driven text uses "The Self" as a theme to give students a meaningful context for exploring the key concepts of social psychology. New "Applications" sections have been incorporated into most chapters, and new "Featured Study" sections at the end of every chapter summarize the purpose, method, and results of recently published scientific articles. Retaining the emphasis on methodology, the fourth edition also continues the tradition of strong gender coverage, while expanding the coverage of social cognition and social neuroscience and introducing the new SocialSense CD-ROM.

Table of Contents

Preface	00	(3)
Introducing Social Psychology	3	(22)
Introduction	4	(1)
What is Social Psychology?	5	(7)
Social Psychology Studies How We Are Influenced by Others	5	(1)
Social Psychology Is More Than Common Sense	6	(1)
Social Psychology Is Studied in Both Psychology and Sociology	7	(1)
The History of Social Psychology Reveals Its American Roots	8	(4)
Organizing Principles of Explanation in Social Psychology	12	(13)
The Self Is Shaped by---and Shapes---the Social Environment	12	(2)
Social Cognition Involves Multiple Cognitive Strategies Shaped by People's Motives and Desires	14	(1)
Culture Shapes Social Behavior	15	(3)
Evolution Shapes Universal Patterns of Social Behavior	18	(3)
Brain Activity Affects and Is Affected By Social Behavior	21	(4)
Research Methods in Social Psychology	25	(26)
Introduction	26	(1)
Conducting Research in Social Psychology	26	(19)
The Research Process Involves a Series of Sequential Steps	26	(5)
Description Is the Goal of Observational Research	31	(3)
Correlational Research Assesses the Direction and Strength of the Relationship Between Variables	34	(5)
Experimental Research Can Determine Cause-Effect Relationships	39	(3)
Meta-analysis Is a Statistical Procedure Used to Understand the Outcomes of Many Studies	42	(1)
Social Psychologists Are Increasingly Using Emerging Technologies in Their Research	42	(3)
Ethics in Social Psychology	45	(6)
All Proposed Social Psychological Studies Must Submit to Ethical Evaluation	46	(1)
A Recurring Debate Is Whether Social Psychology Should Be a Value-Free Science	47	(4)
PART ONE UNDERSTANDING THE PERSON AND LIFE EVENTS	51	(116)
The Self	53	(40)
Introduction	54	(1)
Nature of the Self	54	(5)
The Self Is a Symbol-Using, Self-Reflective, Social Being	54	(2)
Contemporary Self Theories Are Based on the Insights of George Herbert Mead and William James	56	(3)
The Self as Both Target of Attention and Active Agent	59	(8)
Self-Awareness Is a Temporary Psychological State	60	(2)
Self-Consciousness Is a Personality Trait	62	(3)
Self-Regulation Is the Self's Most Important Function	65	(2)
The Self as a Knowledge Structure	67	(9)
Self-Schemas Are the Ingredients of Self-Concept	67	(3)
Gender Identity and Gender Schemas Are Important Aspects of Self-Concept	70	(1)
Culture Shapes the Structure of Self-Concept	71	(5)
Evaluating the Self	76	(6)
Self-Esteem Develops During Middle Childhood and Is Most Stable During Young Adulthood	76	(2)
Self-Esteem Differences Shape Responses to Positive and Negative Events	78	(3)
There Is a Dark Side to High Self-Esteem	81	(1)
The Self as a Social Being	82	(7)
Social Identities Establish ``What'' and ``Where'' We Are as Social Beings	83	(3)
In Social Relationships, Self-Esteem Is Maintained Through Social Reflection and Social Comparison	86	(3)
Featured Study Adaptive Self-Regulation of Unattainable Goals	89	(1)
Applications Do You Engage in Binge Drinking or Eating to Escape from Yourself?	90	(1)
The Big Picture	91	(2)
Self-Presentation and Person Perception	93	(42)
Introduction	94	(1)
Social Interaction As ``Theater''	95	(10)
Self-Presentations Are Either Consciously or Automatically Constructed and Monitored	96	(3)
Embarrassment and Excuse Making Commonly Follow Failed Self-Presentations	99	(3)
High Self-Monitors Are Social Chameleons	102	(3)
Impression Formation	105	(10)
Our Impressions of Others Are Shaped by Their Nonverbal Behavior	105	(4)
Culture and Personality Influence the Expression and Use of Nonverbal Cues	109	(2)
We Form Personality Impressions with the Help of Traits	111	(2)
Our Personality Judgments Are Most Influenced by Negative and Early-Presented Information	113	(2)
Making Attributions	115	(6)
We Rely upon Particular Information When Explaining People's Actions	115	(2)
Correspondent Inference Theory Assumes That People Prefer Making Dispositional Attributions	117	(2)
The Covariation Model Explains Attributions Derived from Multiple Observational Points	119	(2)
Biases in Attribution	121	(9)
The Fundamental Attribution Error Is the Tendency to Make Dispositional Attributions for Others' Actions	121	(3)
Actors Give More Weight to External Factors Than Do Observers	124	(2)
Self-Serving Attributions Enhance and Protect Self-Esteem	126	(4)
Featured Study Maintaining Lies: The Multiple-Audience Problem	130	(1)
Applications How Good Are You at Detecting Lies?	131	(2)
The Big Picture	133	(2)
Thinking About Our Social World	135	(32)
Introduction	136	(1)
How Do We Think?	136	(3)
We Process Information Serially and ``in Parallel''	136	(1)
We Rely On Effortful and Effortless Thinking	137	(1)
Suppressing Thoughts Can Sometimes Backfire	138	(1)
How do We Organize and Make Sense of Social Information?	139	(7)
We Are Categorizing Creatures	139	(2)
Schemas Are Theories of How the Social World Operates	141	(1)
Schemas Affect What Information We Notice and Later Remember	142	(2)
Schemas can be Situationally or Chronically Activated	144	(2)
What Shortcuts Stretch Our Cognitive Resources?	146	(4)
The Representativeness Heuristic Helps Us Categorize	146	(1)
The Availability Heuristic Bases Judgment on Ease of Recall	147	(1)
The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Helps Us Make Estimations	148	(1)
Heuristic Thinking Is Not (Generally) ``Stupid Thinking''	149	(1)
What Are Some Ways of Thinking About the Past?	150	(4)
Simulating Past Events Can Alter Our Social Judgments	150	(1)
The Hindsight Bias Is Fueled by Our Desire for Sense Making	151	(2)
Counterfactual Thinking Is Most Likely Following Negative and Unexpected Events	153	(1)
How Do Expectations Shape Our Social Thinking?	154	(7)
We Expect That Others Have Similar Views as Us	154	(1)
We Expect To Find Confirmation For Our Beliefs	155	(1)
Our Expectations Can Become Self-Fulfilling Prophecies	156	(3)
Expecting a ``Just World'' Fosters Comfort and Blame	159	(1)
Expecting Failure Breeds Helplessness	160	(1)
Featured Study Does Unrealistic Optimism Change Following a Negative Experience?	161	(1)
Applications How Do You Explain Negative Events in Your Life?	162	(2)
The Big Picture	164	(3)
PART TWO EVALUATING OUR SOCIAL WORLD	167	(140)
Attitudes	169	(42)
Introduction	170	(1)
The Nature of Attitudes	171	(6)
Attitudes Are Positive or Negative Evaluations of Objects	171	(1)
People Differ in Their Need to Evaluate	172	(2)
Implicit Attitudes May Underlie Explicit Attitudes	174	(1)
Values Can Shape Attitudes and Behavior	175	(2)
How Are Attitudes Formed and Maintained?	177	(11)
Mere Exposure Can Lead to Positive Attitudes	177	(2)
Attitudes Can Form Through Classical Conditioning	179	(2)
Reinforcement and Punishment Can Shape Attitudes	181	(1)
Self-Perception Theory Contends That Behavior Causes Attitudes	182	(1)
Attitudes Are Influenced by Changes in Facial Expression, Head Movement, and Body Posture	183	(2)
The Functional Approach Asserts That Attitudes Are Formed to Satisfy Current Needs	185	(3)
When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?	188	(6)
Several Factors Determine the Attitude-Behavior Relationship	188	(3)
The Theory of Planned Behavior Asserts That Attitudes Influence Behavior by Shaping Intentions	191	(3)
Is Cognitive Consistency An Important Aspect of Attitudes?	194	(12)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Asserts That Rationalization Shapes Attitudes	195	(6)
Cognitive Consistency Is Not a Universal Motive	201	(1)
Several Theories Have Challenged Cognitive Dissonance Theory	202	(4)
Featured Study Group Membership and Assumed Attitude Similarity	206	(1)
Applications How Do Reference Groups Shape Your Social and Political Attitudes?	207	(2)
The Big Picture	209	(2)
Persuasion	211	(40)
Introduction	212	(1)
How Have Views of Persuasion Changed?	213	(3)
The Message-Learning Approach Identified What Strengthens and Weakens a Persuasive Message	213	(1)
The Cognitive-Response Approach Seeks to Identify What Makes People Think About Persuasive Arguments	213	(3)
Source Variables: Who Is Communicating?	216	(1)
Low Credibility Is a Discounting Cue	216	(3)
Attractiveness Enhances Persuasiveness	218	(1)
Message Variables: What Is the Content?	219	(8)
Vividness Can Bolster Evidence, but Sometimes It Undermines Persuasion	220	(1)
Fear Appeals Facilitate Persuasion if Certain Conditions Are Met	221	(1)
Humor Increases Attention to a Message, but It May Interfere with Message Processing	222	(2)
Two-Sided Messages Inoculate Audiences Against Opposing Views Better Than One-Sided Messages	224	(2)
Repeating a Message Increases Its Persuasive Power	226	(1)
Channel Variables: How Is the Message Transmitted?	227	(3)
Rapid Speech Can Benefit Peripheral-Route Persuasion Yet Often Hinders Central-Route Processing	227	(1)
Powerful Speech Is Generally More Persuasive Than Powerless Speech	228	(2)
Audience Variables: To Whom Is the Message Delivered?	230	(9)
Good Moods Generally Foster, but Sometimes Hinder, Persuasion	230	(1)
Degree of Message Elaboration Is Shaped Both by Issue and Impression Involvement	231	(1)
Individual Differences Affect Susceptibility to Persuasion	232	(7)
The Role of the Self in Persuasion	239	(6)
Self-Generated Persuasion Is Very Effective	239	(2)
We Can Develop Attitude Certainty By Actively Trying to Counterargue	241	(1)
Employing Subtle Labels Can Nudge People into Attitude and Behavior Change	242	(3)
Featured Study Subliminal Priming and Persuasion	245	(2)
Applications Can You Be Persuaded by Subliminal Messages?	247	(2)
The Big Picture	249	(2)
Prejudice and Discrimination	251	(56)
Introduction	252	(1)
What Do We Mean By Prejudice and Discrimination?	252	(9)
Prejudice Is an Attitude and Discrimination Is an Action	254	(1)
Prejudice Can Be Either Explicit or Implicit	255	(1)
There Are Three Basic Forms of Prejudice	256	(1)
Certain Groups Are More Acceptable Prejudice Targets Than Others	257	(4)
How Does Stereotyping Cause Prejudice and Discrimination?	261	(13)
Outgroup Members Are Perceived as Being ``All Alike''	262	(1)
Stereotypes Are Beliefs About Social Groups	262	(2)
Stereotypes Are Often Based on Illusory Correlations	264	(2)
Physical Appearance Cues Often Activate Stereotypes	266	(2)
Stereotype Subcategories Foster the Retention of Global Stereotypes	268	(1)
Stereotypical Thinking Is More Characteristic of the Powerful	269	(1)
Stigmatized Groups Respond to Negative Stereotypes with Opposition and Anxiety	270	(4)
What Motives and Social Factors Shape Prejudice and Discrimination?	274	(11)
We Automatically Favor Ingroup Members over Outgroup Members	275	(1)
Intergroup Competition Can Lead to Prejudice	276	(4)
Prejudice Can Serve as a Justification for Oppression	280	(1)
Authoritarianism Is Associated with Hostility toward Outgroups	281	(4)
The Social Psychology of Racism and Sexism	285	(9)
Modern-Day Racism Is More Ambivalent Than Openly Hostile	285	(4)
Sexism Has Both a Hostile and a Benevolent Component	289	(5)
Can We Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination?	294	(6)
Social Scientists Differ on Whether Stereotyped Thinking Can Be Changed	294	(3)
The Contact Hypothesis Identifies Four Conditions That Can Reduce Intergroup Conflict	297	(3)
Featured Study Intergroup Contact, Friendship, and Prejudice Reduction	300	(2)
Applications How Can Our Schools Both Reduce Intergroup Conflict and Promote Academic Achievement?	302	(2)
The Big Picture	304	(3)
PART THREE UNDERSTANDING OUR PLACE WITHIN THE GROUP	307	(90)
Social Influence	309	(46)
Introduction	310	(1)
What Is Social Influence?	311	(3)
Three Behavioral Consequences of Social Influence Are Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience	312	(1)
People With Social Power Are More Likely to Initiate Action	313	(1)
Classic and Contemporary Conformity Research	314	(9)
Sherif's Norm Development Research Analyzed Conformity to an Ambiguous Reality	314	(2)
Specific Situations Can Automatically Activate Specific Social Norms	316	(2)
Asch's Line Judgment Research Analyzed Conformity to a Unanimous Majority	318	(2)
Conformity Can Be Caused by Both Normative and Informational Influence	320	(1)
Schachter's ``Johnny Rocco'' Study Investigated the Rejection of the Nonconformist	321	(2)
What Factors Influence Conformity?	323	(9)
Situational Factors Impact Conformity	323	(2)
Personal Factors Influence Conformity	325	(2)
Individualists and Collectivists Differ in Their Conformity Patterns	327	(1)
Under Certain Conditions, the Minority Can Influence the Majority	328	(3)
Conformity Is Sometimes Automatically Activated	331	(1)
Compliance	332	(7)
Three Factors That Foster Compliance Are Positive Moods, Reciprocity, and Giving Reasons	332	(3)
Various Two-Step Compliance Strategies Are Effective for Different Reasons	335	(4)
Obedience	339	(7)
Milgram's Research Suggests That Obeying Destructive Commands Is More the Rule Than the Exception	339	(4)
Orders to Inflict Psychological Harm on Victims Are Also Likely to Be Obeyed	343	(2)
Observing Others Defy Authority Greatly Reduces Obedience	345	(1)
Toward a Unified Understanding of Social Influence	346	(3)
Social Impact Theory States That Influence Is Determined by People's Number, Strength, and Immediacy	346	(3)
Featured Study Falsely Accepting Guilt	349	(1)
Applications Could You Be Pressured to Falsely Confess to a Crime?	350	(1)
The Big Picture	351	(4)
Group Behavior	355	(42)
Introduction	356	(1)
The Nature of Groups	356	(8)
Groups Differ in Their Social Cohesiveness	357	(2)
Group Structure Develops Quickly and Changes Slowly	359	(1)
There Are Five Phases to Group Membership	360	(3)
Groups Accomplish Instrumental Tasks and Satisfy Socioemotional Needs	363	(1)
Group Influence on Individual Behavior	364	(10)
Social Facilitation Enhances Easy Tasks and Inhibits Difficult Tasks	364	(3)
Social Loafing Occurs When Our Individual Output Becomes ``Lost In the Crowd''	367	(3)
Deindividuation Involves the Loss of Individual Identity	370	(4)
Decision Making in Groups	374	(8)
Group Decision Making Occurs in Stages and Involves Various Decision Rules	374	(2)
Group Discussion Enhances the Initial Attitudes of People Who Already Agree	376	(3)
Groupthink Occurs When Consensus-Seeking Overrides Critical Analysis	379	(3)
Leadership	382	(5)
A Leader Is an Influence Agent	382	(1)
Transformational Leaders Take Heroic and Unconventional Actions	382	(1)
The Contingency Model Highlights Personal and Situational Factors in Leader Effectiveness	383	(2)
Gender and Culture Can Influence Leadership Style	385	(2)
Group Interests Versus Individual Interests	387	(5)
Social Dilemmas Occur When Short-Term and Long-Term Interests Conflict	388	(2)
Cooperation Is Necessary to Resolve Social Dilemmas	390	(2)
Featured Study Group Decision Rules in Civil Juries	392	(1)
Applications How Do Juries Make Decisions?	393	(2)
The Big Picture	395	(2)
PART FOUR INTERACTING WITH OTHERS	397
Interpersonal Attraction	399	(42)
Introduction	400	(1)
Affiliation Needs	400	(6)
Two Reasons for Affiliation Are Comparison and Exchange	401	(1)
Many Factors Influence Our Affiliation Desires	402	(4)
Characteristics of the Situation and Attraction	406	(6)
Close Proximity Fosters Liking	406	(1)
Familiarity Breeds Liking	406	(2)
Our Affiliation Desires Increase with Anxiety	408	(4)
Characteristics of Others and Attraction	412	(18)
We Are Drawn Toward the Physically Attractive	412	(2)
There Are Both Cultural Differences and Similarities in Attractiveness Standards	414	(7)
Other People's Physical Appearance Influences Perceptions of Our Own Attractiveness	421	(1)
Birds of a Feather Really Do Flock Together	422	(4)
We Are Also Attracted to ``Complementary'' Others	426	(2)
We Like Those Who Like Us	428	(2)
When Social Interaction Becomes Problematic	430	(5)
Social Anxiety Can Keep Us Isolated from Others	430	(1)
Loneliness Is the Consequence of Social Isolation	431	(4)
Featured Study Alleviation of Speech Anxiety	435	(1)
Applications How Can Social Skills Training Improve Your Life?	436	(2)
The Big Picture	438	(3)
Intimate Relationships	441	(46)
Introduction	442	(1)
What Is Intimacy?	443	(3)
Intimacy Involves Including Another in Your Self-Concept	443	(3)
Parent-Child Attachment and Later Adult Relationships	446	(5)
Attachment Is an Inborn Adaptive Response	446	(1)
Children Develop Different Attachment Styles	447	(1)
Childhood Attachment Styles Influence Adult Romantic Relationships	448	(3)
Friendship	451	(8)
Self-Disclosure Shapes Friendship Development and Maintenance	451	(3)
Gender Differences Exist in Heterosexual Friendships	454	(3)
Cross-Sex Heterosexual Friendships Gravitate to an ``Intimacy Mean''	457	(1)
Gender Differences Disappear in Same-Sex Homosexual Friendships	458	(1)
Romantic Relationships	459	(12)
Culture Shapes How We Think About Romantic Love	460	(2)
Social Scientists Initially Identified Many Types of Romantic Love	462	(1)
Passionate Love Can Be Triggered by Excitation Transfer	463	(5)
Companionate Love Is More Stable and Enduring Than Passionate Love	468	(1)
Women and Men May Differ in Their Experience of Love	468	(3)
Will Love Endure?	471	(9)
Partners Are Satisfied When the Ratio Between Their Rewards and Costs Are Similar	471	(1)
Self-Esteem Can Both Facilitate and Undermine Romantic Love	472	(1)
Perceiving Partners in the Best Possible Light Leads to Satisfying Relationships	473	(1)
Partners Who Can ``Read'' Each Other's Thoughts and Feelings are Happier	474	(1)
Social Support Predicts Relationship Satisfaction	475	(1)
We Are Meaner to Those We Love Than We Are to Strangers	476	(1)
People Use Different Strategies to Cope with a Troubled Relationship	477	(1)
Romantic Breakups Often Cause Emotional Distress	478	(2)
Featured Study Mate Poaching Across Cultures	480	(1)
Applications What Causes Jealousy and How Can You Cope with It?	481	(2)
The Big Picture	483	(4)
Aggression	487	(44)
Introduction	488	(1)
What Is Aggression?	488	(7)
Social Psychologists Define Aggression as ``Intentional Harm''	488	(1)
A Distinction Has Traditionally Been Made Between ``Instrumental'' and ``Hostile'' Aggression	489	(2)
Gender and Personality Moderate the Expression of Aggression	491	(3)
Delegitimizing Outgroups Promotes and Justifies Aggression	494	(1)
The Biology of Aggression	495	(3)
Evolution Shaped Our Aggressive Behavior Patterns	495	(1)
Biological Factors Influence Aggressive Behavior	496	(2)
Aggression as a Reaction to Negative Affect	498	(8)
The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Asserts That Aggression Is Always the Product of Frustration	498	(2)
The Cognitive-Neoassociationist Model Explains Our Initial Reaction to Provocation	500	(4)
Alcohol Consumption Increases the Likelihood of Aggression	504	(1)
Excitation Transfer Can Intensify Hostility-Based Aggression	505	(1)
Learning Aggressive Behavior	506	(7)
Social Learning Theory Emphasizes the Acquisition and Maintenance of Aggressive Behavior	506	(3)
Media and Video Violence Fosters Aggressive Behavior	509	(3)
The ``Culture of Honor'' Encourages Male Violence	512	(1)
Sexual Aggression	513	(9)
Pornography Promotes a Belief in the ``Rape Myth'' and May Increase Male Violence Against Women	513	(5)
Culture-Based Sexual Scripts Make Acquaintance Rape More Likely	518	(1)
Sexual Jealousy Often Leads to Intimate Violence	519	(3)
Reducing Aggression	522	(4)
Punishment Can Both Decrease and Increase Aggression	522	(1)
Inducing Incompatible Responses Can Inhibit Aggression	523	(1)
Teaching Nonaggressive Responses to Provocation Can Effectively Control Aggression	524	(2)
Featured Study Sexually Aggressive Men's Cognitive Associations About Women, Sex, Hostility, and Power	526	(1)
Applications How Can Acquaintance Rape Be Prevented?	527	(1)
The Big Picture	528	(3)
Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others	531
Introduction	532	(1)
What Is Prosocial Behavior?	532	(3)
Prosocial Action Is Voluntary and Benefits Others	532	(1)
Gender Influences Helping	533	(2)
Why Do We Help?	535	(8)
Helping Is Consistent with Evolutionary Theory	535	(2)
Social Norms Define the Rules of Helping Others	537	(2)
Learning to Be a Helper Involves Both Observation and Direct Reinforcement	539	(4)
When Do We Help?	543	(14)
Bystander Intervention Involves a Series of Decisions	544	(3)
Outcome and Information Dependence Produce the Audience Inhibition Effect	547	(2)
Diffusion of Responsibility Increases with the Number of Bystanders	549	(2)
Bystander Intervention Is Also Shaped by Emotional Arousal and Cost-Reward Assessments	551	(2)
Positive and Negative Moods Can Either Increase or Decrease Helping	553	(4)
Does True Altruism Really Exist?	557	(4)
The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis Contends That Empathy Produces Altruistic Motivation	557	(2)
There Are Individual Differences in Empathic Responding	559	(2)
Whom Do We Help?	561	(2)
We Tend to Help Similar Others	561	(1)
We Help Deserving Others, but We Also Blame Victims	562	(1)
Are There Hidden Costs for Help Recipients?	563	(3)
Being Unable to Reciprocate Help Can Create Stress	563	(1)
Receiving Help Can Threaten Self-Esteem	564	(2)
Featured Study Can Imagining the Presence of Others Induce the Bystander Effect?	566	(1)
Applications Can Social Psychological Knowledge Enhance Prosocial Behavior?	567	(1)
The Big Picture	568
Appendix	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1