Social Work: A Professional of Many Faces

by Morales, Armando; Sheafor, Bradford W.

• ISBN13: 9780205317400
• ISBN10: 0205317405
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-07-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This best-selling introductory text focuses on social work with diverse groups, including people with disabilities and various ethnic, racial, gender, age and rural/urban/suburban populations. Social Work: A Profession of Many Faces, now in its ninth edition, has established the all-time longevity record in social work texts as an introduction to the profession of social work, having educated approximately 130,000 students since 1977. This text includes historical material on the emergence of social work as a profession, the areas and groups where human services are provided, and career opportunities for social workers today. The book reflects up-to-date empirical data about where social workers are employed, what positions they hold, what personal characteristics they bring to their practice, and the competencies required to perform their work. The main focus of the text is on the various groups to whom social workers provide services, including children, older adults, women, disabled persons, and members of minority racial and ethnic groups. A new chapter entitled Social Work Throughout the World helps students gain a broader understanding of how the profession of social work has evolved in different parts of the world.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Part One SOCIAL WORK IN U.S. SOCIETY	1	(65)
Social Welfare: A Response to Human Need	5	(20)
Prefatory Comment	5	(1)
Some Social Workers in Action	6	(1)
Identifying Human Needs	7	(1)
Social Welfare Programs	8	(1)
The Evolution of Social Programs	9	(8)
Colonial Times to the Great Depression	10	(2)
The Great Depression to the Present	12	(5)
Continuing Issues in Social Welfare	17	(5)
Purposes and Goals for Social Programs	18	(1)
Responsibility for Meeting Human Needs	18	(2)
Human Service as a Right	20	(1)
Social Program Conceptions	20	(1)
Human Service Program Categories	21	(1)
Concluding Comment	22	(3)
Social Work: A Comprehensive Helping Profession	25	(22)
Prefatory Comment	25	(1)
The Central Themes Underpinning Social Work	26	(4)
A Commitment to Social Betterment	26	(1)
A Goal to Enhance Social Functioning	27	(1)
An Action Orientation	27	(1)
An Appreciation for Human Diversity	27	(1)
A Versatile Practice Perspective	28	(2)
The Mission of Social Work	30	(2)
Caring	31	(1)
Curing	31	(1)
Changing the Society	31	(1)
Defining Social Work	32	(2)
Social Work Practice Approaches	34	(4)
Traditional Practice Methods	34	(1)
Multimethod Practice Approach	35	(1)
Generalist Practice Approach	36	(1)
Specialist Practice Approach	36	(2)
Social Workers: Their Many Faces	38	(4)
Career Patterns of Social Workers	38	(1)
The Social Worker's Knowledge, Values, and Skills	39	(1)
Characteristics of Today's Social Workers	40	(2)
Concluding Comment	42	(5)
The Emergence of Social Work as a Profession	47	(19)
Prefatory Comment	47	(1)
The Nature of Professions	47	(2)
Helping Professions: A Response to Human Need	49	(2)
Social Work as a Profession: A Historical Perspective	51	(12)
From Volunteers to an Occupation (Prior to 1915)	51	(7)
Professional Emergence (1915-1950)	58	(2)
Consolidating the Gains (1950-1970)	60	(1)
Turning Away from the Elitist Professional Model (1970-Present)	61	(2)
Concluding Comment	63	(3)
Part Two SOCIAL WORK CAREER OPTIONS	66	(62)
Entry to the Social Work Profession	69	(20)
Prefatory Comment	69	(1)
Issues in Social Work Preparation and Employment	70	(3)
Education and Accreditation	71	(1)
Professional Certification	71	(1)
Licensing or State Regulation of Social Work Practice	72	(1)
Professional Standards	72	(1)
Options for Human Service Practice	73	(4)
Volunteers	73	(1)
Nonprofessional Service Providers	74	(1)
Other Baccalaureate-Level Disciplines	74	(3)
Professional Social Work Practice	77	(8)
The Basic Professional	77	(3)
The Specialized Professional	80	(4)
The Independent Professional	84	(1)
The Advanced Professional	84	(1)
Concluding Comment	85	(4)
Fields of Social Work Practice	89	(20)
Prefatory Comment	89	(2)
Aging	91	(1)
Alcohol and Substance Abuse	92	(1)
Children and Youth	93	(3)
Adoption and Services to Unmarried Parents	93	(1)
Foster Care	94	(1)
Residential Care	94	(1)
Support in Own Home	95	(1)
Protective Services	95	(1)
Youth Services	95	(1)
Community/Neighborhood	96	(1)
Community Organization	96	(1)
Community Planning	97	(1)
Community Development	97	(1)
Corrections/Criminal Justice	97	(1)
Disabilities (Physical/Mental)	98	(1)
Education and Training	99	(1)
Family Services	100	(1)
Family Counseling	100	(1)
Family Life Education	100	(1)
Family Planning	101	(1)
Income Maintenance	101	(2)
Medical and Health Care	103	(1)
Mental Health and Illness	103	(1)
Occupational Social Work	104	(1)
Schools	105	(1)
Concluding Comment	106	(3)
Settings for Social Work Practice	109	(19)
Prefatory Comment	109	(1)
Characteristics of Practice Settings	110	(5)
Government Sector Settings	111	(1)
Voluntary (Nonprofit) Sector Settings	112	(1)
Business Sector Settings	113	(2)
Issues Affecting Agency-Based Practice	115	(7)
Accommodating Horizontal and Vertical Influences	115	(1)
Balancing Efficiency and Effectiveness	116	(2)
Accommodating the Professional Model	118	(1)
Determining the Status of Social Work	119	(1)
Succeeding as a Social Worker in an Agency Structure	119	(2)
Advantages of Agency-Based Practice	121	(1)
Issues in Private Practice	122	(4)
The Organization of Private Practice	123	(1)
Concerns Related to Private Practice	124	(1)
Advantages of Private Practice	125	(1)
Concluding Comment	126	(2)
Part Three THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK	128	(96)
Values and Ethics in Social Work	131	(20)
Prefatory Comment	131	(1)
The Nature of Values	132	(1)
The Place of Values in Social Work	133	(1)
Social Values in U.S. Society	134	(2)
Values Held by Social Workers	136	(5)
Areas of Practice Addressed by the NASW Code of Ethics	141	(1)
An Illustration of Values and Ethics Operating in Social Work Practice	142	(4)
Examples of Ethical Issues in Social Work Practice	146	(2)
Concluding Comment	148	(3)
Competencies Required for Social Work Practice Today	151	(34)
Prefatory Comment	151	(1)
The Competence Required for Social Work Practice	152	(29)
The Universal Social Work Competencies	153	(4)
Frequently Utilized Social Work Competencies	157	(11)
Competencies Occasionally Needed by Social Workers	168	(11)
Low Utilization Competencies for Most Social Workers	179	(2)
Concluding Comment	181	(4)
Prevention as a New Direction: The Future of Social Work	185	(26)
Prefatory Comment	185	(1)
Prevention: An Evolving Concept Going into the Twenty-First Century	185	(2)
Prevention	186	(1)
Preventing Treatment Abuse with At-Risk Populations	187	(2)
Gang Violence and Homicide Prevention	189	(10)
Educational Prevention Models	191	(1)
Court- and Community-Based Programs	192	(1)
Gang Homicide Psychosocial Prevention Models	193	(6)
Advocacy, Empowerment, and Prevention	199	(2)
Class Action Social Work and Prevention	201	(4)
Concluding Comment	205	(6)
Social Work Throughout the World	211	(13)
Prefatory Comment	211	(1)
World Population Changes: Creating a Global Demand for Social Work	211	(4)
Social Welfare: The Context	212	(2)
The Emergence of Social Work Training and Education	214	(1)
A Global Approach to Social Work	215	(4)
International Professional Organizations	216	(1)
Defining Social Work Globally	216	(1)
Values and Ethics Held by Social Workers Globally	217	(1)
Global Views of Social Issues	218	(1)
Employment in International Social Work	219	(2)
Concluding Comment	221	(3)
Part Four SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE WITH SPECIAL POPULATIONS	224	(8)
SECTION A AN OVERVIEW OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS	232	(6)
Ecosystems Model	232	(6)
SECTION B SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS	238	(131)
Social Work Practice with Women	241	(26)
Prefatory Comment	241	(1)
Current Demographics	242	(2)
Health and Mental Health Risk Factors	243	(1)
Ecosystems Perspective	244	(6)
Cultural Factors	244	(1)
Environmental-Structural Factors	245	(3)
The Family	248	(1)
The Individual	249	(1)
Intervention Strategies	250	(9)
Micro Practice with Women	251	(2)
Macro Practice with Women	253	(1)
Micro Practice with a Battered Woman	254	(4)
Macro Practice on Behalf of Battered Women	258	(1)
Emerging Issues and Trends	259	(1)
Concluding Comment	260	(7)
Social Work Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People	267	(30)
Prefatory Comment	267	(1)
Current Demographics	268	(3)
Defining Homosexuality	268	(2)
Population Characteristics	270	(1)
Ecosystems Framework	271	(8)
Historical Factors	271	(1)
Environmental-Structural Factors	272	(1)
Culture	273	(1)
Family Factors	274	(2)
Individual Factors	276	(3)
Macro Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People	279	(1)
Micro Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People	280	(7)
Common Problems	282	(2)
Working with Couples	284	(1)
Working with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Parents	285	(1)
Working with Older Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals	286	(1)
Emerging Issues and Trends	287	(2)
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Professionals	287	(1)
Impact of AIDS	288	(1)
Concluding Comment	289	(8)
Social Work Practice with Children and Youth	297	(20)
Prefatory Comment	297	(1)
Current Demographics	298	(7)
Personal Characteristics	299	(1)
Housing and Residence	300	(1)
Family Income and Employment	301	(1)
Poverty and Hunger	301	(2)
Learning Stimulation and Educational Status	303	(1)
Health Status and Chronic Physical Conditions	304	(1)
At-Risk Behaviors	304	(1)
The Ecosystems Model	305	(3)
A Micro Case Analysis	308	(5)
A Macro Case Example	313	(1)
Concluding Comment	314	(3)
Social Work Practice with the Elderly	317	(28)
Prefatory Comment	317	(1)
General Population Figures	318	(4)
Sex Ratios	319	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Diversity	320	(1)
Income and Assets	320	(1)
Educational Background	321	(1)
Health Status and Needs	321	(1)
Ecosystems Model Analysis	322	(6)
Historical Factors	323	(1)
Environmental-Structural Factors	324	(1)
Culture	325	(1)
Family Issues	326	(1)
Individual Issues	327	(1)
Intervention Strategies with the Elderly	328	(1)
Mental Health and the Elderly	329	(8)
Micro Practice with the Elderly	331	(4)
Macro Practice with the Elderly	335	(2)
Emerging Issues and Trends	337	(3)
Economic Improvements	337	(1)
Housing Improvements	338	(1)
Enhancing Health: The Need for Continuing Care	339	(1)
Concluding Comment	340	(5)
Social Work Practice with People with Disabilities	345	(24)
Prefatory Comment	345	(1)
Social Work Practice with People with Disabilities	346	(1)
Defining Disability	347	(8)
Demographic Considerations	348	(7)
Other Risks Associated with Disability	355	(1)
Disability and the Minority Model	355	(2)
Societal Responses to Disability	357	(3)
Social Workers and People with Disabilities	358	(2)
The Ecosystems Model and People with Disabilities	360	(4)
Emerging Issues for Social Work Practice with People with Disabilities	364	(1)
Concluding Comment	365	(4)
Section C THE RURAL, URBAN, AND SUBURBAN CONTEXT OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE	369	(65)
Social Work Practice in Rural Areas: Appalachia as a Case Example	371	(26)
Prefatory Comment	371	(1)
Characteristics of the Rural United States	372	(3)
The Land	372	(1)
The Economy	373	(1)
The People	373	(2)
The Communities	375	(1)
Social Welfare in Rural Areas	375	(2)
Implications for Social Work Practice in Rural Areas	377	(2)
Micro Practice in Rural Areas	378	(1)
Macro Practice in Rural Areas	378	(1)
Rural Social Work Practice in Appalachia	379	(7)
Characteristics of Appalachia	380	(6)
Social Welfare in Rural Appalachia	386	(6)
Micro Practice in Appalachia	388	(2)
Macro Practice in Appalachia	390	(2)
Concluding Comment	392	(5)
Urban and Suburban Gangs: The Psychosocial Crisis Spreads	397	(37)
Prefatory Comment	397	(1)
Understanding Gangs	398	(10)
Definition of a Gang	398	(4)
Theories of Gangs	402	(1)
The Prevalence of Gangs	403	(1)
Types of Gangs	404	(3)
Age Levels and Gender	407	(1)
The Ecosystems Model	408	(11)
History of Gangs	408	(3)
Environmental-Structural Factors	411	(1)
Cultural Factors	412	(2)
Family Factors	414	(2)
The Individual	416	(3)
Urban and Suburban Gang Homicidal-Suicidal Behavior	419	(5)
Micro Intervention with Homicidal-Suicidal Gang Members	424	(3)
Macro Intervention with Gangs	427	(1)
Concluding Comment	428	(6)
SECTION D RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CULTURE IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS	434	(128)
Social Work Practice with Asian Americans	437	(26)
Prefatory Comment	437	(1)
Demographics	438	(2)
Gender	438	(1)
Socioeconomic Issues	439	(1)
Housing and Health Status	440	(1)
Health and Mental Health Risk Factors	440	(1)
Ethnic Group Stressors	441	(1)
Service Systems	442	(2)
Service Delivery	442	(1)
Role of the Social Worker	443	(1)
Service Gaps and Needs	443	(1)
Micro Practice Perspectives	444	(2)
The Problem-Solving Approach	444	(2)
Ecosystems Model Framework	446	(7)
Historical Factors	446	(3)
Environmental-Structural Factors	449	(1)
Culture	449	(1)
The Family	450	(2)
The Individual	452	(1)
Micro Case Example	453	(2)
Macro Practice Perspectives	455	(2)
Emerging Issues	457	(1)
Concluding Comment	458	(5)
Social Work Practice with American Indians and Alaskan Natives	463	(28)
Prefatory Comment	463	(1)
Current Demographics	464	(3)
Socioeconomic Issues	464	(1)
Education	465	(1)
Health and Mental Health Issues	465	(1)
Native American Youth	466	(1)
Ecosystems Framework	467	(5)
Historical Influences	467	(2)
Environmental-Structural Factors	469	(1)
Native American Cultural Considerations	470	(1)
Family Considerations	471	(1)
Individual Considerations	471	(1)
Micro Social Work Practice with American Indians	472	(10)
Relationship Strategies	472	(1)
Intervention Strategies	473	(2)
Casework Intervention	475	(3)
Social Group Work and Family Interventions	478	(4)
Macro Social Work Practice with Native Americans	482	(3)
Native American Urban Community Case Study	483	(2)
The Future	485	(1)
Concluding Comment	486	(5)
Social Work Practice with Mexican Americans	491	(28)
Prefatory Comment	491	(1)
Mexican Americans: A Heterogeneous Population	492	(2)
Demographic Profile	494	(2)
Mexican Americans (Latinos) in Social Work Literature	496	(2)
Ecosystems Model	498	(7)
Historical Factors	499	(2)
Environmental-Structural Factors	501	(2)
Cultural Factors: Barrio Service Systems	503	(1)
Family Factors	503	(2)
Individual Factors	505	(1)
Micro Social Work Practice	505	(4)
Macro Social Work Practice	509	(3)
Concluding Comment	512	(7)
Social Work Practice with African Americans	519	(22)
Prefatory Comment	519	(1)
Responding to African American Needs	520	(1)
Who Are the African Americans?	520	(3)
African American Culture and Life-style	523	(5)
Language and Communication	523	(2)
Family Structures and Dynamics	525	(1)
Religion	526	(1)
Relationships with Social Institutions	527	(1)
Social Work Intervention	528	(7)
Theoretical Frameworks	529	(1)
Presenting Problems	530	(2)
Assessing the Problem	532	(1)
Establishing a Working Relationship	533	(2)
The Problem-Solving Process	535	(1)
Concluding Comment	536	(5)
Social Work Practice with Puerto Ricans	541	(21)
Prefatory Comment	541	(1)
Current Demographics	542	(3)
Population	542	(1)
Education	542	(1)
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Puerto Ricans: 1980--1990	543	(1)
Characteristics of Poverty	543	(2)
Health and Mental Health Risk Factors	545	(5)
Discussion of Cases	549	(1)
General Data on Health Care and Puerto Ricans	550	(1)
Beliefs and Practices That Influence Puerto Ricans' Health	551	(1)
Ecosystems Perspective	552	(6)
Historical Influences	552	(2)
Environmental--Structural Factors	554	(1)
Puerto Rican Culture	555	(2)
Family Structure	557	(1)
Intervention Strategies	558	(1)
Concluding Comment	558	(4)
Part Five THE SOCIAL WORKER IN ACTION	562	(37)
The Social Worker in Action: A High School Homicide Case	565	(34)
Prefatory Comment	565	(1)
Background to the Case	565	(3)
Homicides Are in Every Community	566	(1)
Criminal versus Felony Homicides	566	(1)
The Olas Family Services Center	566	(1)
A School Homicide Shocks Any Community	567	(1)
Social Work Psychosocial Intervention	568	(2)
Mobilizing the Agency and Staff for Action	568	(1)
Crises Breed Mixed Emotions	569	(1)
Building Staff Cohesion	569	(1)
Social Workers Respond to the Challenge	570	(1)
Applying Crisis Theory to the Tasks at Hand	570	(1)
Natural versus Man-Made Disasters	570	(1)
The Unique, Subjective Perception and Response to a Crisis	571	(1)
Biopsychosocial Considerations in Responses to Crises	571	(1)
Mobilizing Related Mental Health Disciplines	571	(2)
Developing a School-Based Intervention Strategy	572	(1)
Reaching Out to Related High-Risk Groups	572	(1)
Developing an Appropriate Clinical Intervention	572	(1)
Dealing with the Media	573	(3)
Confronting Rumors	573	(1)
Fears Immobilize Schoolchildren	573	(1)
Presenting Accurate Facts	574	(1)
Involving the Elected Officials	574	(1)
Contacting the Minority Communities	574	(1)
Cooperation by the Media Is Rewarded	575	(1)
One Suspect Eludes Arrest	575	(1)
A Town Tries to Heal	576	(4)
A Right to a Speedy Trial	576	(1)
The Death Penalty Phase of the Trial	576	(4)
The Report: A Psychosocial Evaluation	580	(7)
Data and Diagnosis	581	(4)
The Defendant's Value to Society	585	(2)
The Report Is Challenged by the People	587	(3)
Social Workers Can't Diagnose	587	(1)
The District Attorney Scores Major Rulings	587	(1)
Reported History versus Corroboration	588	(1)
Clinical High-Risk versus Courtroom High-Risk Perception	588	(1)
The Defendant's Value to Society?	589	(1)
The Competition	589	(1)
The Verdict	589	(1)
A Social Worker's Work Is Never Finished	590	(5)
Regenerating Interest after a Crisis Is Over	591	(4)
Concluding Comment	595	(4)
Name Index	599	(6)
Subject Index	605