Sociology

by Macionis, John J.

• ISBN13: 9780132184748
• ISBN10: 0132184745
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

The title says it all. This tenth edition of the best-sellingSociologyis a comprehensive book and multimedia package that offers readers aglobal perspectiveto help them better understand their own lives, provides a strong focus onsocial diversitythat allows them to see the impact of race, class, and gender, and focuses oncritical thinking. With technology integratedthroughout,this new edition features new research citations, more social theory applications, additional references to pop culture linking directly to sociological material.Covering all aspects of sociology, this book describes sociological investigation, culture, society, interaction in everyday life, groups and organizations, deviance, sexuality, social stratification, social class in the United States, global inequality, gender stratification, race and ethnicity, aging, the economy, politics and government, family, religion, education, health and medicine, population and urbanization, collective behavior and social movements, and social change.An excellent resource for professionals in the field of sociology, this book is also an excellent read for non-academic hobbyists and life-long learners.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxii
About the Author	xxxv
PART I The Foundations of Sociology
The Sociological Perspective	1	(27)
The Sociological Perspective	2	(4)
Seeing the General in the Particular	2	(1)
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar	3	(2)
Seeing Personal Choice in Social Context	5	(1)
Seeing Sociologically: Marginality and Crisis	6	(1)
The Importance of a Global Perspective	6	(4)
Sociology Work	10	(1)
Applying the Sociological Perspective	10	(2)
Sociology and Public Policy	10	(1)
Sociology and Personal Growth	11	(1)
Careers: The ``Sociology Advantage''	11	(1)
Sociology Work	12	(1)
The Origins of Sociology	12	(2)
Social Change and Sociology	12	(1)
Science and Sociology	13	(1)
Sociological Theory	14	(7)
The Structural-Functional Approach	15	(1)
In the Times ``Social Isolation, Guns and a `Culture of Suicide'''	16	(1)
The Social-Conflict Approach	17	(3)
The Symbolic-Interaction Approach	20	(1)
Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports	21	(7)
The Functions of Sports	21	(1)
Sports and Conflict	22	(1)
Sports as Interaction	23	(2)
Making the Grade Key Points	25	(1)
Key Concepts	26	(1)
Sample Test Questions	26	(1)
Applications and Exercises	27	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	27	(1)
Sociological Investigation	28	(30)
Basics of Sociological Investigation	31	(2)
Science as One Form of Truth	31	(1)
Common Sense versus Scientific Evidence	32	(1)
Three Ways To Do Sociology	33	(8)
Scientific Sociology	33	(5)
Interpretive Sociology	38	(1)
Critical Sociology	39	(1)
Methods and Theory	39	(1)
Gender and Research	39	(1)
Research Ethics	40	(1)
Methods of Sociological Research	41	(12)
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment	41	(1)
Sociology Work	42	(1)
Asking Questions: Survey Research	43	(3)
In the Field: Participant Observation	46	(3)
Using Available Data: Existing Sources	49	(1)
In the Times ``Images of a Growing Nation, from Census to Census''	50	(1)
The Interplay of Theory and Method	51	(2)
Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Investigation	53	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	54	(2)
Key Concepts	56	(1)
Sample Test Questions	56	(1)
Applications and Exercises	57	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	57	(1)
PART II The Foundations of Society
Culture	58	(32)
Sociology Work	60	(1)
What Is Culture?	60	(4)
Culture and Human Intelligence	62	(2)
Culture, Nation, and Society	64	(1)
How Many Cultures?	64	(1)
The Elements of Culture	64	(10)
Symbols	64	(2)
Language	66	(2)
Values and Beliefs	68	(3)
Norms	71	(2)
Ideal and Real Culture	73	(1)
Material Culture and Technology	73	(1)
New Information Technology and Culture	74	(1)
Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World	74	(8)
High Culture and Popular Culture	75	(1)
Subculture	75	(1)
In the Times ``Cultural Divide over Parental Discipline''	76	(1)
Multiculturalism	76	(2)
Counterculture	78	(1)
Cultural Change	79	(1)
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism	80	(1)
Sociology Work	81	(1)
A Global Culture?	81	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Culture	82	(3)
The Functions of Culture: Structural-Functional Analysis	82	(1)
Inequality and Culture: Social-Conflict Analysis	83	(1)
Evolution and Culture: Sociobiology	83	(2)
Culture and Human Freedom	85	(5)
Culture as Constraint	85	(1)
Culture as Freedom	85	(2)
Making the Grade Key Points	87	(1)
Key Concepts	87	(1)
Sample Test Questions	88	(1)
Applications and Exercises	89	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	89	(1)
Society	90	(26)
Gerhard Lenski: Society and Technology	92	(8)
Hunting and Gathering Societies	93	(1)
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies	94	(1)
Agrarian Societies	95	(1)
In the Times ``Animal Herders of 23 Lands Meet and Swap Stories''	96	(1)
Industrial Societies	96	(2)
Postindustrial Societies	98	(1)
The Limits of Technology	99	(1)
Karl Marx: Society and Conflict	100	(4)
Society and Production	101	(1)
Conflict and History	102	(1)
Capitalism and Class Conflict	102	(1)
Capitalism and Alienation	103	(1)
Sociology Work	103	(1)
Revolution	103	(1)
Max Weber: The Rationalization of Society	104	(4)
Two Worldviews: Tradition and Rationality	105	(1)
Is Capitalism Rational?	105	(1)
Weber's Great Thesis: Protestantism and Capitalism	105	(2)
Rational Social Organization	107	(1)
Emile Durkheim: Society and Function	108	(3)
Structure: Society beyond Ourselves	109	(1)
Function: Society as System	109	(1)
Personality: Society in Ourselves	109	(1)
Modernity and Anomie	110	(1)
Evolving Societies: The Division of Labor	110	(1)
Critical Review: Four Visions of Society	111	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	113	(1)
Key Concepts	113	(1)
Sample Test Questions	114	(1)
Applications and Exercises	115	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	115	(1)
Socialization	116	(26)
Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity	118	(3)
Human Development: Nature and Nurture	118	(1)
Social Isolation	119	(2)
Understanding Socialization	121	(6)
Sigmund Freud's Elements of Personality	121	(1)
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	122	(1)
Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	123	(1)
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development	123	(1)
George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self	124	(2)
Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development	126	(1)
Agents of Socialization	127	(6)
The Family	127	(1)
The School	128	(1)
The Peer Group	129	(1)
The Mass Media	130	(3)
Socialization and the Life Course	133	(4)
Childhood	133	(1)
Sociology Work	133	(1)
Adolescence	133	(1)
In the Times ``Adultescent''	134	(1)
Adulthood	134	(1)
Old Age	135	(1)
Death and Dying	135	(2)
The Life Course: Patterns and Variations	137	(1)
Resocialization: Total Institutions	137	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	139	(1)
Key Concepts	140	(1)
Sample Test Questions	140	(1)
Applications and Exercises	141	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	141	(1)
Social Interaction in Everyday Life	142	(24)
Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living	144	(1)
Status	145	(1)
Status Set	145	(1)
Ascribed and Achieved Status	145	(1)
Master Status	145	(1)
Role	146	(3)
Role Set	147	(1)
Role Conflict and Role Strain	147	(1)
Role Exit	147	(2)
The Social Construction of Reality	149	(2)
``Street Smarts''	149	(1)
The Thomas Theorem	150	(1)
Ethnomethodology	150	(1)
Reality Building: Class and Culture	151	(1)
Dramaturgical Analysis: ``The Presentation of Self''	151	(6)
Performances	151	(1)
In the Times ``For Disabled, It's Hooray for Hollywood''	152	(1)
Sociology Work	152	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	153	(2)
Gender and Performances	155	(1)
Idealization	156	(1)
Embarrassment and Tact	156	(1)
Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications	157	(9)
Emotions: The Social Construction of Feeling	157	(1)
Sociology Work	158	(1)
Language: The Social Construction of Gender	158	(3)
Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor	161	(2)
Making the Grade Key Points	163	(1)
Key Concepts	164	(1)
Sample Test Questions	164	(1)
Applications and Exercises	165	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	165	(1)
Groups and Organizations	166	(26)
Social Groups	168	(7)
Primary and Secondary Groups	169	(1)
Group Leadership	170	(1)
Group Conformity	171	(1)
Reference Groups	172	(1)
In-Groups and Out-Groups	173	(1)
Group Size	173	(1)
Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender	174	(1)
Networks	174	(1)
Formal Organizations	175	(7)
Types of Formal Organizations	177	(1)
Origins of Formal Organizations	177	(1)
Characteristics of Bureaucracy	177	(1)
Organizational Environment	178	(1)
The Informal Side of Bureaucracy	178	(1)
Problems of Bureaucracy	179	(1)
In the Times ``The New Magic Bullet: Bureaucratic Imagination''	180	(1)
Oligarchy	181	(1)
The Evolution of Formal Organizations	182	(6)
Scientific Management	182	(1)
The First Challenge: Race and Gender	182	(1)
The Second Challenge: The Japanese Work Organization	183	(1)
The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature of Work	184	(1)
Sociology Work	185	(1)
The ``McDonaldization'' of Society	186	(2)
The Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends	188	(4)
Making the Grade Key Points	189	(1)
Key Concepts	190	(1)
Sample Test Questions	190	(1)
Applications and Exercises	191	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	191	(1)
Sexuality and Society	192	(28)
Understanding Sexuality	194	(4)
Sex: A Biological Issue	194	(1)
Sex and the Body	195	(1)
Sex: A Cultural Issue	196	(1)
The Incest Taboo	197	(1)
In the Times ``The Skin Wars Start Earlier and Earlier''	198	(1)
Sexual Attitudes in the United States	198	(5)
The Sexual Revolution	199	(1)
The Sexual Counterrevolution	200	(1)
Premarital Sex	200	(1)
Sex between Adults	201	(1)
Sex over the Life Course	201	(1)
Extramarital Sex	202	(1)
Sexual Orientation	203	(3)
What Gives Us a Sexual Orientation?	203	(2)
How Many Gay People Are There?	205	(1)
The Gay Rights Movement	205	(1)
Sexual Issues and Controversies	206	(4)
Teen Pregnancy	206	(1)
Pornography	207	(1)
Prostitution	207	(2)
Sexual Violence: Rape and Date Rape	209	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Sexuality	210	(10)
Structural-Functional Analysis	211	(1)
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	212	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis	213	(2)
Sociology Work	215	(1)
Making the Grade Key Points	215	(3)
Key Concepts	218	(1)
Sample Test Questions	218	(1)
Applications and Exercises	219	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	219	(1)
Deviance	220	(32)
What Is Deviance?	222	(2)
Social Control	222	(1)
The Biological Context	223	(1)
Personality Factors	223	(1)
The Social Foundations of Deviance	224	(1)
The Functions of Deviance: Structural-Functional Analysis	224	(4)
Durkheim's Basic Insight	224	(2)
Merton's Strain Theory	226	(1)
Deviant Subcultures	226	(2)
Labeling Deviance: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	228	(4)
Labeling Theory	228	(1)
The Medicalization of Deviance	229	(1)
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory	230	(1)
Hirschi's Control Theory	231	(1)
Deviance and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis	232	(2)
Deviance and Power	232	(1)
Deviance and Capitalism	232	(1)
White-Collar Crime	232	(1)
Corporate Crime	233	(1)
Organized Crime	233	(1)
Deviance, Race, and Gender	234	(2)
Hate Crimes	234	(1)
Deviance and Gender	235	(1)
Crime	236	(6)
Types of Crime	236	(1)
Criminal Statistics	237	(1)
The Street Criminal: A Profile	237	(3)
Crime in Global Perspective	240	(2)
The U.S. Criminal Justice System	242	(10)
Sociology Work	242	(1)
Due Process	242	(1)
Police	242	(1)
Courts	243	(1)
Punishment	243	(1)
In the Times ``Despite Drop in Crime, an Increase in Inmates''	244	(3)
Community-Based Corrections	247	(2)
Making the Grade Key Points	249	(1)
Key Concepts	250	(1)
Sample Test Questions	250	(1)
Applications and Exercises	251	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	251	(1)
PART III Social Inequality
Social Stratification	252	(26)
What Is Social Stratification?	254	(1)
Caste and Class Systems	255	(9)
The Caste System	256	(2)
The Class System	258	(1)
Ascription and Achievement: The United Kingdom	258	(2)
Another Example: Japan	260	(1)
Classless Societies? The Former Soviet Union	261	(2)
China: Emerging Social Classes	263	(1)
Ideology: The Power behind Stratification	263	(1)
The Functions of Social Stratification	264	(1)
The Davis-Moore Thesis	264	(1)
Sociology Work	264	(1)
Stratification and Conflict	265	(4)
Karl Marx: Class Conflict	265	(1)
In the Times ``Love of Leisure, and Europe's Reasons''	266	(1)
Why No Marxist Revolution?	267	(1)
Max Weber: Class, Status, and Power	268	(1)
Stratification and Interaction	269	(2)
Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective	271	(1)
Hunting and Gathering Societies	271	(1)
Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies	271	(1)
Industrial Societies	271	(1)
The Kuznets Curve	271	(1)
Social Stratification: Facts and Values	272	(6)
Making the Grade Key Points	275	(1)
Key Concepts	275	(1)
Sample Test Questions	276	(1)
Applications and Exercises	277	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	277	(1)
Social Class in the United States	278	(26)
Dimensions of Social Inequality	280	(3)
Income	280	(1)
Wealth	281	(1)
Power	282	(1)
Occupational Prestige	282	(1)
Sociology Work	282	(1)
Schooling	282	(1)
U.S. Stratification: Merit and Caste	283	(1)
Ancestry	283	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	283	(1)
Gender	284	(1)
Social Classes in the United States	284	(4)
The Upper Class	284	(2)
The Middle Class	286	(1)
The Working Class	287	(1)
The Lower Class	287	(1)
The Difference Class Makes	288	(1)
Health	288	(1)
Values and Attitudes	288	(1)
Politics	288	(1)
Family and Gender	289	(1)
Social Mobility	289	(5)
Myth versus Reality	290	(1)
Mobility by Income Level	290	(1)
Mobility: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender	290	(1)
The American Dream: Still a Reality?	291	(1)
The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure	292	(2)
Poverty in the United States	294	(10)
The Extent of U.S. Poverty	294	(1)
Who Are the Poor?	294	(1)
Explaining Poverty	295	(1)
The Working Poor	296	(2)
Homelessness	298	(2)
In the Times ``Surge in Homeless Families Sets Off Debate on Cause''	300	(1)
Making the Grade Key Points	301	(1)
Key Concepts	302	(1)
Sample Test Questions	302	(1)
Applications and Exercises	303	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	303	(1)
Global Stratification	304	(28)
Global Stratification: An Overview	307	(5)
A Word about Terminology	307	(1)
High-Income Countries	308	(2)
Middle-Income Countries	310	(1)
Low-Income Countries	310	(2)
Global Wealth and Poverty	312	(7)
The Severity of Poverty	313	(2)
The Extent of Poverty	315	(1)
Poverty and Children	315	(1)
In the Times ``U.N. Aims to Cut Poverty in Half as Experts Wonder How to Measure It''	316	(1)
Poverty and Women	316	(1)
Slavery	317	(1)
Explanations of Global Poverty	318	(1)
Global Stratification: Theoretical Analysis	319	(8)
Modernization Theory	319	(3)
Sociology Work	322	(1)
Dependency Theory	323	(4)
Global Stratification: Looking Ahead	327	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	329	(1)
Key Concepts	330	(1)
Sample Test Questions	330	(1)
Applications and Exercises	331	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	331	(1)
Gender Stratification	332	(28)
Gender and Inequality	334	(5)
Male-Female Differences	334	(1)
Gender in Global Perspective	335	(1)
Patriarchy and Sexism	336	(3)
Gender and Socialization	339	(1)
Gender and the Family	339	(1)
Gender and the Peer Group	339	(1)
Gender and Schooling	339	(1)
Gender and the Mass Media	340	(1)
Gender and Social Stratification	340	(1)
Working Women and Men	340	(11)
Sociology Work	340	(2)
Housework: Women's ``Second Shift''	342	(1)
Gender, Income, and Wealth	342	(1)
Sociology Work	343	(1)
Gender and Education	344	(1)
Gender and Politics	344	(1)
Gender and the Military	345	(1)
Are Women a Minority?	346	(1)
Minority Women: Intersection Theory	346	(1)
Violence against Women	347	(1)
Violence against Men	347	(1)
Sexual Harassment	348	(3)
Theoretical Analysis of Gender	351	(2)
Structural-Functional Analysis	351	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis	352	(1)
Feminism	353	(2)
Basic Feminist Ideas	353	(1)
Types of Feminism	354	(1)
Opposition to Feminism	354	(1)
Gender: Looking Ahead	355	(5)
In the Times ``Men Are Becoming the Ad Target of the Gender Sneer''	356	(1)
Making the Grade Key Points	356	(2)
Key Concepts	358	(1)
Sample Test Questions	358	(1)
Applications and Exercises	359	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	359	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	360	(32)
The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity	362	(4)
Race	362	(2)
Ethnicity	364	(1)
Minorities	365	(1)
Prejudice	366	(6)
Stereotypes	366	(1)
Sociology Work	367	(1)
Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale	368	(1)
Racism	369	(2)
Theories of Prejudice	371	(1)
Discrimination	372	(1)
Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination	372	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle	372	(1)
Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction	372	(3)
Pluralism	372	(1)
Assimilation	373	(1)
Segregation	373	(1)
Genocide	374	(1)
Race and Ethnicity in the United States	375	(13)
Native Americans	375	(1)
In the Times ``Around the World in Five Boroughs''	376	(1)
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants	376	(2)
African Americans	378	(2)
Asian Americans	380	(3)
Hispanic Americans/Latinos	383	(5)
White Ethnic Americans	388	(1)
Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead	388	(4)
Making the Grade Key Points	389	(1)
Key Concepts	390	(1)
Sample Test Questions	390	(1)
Applications and Exercises	391	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	391	(1)
Aging and the Elderly	392	(24)
The Graying of the United States	394	(3)
The Birth Rate: Going Down	394	(1)
Life Expectancy: Going Up	394	(2)
An Aging Society: Cultural Change	396	(1)
The ``Young Old'' and the ``Old Old''	397	(1)
Growing Old: Biology and Culture	397	(4)
Biological Changes	397	(1)
Psychological Changes	398	(1)
Aging and Culture	398	(1)
Age Stratification: A Global Survey	399	(1)
Sociology Work	400	(1)
Transitions and Challenges of Aging	401	(6)
Finding Meaning	401	(1)
Social Isolation	401	(1)
In the Times ``Under One Roof, Aging Together Yet Alone''	402	(1)
Retirement	402	(2)
Sociology Work	404	(1)
Aging and Poverty	404	(1)
Caregiving	405	(1)
Ageism	406	(1)
The Elderly: A Minority?	406	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Aging	407	(1)
Structural-Functional Analysis: Aging and Disengagement	407	(1)
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: Aging and Activity	408	(1)
Social-Conflict Analysis: Aging and Inequality	408	(1)
Death and Dying	408	(4)
Historical Patterns of Death	408	(1)
The Modern Separation of Life and Death	409	(1)
Ethical Issues: Confronting Death	409	(2)
Bereavement	411	(1)
Aging: Looking Ahead	412	(4)
Making the Grade Key Points	413	(1)
Key Concepts	414	(1)
Sample Test Questions	414	(1)
Applications and Exercises	415	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	415	(1)
PART IV Social Institutions
The Economy and Work	416	(26)
The Economy: Historical Overview	418	(4)
The Agricultural Revolution	418	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	419	(2)
The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society	421	(1)
Sectors of the Economy	421	(1)
The Global Economy	422	(1)
Economic Systems: Paths to Justice	422	(5)
Capitalism	424	(1)
Socialism	424	(1)
Welfare Capitalism and State Capitalism	425	(1)
Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism	426	(1)
Changes in Socialist Countries	427	(1)
Work in the Postindustrial Economy	427	(6)
The Decline of Agricultural Work	428	(1)
From Factory Work to Service Work	428	(1)
Sociology Work	428	(1)
The Dual Labor Market	428	(1)
Labor Unions	428	(1)
Professions	429	(1)
Self-Employment	430	(1)
Unemployment and Underemployment	430	(1)
The Underground Economy	431	(1)
Workplace Diversity: Race and Gender	431	(1)
New Information Technology and Work	432	(1)
Sociology Work	433	(1)
Corporations	433	(4)
Economic Concentration	433	(1)
In the Times ``A Drive-Through Lane to the Next Time Zone''	434	(1)
Conglomerates and Corporate Linkages	434	(1)
Corporations: Are They Competitive?	435	(1)
Corporations and the Global Economy	436	(1)
The Economy: Looking Ahead	437	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	439	(1)
Key Concepts	440	(1)
Sample Test Questions	440	(1)
Applications and Exercises	441	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	441	(1)
Politics and Government	442	(26)
Power and Authority	444	(1)
Traditional Authority	444	(1)
Rational-Legal Authority	445	(1)
Charismatic Authority	445	(1)
Politics in Global Perspective	445	(5)
Monarchy	446	(1)
Democracy	446	(2)
Authoritarianism	448	(1)
Totalitarianism	448	(2)
A Global Political System?	450	(1)
Politics in the United States	450	(5)
U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State	450	(1)
The Political Spectrum	451	(2)
Special-Interest Groups	453	(1)
Voter Apathy	454	(1)
Should Convicted Criminals Vote?	455	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Power in Society	455	(2)
The Pluralist Model: The People Rule	455	(1)
The Power-Elite Model: A Few People Rule	455	(1)
The Marxist Model: The System Is Biased	456	(1)
Power Beyond the Rules	457	(1)
Revolution	457	(1)
Terrorism	457	(1)
War and Peace	458	(4)
The Causes of War	459	(1)
Social Class and the Military	459	(1)
Sociology Work	459	(1)
Is Terrorism a New Kind of War?	460	(1)
The Costs and Causes of Militarism	460	(1)
Nuclear Weapons	461	(1)
Mass Media and War	461	(1)
Pursuing Peace	461	(1)
In the Times ``For the Few and the Proud, Concern over the `Few' Part''	462	(1)
Politics: Looking Ahead	462	(6)
Making the Grade Key Points	465	(1)
Key Concepts	466	(1)
Sample Test Questions	466	(1)
Applications and Exercises	467	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	467	(1)
Families	468	(28)
Families: Basic Concepts	470	(1)
Families: Global Variations	471	(2)
Marriage Patterns	471	(2)
Residential Patterns	473	(1)
Patterns of Descent	473	(1)
Patterns of Authority	473	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Families	473	(4)
Functions of the Family: Structural-Functional Analysis	474	(2)
Inequality and the Family: Social-Conflict and Feminist Analysis	476	(1)
Constructing Family Life: Micro-Level Analysis	476	(1)
Stages of Family Life	477	(3)
Courtship	477	(2)
Settling In: Ideal and Real Marriage	479	(1)
Child Rearing	479	(1)
Sociology Work	480	(1)
The Family in Later Life	480	(1)
U.S. Families: Class, Race, and Gender	480	(5)
Social Class	481	(1)
Ethnicity and Race	481	(1)
In the Times ``Crisis of Indian Children Intensifies as Families Fail''	482	(3)
Gender	485	(1)
Transitions and Problems in Family Life	485	(3)
Divorce	485	(2)
Remarriage	487	(1)
Family Violence	487	(1)
Alternative Family Forms	488	(4)
One-Parent Families	488	(1)
Cohabitation	489	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Couples	489	(2)
Singlehood	491	(1)
New Reproductive Technology and the Family	492	(1)
Families: Looking Ahead	492	(4)
Making the Grade Key Points	493	(1)
Key Concepts	494	(1)
Sample Test Questions	494	(1)
Applications and Exercises	495	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	495	(1)
Religion	496	(28)
Religion: Basic Concepts	498	(1)
Religion and Sociology	499	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Religion	499	(2)
Functions of Religion: Structural-Functional Analysis	499	(1)
Constructing the Sacred: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis	500	(1)
Inequality and Religion: Social-Conflict Analysis	500	(1)
Religion and Social Change	501	(1)
Max Weber: Protestantism and Capitalism	501	(1)
Liberation Theology	502	(1)
Types of Religious Organizations	502	(3)
Sociology Work	503	(1)
Church	503	(1)
Sect	504	(1)
Cult	504	(1)
Religion in History	505	(1)
Religion in Preindustrial Societies	505	(1)
Religion in Industrial Societies	505	(1)
World Religions	506	(5)
Christianity	506	(1)
Islam	506	(2)
Judaism	508	(1)
Hinduism	509	(1)
Buddhism	509	(1)
Confucianism	510	(1)
Religion: East and West	511	(1)
Religion in the United States	511	(2)
Religious Affiliation	511	(1)
Religiosity	512	(1)
Religion: Class, Ethnicity, and Race	512	(1)
Religion in a Changing Society	513	(8)
Secularization	513	(2)
Civil Religion	515	(1)
``New Age'' Seekers: Spirituality without Formal Religion	515	(2)
Religious Revival: ``Good Ol'-Time Religion''	517	(1)
In the Times ``Give Them Some of That Free-Market Religion''	518	(3)
Religion: Looking Ahead	521	(3)
Making the Grade Key Points	521	(1)
Key Concepts	522	(1)
Sample Test Questions	522	(1)
Applications and Exercises	523	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	523	(1)
Education	524	(26)
Education: A Global Survey	526	(4)
Schooling and Economic Development	526	(1)
Schooling in India	527	(1)
Schooling in Japan	527	(2)
Schooling in Great Britain	529	(1)
Schooling in the United States	529	(1)
The Functions of Schooling	530	(1)
Socialization	530	(1)
Cultural Innovation	530	(1)
Social Integration	530	(1)
Social Placement	530	(1)
Latent Functions of Schooling	530	(1)
Schooling and Social Interaction	531	(1)
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	531	(1)
Schooling and Social Inequality	532	(5)
Social Control	532	(1)
Standardized Testing	532	(1)
School Tracking	532	(1)
Inequality among Schools	533	(2)
Access to Higher Education	535	(1)
Sociology Work	535	(1)
Greater Opportunity: Expanding Higher Education	536	(1)
Privilege and Personal Merit	537	(1)
Problems in the Schools	537	(5)
Discipline and Violence	538	(1)
Student Passivity	538	(1)
Dropping Out	539	(1)
In the Times ``The College Dropout Boom''	540	(1)
Academic Standards	540	(2)
Grade Inflation	542	(1)
Recent Issues in U.S. Education	542	(3)
School Choice	542	(2)
Home Schooling	544	(1)
Schooling People with Disabilities	544	(1)
Adult Education	545	(1)
The Teacher Shortage	545	(1)
Schooling: Looking Ahead	545	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	547	(1)
Key Concepts	548	(1)
Sample Test Questions	548	(1)
Applications and Exercises	549	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	549	(1)
Health and Medicine	550	(28)
What Is Health?	552	(1)
Health and Society	552	(1)
Health: A Global Survey	553	(1)
Health in History	553	(1)
Health in Low-Income Countries	553	(1)
Health in High-Income Countries	554	(1)
Health in the United States	554	(9)
Who Is Healthy? Age, Gender, Class, and Race	554	(2)
Cigarette Smoking	556	(1)
Eating Disorders	557	(1)
Obesity	557	(2)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	559	(3)
Ethical Issues surrounding Death	562	(1)
The Medical Establishment	563	(7)
The Rise of Scientific Medicine	563	(1)
In the Times ``Between Faith and Medicine, How Clear a Line?''	564	(1)
Holistic Medicine	564	(1)
Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey	565	(3)
Paying for Medical Care: The United States	568	(1)
The Nursing Shortage	569	(1)
Sociology Work	570	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine	570	(3)
Structural-Functional Analysis: Role Theory	570	(1)
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meaning of Health	570	(2)
Social-Conflict Analysis: Health and Inequality	572	(1)
Health and Medicine: Looking Ahead	573	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	575	(1)
Key Concepts	576	(1)
Sample Test Questions	576	(1)
Applications and Exercises	577	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	577	(1)
PART V Social Change
Population, Urbanization, and Environment	578	(32)
Demography: The Study of Population	580	(5)
Fertility	580	(1)
Mortality	581	(1)
Migration	582	(1)
Population Growth	582	(1)
Population Composition	583	(2)
History and Theory of Population Growth	585	(3)
Malthusian Theory	585	(1)
Demographic Transition Theory	586	(1)
Global Population Today: A Brief Survey	587	(1)
Urbanization: The Growth of Cities	588	(5)
The Evolution of Cities	589	(1)
The Growth of U.S. Cities	590	(1)
Suburbs and Urban Decline	591	(1)
Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities	591	(1)
Megalopolis: The Regional City	592	(1)
Edge Cities	592	(1)
The Rural Rebound	592	(1)
Urbanism as a Way of Life	593	(3)
Ferdinand Tonnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft	593	(1)
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	593	(1)
Georg Simmel: The Blase Urbanite	594	(1)
The Chicago School: Robert Park and Louis Wirth	594	(1)
Sociology Work	594	(1)
Urban Ecology	594	(2)
Urban Political Economy	596	(1)
Urbanization in Poor Nations	596	(1)
Environment and Society	597	(8)
The Global Dimension	597	(1)
Technology and the Environmental Deficit	597	(1)
Culture: Growth and Limits	598	(1)
Solid Waste: The Disposable Society	599	(1)
Water and Air	600	(2)
In the Times ``Glasses, Scalpels, Bikes: Turning Waste into Help''	602	(1)
The Rain Forests	603	(2)
Environmental Racism	605	(1)
Looking Ahead: Toward a Sustainable Society and World	605	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	607	(1)
Key Concepts	608	(1)
Sample Test Questions	608	(1)
Applications and Exercises	609	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	609	(1)
Collective Behavior and Social Movements	610	(26)
Studying Collective Behavior	612	(1)
Localized Collectivities: Crowds	613	(3)
Mobs and Riots	614	(1)
Crowds, Mobs, and Social Change	614	(1)
Explaining Crowd Behavior	615	(1)
Dispersed Collectivities: Mass Behavior	616	(5)
Rumor and Gossip	616	(2)
Public Opinion and Propaganda	618	(1)
Fashions and Fads	618	(1)
Panic and Mass Hysteria	619	(1)
Disasters	619	(2)
Social Movements	621	(10)
In the Times ``Hurricane Katrina: A Tale of Two Families''	622	(1)
Types of Social Movements	622	(2)
Claims Making	624	(1)
Explaining Social Movements	624	(5)
Gender and Social Movements	629	(1)
Stages in Social Movements	629	(2)
Social Movements and Social Change	631	(1)
Sociology Work	631	(1)
Social Movements: Looking Ahead	631	(5)
Making the Grade Key Points	633	(1)
Key Concepts	634	(1)
Sample Test Questions	634	(1)
Applications and Exercises	635	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	635	(1)
Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Societies	636	(26)
What Is Social Change?	639	(1)
Causes of Social Change	639	(2)
Culture and Change	640	(1)
Conflict and Change	640	(1)
Ideas and Change	640	(1)
Demographic Change	640	(1)
Modernity	641	(5)
Four Dimensions of Modernization	641	(1)
Ferdinand Tonnies: The Loss of Community	642	(1)
Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor	643	(1)
Sociology Work	643	(1)
Max Weber: Rationalization	644	(1)
Karl Marx: Capitalism	645	(1)
Theoretical Analysis of Modernity	646	(8)
Structural-Functional Theory: Modernity as Mass Society	646	(2)
Social-Conflict Theory: Modernity as Class Society	648	(1)
Modernity and the Individual	649	(2)
Modernity and Progress	651	(1)
Modernity: Global Variation	652	(2)
In the Times ``Modernity Tips Balance in a Remote Corner of Kashmir''	654	(1)
Postmodernity	654	(2)
Looking Ahead: Modernization and Our Global Future	656	(6)
Making the Grade Key Points	659	(1)
Key Concepts	660	(1)
Sample Test Questions	660	(1)
Applications and Exercises	661	(1)
Investigate with Research Navigator	661	(1)
Glossary	662	(7)
References	669	(24)
Photo Credits	693	(2)
Name Index	695	(4)
Subject Index	699