Sociology: Concepts And Applications in a Diverse World

by Sullivan, Thomas J.

• ISBN13: 9780205484928
• ISBN10: 0205484921
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

"This economical paperback text is theoretically balanced, offers global perspectives, shows how sociology is applied to real problems, and contains a built-in study guide." This introduction to sociology uses the three major theoretical perspectives--functionalist, conflict, and interactionist--as tools for examining the social world. The author uses illuminating examples to show how society works and how human behavior is shaped by cultural, structural, and institutional forces. As in previous editions, the Seventh Edition also integrates two other themes that reflect contemporary trends in sociology. The first is a reemergence of interest in how sociological knowledge can be applied to social problems or to helping people improve their lives. The second is the recognition that societies and cultures are becoming increasingly diverse and interdependent.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Author	xx
PART I The Sociological Perspective	1	(68)
What Is Sociology?	2	(34)
Myths & Facts: About the Social World	4	(2)
What Is Sociology?	6	(6)
The Sociological Perspective	6	(3)
Sociology as a Science	9	(1)
Applying Sociology Untangling Myths and Facts: Sociology and Common Sense	10	(1)
The Social Sciences	11	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology	12	(5)
Theories and Hypotheses	12	(1)
The Functionalist Perspective	13	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	14	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	15	(2)
Using the Theoretical Perspectives	17	(1)
Conducting Sociological Research	17	(10)
Sociology of Media and Technology Applying the Sociological Perspectives: Mass Media and Global Communications	18	(1)
Research Methods	19	(4)
Steps in Conducting Research	23	(1)
Issues in Conducting Sociological Research	24	(2)
Other Worlds, Other Ways South Africa: Sociological Research in Diverse Cultures	26	(1)
Putting Sociology to Use	27	(3)
The Development of Sociology	27	(1)
Basic and Applied Sociology	28	(1)
Sociological Practice	28	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	29	(1)
Using Sociology in Everyday Life	29	(1)
Study & Review	30	(4)
For Further Reading	34	(2)
Culture, Society, and Diversity	36	(33)
Myths & Facts: About Culture and Society	38	(1)
What Is Culture?	39	(1)
Material Culture and Nonmaterial Culture	40	(1)
The Components of Culture	40	(7)
Beliefs and Values	40	(3)
Norms	43	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways The Amish of Pennsylvania: Diverse Values within a Culture	44	(2)
Language	46	(1)
Cultural Consensus and Diversity	47	(3)
Cultural Integration	48	(1)
Cultural Change	48	(1)
Ideal Culture versus Real Culture	49	(1)
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity	49	(1)
Subcultures	50	(1)
Social Structure	50	(4)
Status	51	(1)
Applying Sociology Argot: The Special Language of Subcultures	52	(2)
Roles	54	(5)
Groups and Social Institutions	56	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Mass Media and the Production of Culture	57	(2)
A Comparative View of Societies	59	(3)
Preindustiral Societies	59	(1)
Industrial Societies	60	(1)
A Global Perspective: Postindustrialism and Global Interdependence	61	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	62	(1)
Study & Review	62	(4)
For Further Reading	66	(3)
PART II The Individual in Society	69	(92)
Socialization	70	(28)
Myths & Facts: About Socialization	72	(1)
Heredity and the Environment	73	(3)
Biology and Human Behavior	74	(1)
Children Raised in Isolation	75	(1)
The Process of Socialization	76	(14)
The Development of Self: The Interactionist Perspective	76	(4)
Agencies of Socialization	80	(2)
Applying Sociology Day Care: Problem or Solution?	82	(1)
Types of Socialization	83	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Socializing the Young	84	(2)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Japan: Learning Cultural Values Through Primary Socialization	86	(1)
Socialization through the Life Span	87	(3)
Additional Perspectives on Socialization	90	(2)
The Functionalist Perspective	90	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	91	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	92	(1)
Study & Review	92	(4)
For Further Reading	96	(2)
Groups and Organizations	98	(32)
Myths & Facts: About Groups and Organizations	100	(2)
Types of Groups	102	(3)
Primary Groups	102	(1)
Secondary Groups	103	(1)
In-Groups and Out-Groups	103	(1)
Reference Groups	104	(1)
Social Collectivities	105	(1)
Group Structure and Process	105	(5)
Status and Role	105	(1)
Leadership	106	(1)
Decision Making in Groups	107	(1)
Group Cohesion	108	(1)
Group Conformity	109	(1)
Organizations	110	(7)
Bureaucracy	110	(3)
The Human Relations Approach	113	(1)
The Informal Structure	114	(1)
Gender in Organizations	115	(1)
Applying Sociology Diagnosing Organizational Culture: Helping Organizations to Function Better	116	(1)
Sociological Perspectives on Organizations	117	(3)
The Functionalist Perspective	117	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways China: Cultural Values and Group Behavior---Social Loafing in Organizations	118	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	119	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	119	(1)
The Future of Bureaucracy	120	(4)
Bureaucracy and Oligarchy	120	(1)
Limits to Bureaucracy	121	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Impact on Groups, Organizations, and Bureaucracies	122	(2)
Sociology on the Internet	124	(1)
Study & Review	124	(4)
For Further Reading	128	(2)
Deviance, Crime, and Social Control	130	(31)
Myths & Facts: About Deviance and Crime	132	(1)
The Relativity of Deviance	133	(1)
Explanations of Deviance	133	(7)
Nonsociological Approaches	134	(1)
The Functionalist Perspective	134	(2)
The Conflict Perspective	136	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	137	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Mass Media and the Social Construction of Crime and Justice	138	(2)
Extent of Deviance and Crime	140	(6)
Sexual Deviance	141	(1)
Applying Sociology Influencing Policy on Youth Gangs and Juvenile Crime	142	(1)
Drug and Alcohol Abuse	142	(1)
Mental Illness	143	(1)
Violent Crimes	144	(1)
Organized Crime	144	(1)
White-Collar Crime	144	(2)
Deviance: Its Consequences for Society	146	(1)
The Dysfunctions of Deviance	146	(1)
The Functions of Deviance	146	(1)
Deviance and Social Control	147	(1)
Internal Sources of Social Control	147	(1)
External Sources of Social Control	147	(1)
Crime in the United States	148	(6)
The High Crime Rate	149	(2)
Reducing Crime	151	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Japan: Social and Cultural Underpinnings of Crime	152	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	152	(2)
Study & Review	154	(5)
For Further Reading	159	(2)
PART III Stratification and Social Inequality	161	(98)
Social Stratification and Social Inequality	162	(32)
Myths & Facts: About Social Stratification	164	(1)
Dimensions of Stratification	165	(3)
Weber's Analysis	165	(1)
Socioeconomic Status	166	(1)
Types of Stratification Systems	167	(1)
Theories of Stratification	168	(5)
The Functionalist Perspective	168	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	169	(1)
Synthesis: An Evolutionary View	170	(1)
A Global Perspective on Stratification	171	(2)
Social Class in the United States	173	(9)
Measuring Socioeconomic Status	173	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Brazil and Venezuela: The Third-World Poor in the Global Stratification System	174	(2)
Class Structure in the United States	176	(1)
Inequality and Poverty	177	(5)
Applying Sociology Creating and Evaluating Programs That Assist the Poor	182	(1)
Social Mobility	182	(3)
Extent of Social Mobility	183	(1)
Sources of Social Mobility	184	(1)
Consequences of Stratification	185	(4)
Educational Achievement	185	(1)
Health	185	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Impact of Technology on Stratification Systems	186	(1)
Status Inconsistency	187	(1)
Self-Esteem	188	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	188	(1)
Study & Review	189	(4)
For Further Reading	193	(1)
Social Inequality: Race and Ethnicity	194	(34)
Myths & Facts: About Race and Ethnicity	196	(1)
Minority Groups	197	(2)
Race and Ethnicity	198	(1)
Racism	198	(1)
Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination	199	(5)
Social Sources	199	(2)
Social Psychological Sources	201	(1)
Consequences of Discrimination	201	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Britain, Germany, Yugoslavia: The Social and Economic Sources of Racial Hatred and Conflict	202	(2)
Patterns of Intergroup Relations	204	(3)
Forms of Domination	204	(1)
Minority Reaction to Domination	205	(1)
Switzerland: Cooperation in a Multiethnic Society	206	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the United States	207	(11)
African Americans	207	(1)
Hispanic Americans	208	(3)
American Indians	211	(1)
Asian Americans	211	(1)
Arab Americans	212	(1)
Today's Immigrants	213	(1)
Achievement and Assimilation among Immigrant Groups	214	(2)
Sociology of Media and Technology Image and Access: Race/Ethnicity and Communications Technologies	216	(2)
Current Issues in the United States	218	(5)
Assimilation or Pluralism?	218	(1)
Race Relations Today: Race or Class?	219	(1)
Advances, Setbacks, and Controversial Policies	219	(1)
Applying Sociology Combating Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racial Polarization	220	(2)
Sociology on the Internet	222	(1)
Study & Review	223	(4)
For Further Reading	227	(1)
Social Inequality: Gender	228	(31)
Myths & Facts: About Gender Inequality	230	(1)
Men and Women in Society	231	(3)
The Biological Perspective	232	(1)
The Functionalist Perspective	232	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	233	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	234	(1)
The Socialization of Men and Women	234	(3)
The Family	235	(1)
The Schools	235	(2)
The Media	237
Sociology of Media and Technology Portrayals of Gender and Gender Inequality	236	(1)
The Extent of Gender Inequality in the United States	237	(7)
Economic Discrimination	237	(4)
Discrimination in the Military	241	(1)
Other Types of Discrimination	242	(1)
Gender Inequality Involving Males	243	(1)
Gender Stratification in Global Perspective	244	(2)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Mexico: Poor Women and the World Economy	244	(2)
Toward Gender Equality	246	(6)
Collective Action and the Feminist Movement: A Global Struggle	246	(1)
Current Trends in the United States	247	(3)
Applying Sociology Sexual Assault, Sexual Harassment, and the Empowerment of Women	250	(2)
Masculine, Feminine, or Human?	252	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	252	(1)
Study & Review	252	(5)
For Further Reading	257	(2)
PART IV Social Institutions	259	(164)
Family and Human Sexuality	260	(36)
Myths & Facts: About the Family and Human Sexuality	262	(1)
Family and Kinship in Cross-Cultural Perspective	263	(3)
Rules of Descent	263	(1)
Rules of Marriage	264	(1)
Rules of Authority	264	(1)
Size of Family Unit	265	(1)
Mate Selection and Marriage Transactions	265	(1)
The Family in Society	266	(3)
The Functionalist Perspective	267	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	268	(1)
Marriage and Divorce in the United States	269	(7)
Choosing a Mate and Attitudes toward Marriage	269	(1)
Divorce	270	(3)
The Minority Family Experience	273	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Vietnam: Family and Religion among Immigrants to the United States	274	(2)
Diversity and Change in Sexual Behavior	276	(3)
Premarital Sex	277	(1)
Extramarital Sex	277	(1)
Homosexuality	278	(1)
Diverse Family Lifestyles in Modern Societies	279	(5)
Dual-Earner Families	279	(1)
Singlehood	280	(1)
Cohabitation	280	(1)
Single Parenthood	281	(2)
Gay Families	283	(1)
A Global Perspective	284	(1)
Violence in the Family	284	(2)
Applying Sociology Creating and Evaluating Programs to Fight Domestic Violence	286	(1)
The Future of the Family	286	(4)
Sociology of Media and Technology Family, Sexuality, and the Mass Media	288	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	288	(2)
Study & Review	290	(4)
For Further Reading	294	(2)
Health and Health-Care Institutions	296	(34)
Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care	298	(4)
Myths & Facts: About Health and Health-Care Institutions	299	(1)
The Functionalist Perspective	299	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	300	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	300	(1)
Politics, Stigma, and the AIDS Epidemic	301	(1)
Applying Sociology Combating the Spread of AIDS	302	(1)
Health, Illness, and Society	302	(8)
Health and Societal Development	302	(3)
Health and Social Position	305	(3)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Congo: The Spread of AIDS in a Developing Nation	308	(2)
Health-Care Systems in Cross-Cultural Perspective	310	(2)
Personalistic Health-Care Systems	310	(1)
Naturalistic Health-Care Systems	310	(1)
Scientific Health-Care Systems	311	(1)
Chinese Medicine	311	(1)
Holistic Medicine	312	(1)
The Social Structure of Health Care	312	(5)
Seeking Health Care	312	(1)
The Medical Profession	313	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Practicing Medicine in Cyberspace	314
The Nursing Profession	313	(2)
New Health-Care Practitioners	315	(1)
Hospitals and the Corporatization of Health Care	315	(2)
Issues in Health Care in the United States	317	(4)
Rising Health-Care Costs	317	(1)
Access to Medical Services	318	(1)
Quality of Medical Services	318	(1)
Gender Inequality in Health Care	319	(2)
Financing Health Care in the United States	321	(3)
Publicly Funded Health Insurance	321	(1)
Employer-Financed Health Insurance	321	(1)
Health Maintenance Organizations and Managed Care	322	(1)
Health Care: A Privilege or a Right?	323	(1)
Paying for Health Care in Other Nations: Canada and Sweden	323	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	324	(1)
Study & Review	324	(5)
For Further Reading	329	(1)
Religion	330	(28)
Myths & Facts: About Religion	332	(1)
What Is Religion?	333	(1)
A Global Perspective: Religions of the World	334	(3)
Judaism	334	(1)
Christianity	334	(1)
Islam	335	(1)
Hinduism	335	(1)
Buddhism	336	(1)
Confucianism	336	(1)
Diffusion of Religion	336	(1)
Sociological Approaches to the Study of Religion	337	(3)
Durkheim: A Functionalist Perspective	337	(1)
Marx: A Conflict Perspective	338	(1)
Weber: Religion and Social Change	339	(1)
The Organization of Religion	340	(1)
Religion in the United States	341	(12)
Extent of Religiosity	341	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways China, Iran, and Afghanistan: Religion and Political Change	342	(1)
Socioeconomic Status and Politics	343	(1)
Secularization	344	(1)
Religious Pluralism	345	(4)
Sociology of Media and Technology Mass Media, Cyberspace, and Religious Experience	349	(1)
Applying Sociology Identifying Extremism in Religious Cults	350	(3)
Sociology on the Internet	353	(1)
Study & Review	353	(4)
For Further Reading	357	(1)
Education and the Mass Media	358	(30)
Myths & Facts: About Education and the Mass Media	360	(1)
A Global Perspective on Education	361	(2)
Informal Education	361	(1)
Colonization and Education	361	(1)
Modernization and Education	362	(1)
Sociological Perspectives on Education	363	(4)
The Functionalist Perspective	363	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	364	(3)
The Interactionist Perspective	367	(1)
Education in the United States	367	(7)
A Historical View	367	(1)
Schools as Bureaucracies	368	(1)
Effectiveness of the Educational System	368	(1)
Reforms and Trends	369	(1)
Applying Sociology Evaluating Educational Innovations	370	(3)
Higher Education	373	(1)
Education, Communication, and the Mass Media	374	(8)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Japan: Variations in Educational Institutions in Industrial Societies	375	(1)
Emergence of the Mass Media	376	(1)
Effects of the Mass Media	376	(3)
Control of the Mass Media	379	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Electronic Classrooms and Wired Schools	380	(1)
The Global Mass Media: Neocolonization?	381	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	382	(1)
Study & Review	382	(4)
For Further Reading	386	(2)
Political and Economic Institutions	388	(35)
Myths & Facts: About Political and Economic Institutions	390	(1)
Politics, Power, and Authority	391	(1)
Types of Authority	391	(1)
State and Government	392	(1)
Sociological Perspectives on Political and Economic Institutions	392	(2)
The Functionalist Perspective	393	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	393	(1)
Types of Government	394	(3)
Oligarchy and Totalitarianism	394	(1)
Democracy	394	(3)
Types of Economic Systems	397	(2)
Capitalism	397	(1)
Socialism	398	(1)
Mixed Economies	399	(1)
Who Rules in the United States?	399	(2)
The Power Elite Model	399	(1)
The Pluralist Model	400	(1)
Assessment of the Models	400	(1)
The U.S. Economy: Concentration and Change	401	(5)
The Corporate Economy	401	(1)
The Changing Labor Force	402	(2)
Global Competition: Worker Dislocation and Unemployment	404	(2)
The Global Political and Economic System	406	(7)
Concentration and Inequality	407	(1)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Nicaragua: Political and Economic Change in a Peripheral Nation	408	(2)
Unemployment, Dislocation, and Resistance	410	(2)
Applying Sociology Intervening in the Process of Economic Globalization	412	(1)
Politics, the Economy, and the Mass Media	413	(3)
Politics, Persuasion, and Propaganda	413	(1)
Advertising	413	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology The Media and the Military in Wars	414	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	415	(1)
Study & Review	416	(5)
For Further Reading	421	(2)
PART V Human Ecology and Social Change	423	(62)
Human Ecology: Population and Community	424	(34)
Myths & Facts: About Population and Community	426	(1)
The Study of Human Populations	427	(2)
Elements of Demographic Change	427	(2)
Population Composition: Age and Sex Structure	429	(1)
World Population Growth	429	(6)
The Demographic Transition	429	(2)
The Extent of Overpopulation	431	(1)
The Consequences of Overpopulation	432	(2)
Controlling Population Growth	434	(1)
Communities and Urbanization	435	(6)
The Emergence of Cities	436	(1)
Suburbanization	436	(2)
The Postindustrial City	438	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Technology and the Growth of Cities	439
A Global Perspective on Urbanization	438	(4)
Other Worlds, Other Ways Peru, Kenya, Mexico: The Social Organization of Slums in Developing Nations	442
Urbanism as a Way of Life	441	(3)
Urban Consciousness	441	(2)
Urban Communities	443	(1)
Urban Subcultures	444	(1)
Urban Life: An Assessment	444	(1)
Urban Ecology	444	(3)
Urban Processes	445	(1)
Urban Structures	445	(2)
The Future of Cities in the United States	447	(5)
Economic Decline	447	(1)
Government Programs and Urban Renewal	447	(2)
Private Investment	449	(1)
Gentrification	449	(1)
Applying Sociology Fear of Crime: Working to Improve the Quality of Urban Life	450	(1)
Regional Planning and Cooperation	450	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	451	(1)
Study & Review	452	(4)
For Further Reading	456	(2)
Collective Behavior, Social Change, and Modernization	458	(27)
Myths & Facts: About Collective Behavior and Social Change	460	(1)
The Nature of Collective Behavior	461	(8)
The Preconditions of Collective Behavior	461	(1)
Rumors	462	(1)
Mass Behavior	463	(1)
Applying Sociology Preventing Urban Riots: The Los Angeles Riot in Retrospect	464	(2)
Crowds	466	(3)
Social Movements	469	(3)
The Development of Social Movements	469	(3)
Social Change	472	(2)
Theories of Change	472
Other Worlds, Other Ways Afghanistan: The Social Roots of Terrorist Violence	470	(4)
The Future: Global Modernization?	474	(5)
Modernization in the Less Developed Nations	475	(1)
Sociology of Media and Technology Technology, Modernization, and Globalization	476	(2)
The United States: A Postindustrial Future?	478	(1)
The Globalization of Labor	478	(1)
Sociology on the Internet	479	(1)
Study & Review	479	(4)
For Further Reading	483	(2)
Glossary	485	(6)
Bibliography	491	(24)
Answers to Cumulative Practice Tests	515	(2)
Name Index	517	(12)
Subject Index	529