Sociology : Understanding a Diverse Society

by Anderson & Taylor

• ISBN13: 9780495006831
• ISBN10: 0495006831
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-05-17
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Andersen & Taylor is a theoretically balanced, mainstream, brief text characterized by its emphasis on diversity. In every chapter, students explore research and data that illustrate how class, race-ethnicity, gender, age, geographic residence, and sexual orientation relate to the topics covered. This text provides a solid research orientation to the basic principles of sociology while maintaining an accessible style, appealing to the ever-changing student population, and inviting students to view the world through a sociological lens. This highly integrated, research-oriented, contemporary example approach combined with its depth of coverage in a brief-text format accounts for its wide appeal to professors and students alike.

Table of Contents

Part One Introducing the Sociological Imagination
Sociological Perspectives and Sociological Research 1
What Is Sociology?	2	(7)
The Sociological Perspective	2	(3)
Discovering Inconvenient Facts	5	(1)
Debunking in Sociology	6	(3)
Key Sociological Concepts	9	(1)
The Significance of Diversity	9	(3)
Defining Diversity	9	(1)
Society in Global Perspective	10	(2)
The Development of Sociological Theory	12	(7)
The Influence of the Enlightenment	12	(1)
Classical Sociological Theory	13	(2)
Sociology in America	15	(1)
Theoretical Frameworks: Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interaction	16	(3)
Diverse Theoretical Perspectives	19	(1)
Doing Sociological Research	19	(5)
Sociology and the Scientific Method	20	(1)
The Research Process	21	(3)
The Tools of Sociological Research	24	(4)
The Survey: Polls, Questionnaires, and Interviews	24	(1)
Participant Observation	25	(1)
Controlled Experiments	25	(2)
Content Analysis	27	(1)
Historical Research	28	(1)
Evaluation Research	28	(1)
Research Ethics: Is Sociology Value-Free?	28	(3)
Chapter Summary	31
Understanding Diversity: Becoming a Sociologist	3	(1)
Taking on Social Issues: Sexual Abuse	4	(2)
Doing Sociological Research: Debunking the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood	6	(2)
Careers in Sociology	8	(2)
Writing About Society: Troubles and Issues	10	(16)
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Research and the Media	26	(3)
Statistics in Sociology	29	(5)
Part Two Society, Individuals and Social Structure
Culture	34	(30)
Defining Culture	36	(5)
Characteristics of Culture	36	(4)
Biology and Human Culture	40	(1)
The Elements of Culture	41	(5)
Language	41	(2)
Norms	43	(2)
Beliefs	45	(1)
Values	45	(1)
Cultural Diversity	46	(5)
Dominant Culture	47	(1)
Subcultures	48	(1)
Countercultures	49	(1)
Ethnocentrism	50	(1)
The Globalization of Culture	51	(1)
Popular Culture and the Media	51	(3)
The Influence of the Mass Media	52	(1)
Race, Gender, and Class in the Media	53	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on Culture	54	(4)
Culture and Group Solidarity	54	(2)
Culture, Power, and Social Conflict	56	(1)
Symbolic Interaction and the Study of Culture	57	(1)
Cultural Change	58	(2)
Culture Lag	58	(1)
Sources of Cultural Change	58	(2)
Chapter Summary	60
Understanding Diversity: The Social Meaning of Language	38	(4)
Taking on Social Issues: The English-Only Movement	42	(6)
Doing Sociological Research: Tattoos: Status Risk or Status Symbol?	48	(6)
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Media Blackout	54	(1)
Writing About Society: A Media Blackout Experiment	55	(9)
Socialization and the Life Course	64	(32)
The Socialization Process	66	(3)
The Nature-Nurture Controversy	67	(1)
Socialization as Social Control	68	(1)
Conformity and Individuality	68	(1)
The Consequences of Socialization	69	(1)
Agents of Socialization	69	(7)
The Family	70	(1)
The Media	70	(1)
Peers	71	(1)
Religion	72	(1)
Sports	73	(1)
Schools	74	(2)
Theories of Socialization	76	(5)
Psychoanalytic Theory	76	(1)
Social Learning Theory	77	(1)
Functionalism and Conflict Theory	78	(1)
Symbolic Interaction Theory	79	(2)
Growing Up in a Diverse Society	81	(2)
Aging and the Life Course	83	(8)
Childhood	83	(1)
Adolescence	84	(2)
Adulthood	86	(1)
Age and Aging	87	(3)
Rites of Passage	90	(1)
Resocialization	91	(2)
The Process of Conversion	91	(1)
The Brainwashing Debate	92	(1)
Chapter Summary	93
Understanding Diversity: My Childhood (Bong Hwan Kim)	67	(4)
Taking on Social Issues: Media Violence	71	(4)
Public Sociology: Boys and Girls in School	75	(6)
Writing About Society: Childhood Play and Socialization	81	(1)
Doing Sociological Research: Children's Understanding of Race	82	(14)
Social Interaction and Social Structure	96	(28)
What Is Society?	98	(4)
From Groups to Institutions: Microanalysis and Macroanalysis	98	(1)
Groups	98	(1)
Statuses	99	(1)
Roles	100	(2)
Theories About Analyzing Social Interaction	102	(4)
The Social Construction of Reality	102	(1)
Ethnomethodology	103	(1)
Impression Management and Dramaturgy	104	(1)
Social Exchange and Game Theory	105	(1)
Interaction in Cyberspace	106	(1)
Forms of Nonverbal Communication	107	(3)
Touch	108	(1)
Paralinguistic Communication	108	(1)
Body Language	109	(1)
Use of Personal Space	109	(1)
Interpersonal Attraction and the Formation of Pairs	110	(3)
Proximity	111	(1)
Mere Exposure Effect	112	(1)
Perceived Physical Attractiveness	112	(1)
Similarity	113	(1)
Social Institutions and Social Structure	113	(1)
Social Institutions	113	(1)
Social Structure	114	(1)
What Holds Society Together?	114	(2)
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	115	(1)
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft	115	(1)
Types of Societies: A Global View	116	(5)
Preindustrial Societies	116	(2)
Industrial Societies	118	(1)
Postindustrial Societies	118	(3)
Chapter Summary	121
Writing About Society: Riding in Elevators	103	(1)
Doing Sociological Research: ``Doing Hair, Doing Class''	104	(16)
Taking on Social Issues: A Sense of Community	120	(4)
Groups and Organizations	124	(24)
Types of Groups	126	(6)
Dyads and Triads: Group Size Effects	127	(1)
Primary and Secondary Groups	127	(2)
Reference Groups	129	(1)
In-Groups and Out-Groups	130	(1)
Social Networks	131	(1)
Social Influence	132	(5)
The Asch Conformity Experiment	132	(1)
The Milgram Obedience Studies	133	(1)
The Prisoners at Abu Ghraib: Research Predicts Reality?	134	(1)
Groupthink	135	(1)
Risky Shift	136	(1)
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies	137	(5)
Types of Organizations	137	(1)
Bureaucracy	138	(1)
Bureaucracy's Other Face	139	(1)
Problems of Bureaucracies	140	(1)
The McDonaldization of Society	141	(1)
Diversity: Race, Gender, and Class in Organizations	142	(2)
Functional, Conflict, and Symbolic Interaction: Theoretical Perspectives	144	(1)
Chapter Summary	145
Writing About Society: Analyzing Groups	128	(1)
Doing Sociological Research: Sharing the Journey	128	(16)
Taking on Social Issues: Has Racial and Gender Equality Been Achieved in Bureaucracies?	144	(4)
Deviance and Crime	148	(32)
Defining Deviance	150	(3)
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance	150	(3)
Psychological Explanations of Deviance	153	(1)
Sociological Theories of Deviance	153	(9)
Functionalist Theories of Deviance	154	(3)
Conflict Theories of Deviance	157	(2)
Symbolic Interaction Theories of Deviance	159	(3)
Forms of Deviance	162	(2)
Mental Illness	162	(1)
Social Stigmas	163	(1)
Substance Abuse: Drugs and Alcohol	163	(1)
Crime and Criminal Justice	164	(12)
Measuring Crime: How Much Is There?	165	(3)
Organized Crime	168	(1)
Corporate Crime and Deviance: Doing Well, Doing Time	168	(1)
Race, Class, Gender, and Crime	169	(4)
The Criminal Justice System: Police, Courts, and the Law	173	(3)
Terrorism as International Crime: A Global Perspective	176	(2)
Chapter Summary	178
Taking on Social Issues: Should Drugs Be Decriminalized?	164	(2)
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Images of Violent Crime	166	(1)
Writing About Society: Crime in the Media	166	(4)
Understanding Diversity: The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison	170	(10)
Part Three Social Inequalities
Social Class and Social Stratification	180	(32)
Social Differentiation and Social Stratification	182	(3)
Estate, Caste, and Class	182	(2)
Defining Class	184	(1)
Why Is There Inequality?	185	(3)
Karl Marx: Class and Capitalism	185	(1)
Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party	186	(1)
Functionalism and Conflict Theory: The Continuing Debate	186	(2)
The Class Structure of the United States	188	(11)
Layers of Social Class	189	(2)
Class Conflict	191	(2)
The Distribution of Wealth and Income	193	(2)
Diverse Sources of Stratification	195	(4)
Social Mobility: Myths and Realities	199	(1)
Class Consciousness	199	(1)
Defining Social Mobility	200	(1)
The Extent of Social Mobility	200	(1)
Poverty	200	(8)
Who Are the Poor?	201	(2)
Causes of Poverty	203	(2)
Welfare and Social Policy	205	(3)
Chapter Summary	208
Doing Sociological Research: The Fragile Middle Class	196	(2)
Understanding Diversity: Latino Class Experience	198	(2)
Writing About Society: Stratification	200	(1)
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Reproducing Class Stereotypes	201	(5)
Public Sociology: Jobs for the Future	206	(1)
Taking on Social Issues: Is Marriage the Solution to Poverty?	207	(5)
Global Stratification	212	(24)
Global Stratification	214	(6)
Rich and Poor	215	(3)
The Core and Periphery	218	(1)
Race and Global Inequality	219	(1)
Theories of Global Stratification	220	(4)
Modernization Theory	220	(1)
Dependency Theory	221	(1)
World Systems Theory	222	(2)
Consequences of Global Stratification	224	(4)
Population	224	(1)
Health and Environment	225	(1)
Education and Illiteracy	226	(1)
Gender Inequality	226	(1)
War and Terrorism	227	(1)
World Poverty	228	(4)
Who Are the World's Poor?	229	(1)
Women and Children in Poverty	229	(1)
Poverty and Hunger	230	(1)
Causes of World Poverty	230	(2)
Globalization and Social Change	232	(1)
Chapter Summary	233
Public Sociology: Symbols, Sportswear, and Sweatshops	217	(1)
Writing About Sociology: Global Stratification	218	(1)
Doing Sociological Research: Servants of Globalization: Who Does the Domestic Work?	219	(8)
Taking on Social Issues: Global Epidemics	227	(9)
Race and Ethnicity	236	(30)
Race and Ethnicity	238	(4)
Ethnicity	238	(1)
Race	238	(3)
Minority and Dominant Groups	241	(1)
Racial Stereotypes	242	(1)
Stereotypes and Salience	242	(1)
The Interplay Among Race, Gender, and Class Stereotypes	242	(1)
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism	243	(3)
Prejudice	243	(1)
Discrimination	244	(1)
Racism	245	(1)
Theories of Prejudice and Racism	246	(2)
Psychological Theories of Prejudice	246	(1)
Sociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism	247	(1)
Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories	248	(7)
Native Americans	248	(1)
African Americans	249	(2)
Latinos	251	(1)
Asian Americans	252	(2)
Middle Easterners	254	(1)
White Ethnic Groups	254	(1)
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations	255	(2)
Assimilation Versus Pluralism	255	(1)
Segregation and the Urban Underclass	256	(1)
The Relative Importance of Class and Race	257	(1)
Attaining Racial and Ethnic Equality: The Challenge	257	(6)
Civil Rights	257	(2)
Radical Social Change	259	(2)
Affirmative Action	261	(2)
Chapter Summary	263
Doing Sociological Research: American Apartheid	258	(1)
Public Sociology: Race, the Underclass, and Public Policy	259	(2)
Understanding Diversity: The Sociology of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita	261	(1)
Writing About Society: Race and Ethnicity	262	(1)
Taking on Social Issues: The Affirmative Action Debate	262	(4)
Gender	266	(28)
The Social Construction of Gender	268	(2)
Defining Sex and Gender	268	(1)
Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture?	269	(1)
Gender Socialization	270	(7)
The Formation of Gender Identity	271	(1)
Sources of Gender Socialization	271	(2)
The Price of Conformity	273	(2)
Race, Gender, and Identity	275	(1)
Gender Socialization and Homophobia	275	(1)
The Institutional Basis of Gender	276	(1)
Gender Stratification	277	(8)
Sexism and Patriarchy	277	(3)
Women's Worth: Still Unequal	280	(4)
The Devaluation of Women's Work	284	(1)
Balancing Work and Family	285	(1)
Theories of Gender	285	(2)
The Frameworks of Sociology	285	(1)
Feminist Theory	286	(1)
Gender in Global Perspective	287	(1)
Gender and Social Change	288	(3)
Contemporary Attitudes	289	(1)
Legislative Change	290	(1)
Chapter Summary	291
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Cultural Gatekeepers and the Construction of Femininity	274	(2)
Taking on Social Issues: Violence Against Women Act	276	(2)
Doing Sociological Research: Eating Disorders: Gender, Race, and the Body	278	(4)
Public Sociology: Domestica	282	(4)
Writing About Society: Changing Gender	286	(8)
Sexuality	294	(22)
Sex and Culture	296	(2)
Sex: Is It Natural?	296	(1)
The Social Basis of Sexuality	296	(2)
Contemporary Sexual Attitudes and Behavior	298	(1)
Changing Sexual Values	298	(1)
Sexual Practices of the U.S. Public	299	(1)
Sexuality and Sociological Theory	299	(3)
Sex: Functional or Conflict-Based?	299	(1)
Symbolic Interaction and the Social Construction of Sexual Identity	300	(2)
Sex, Diversity, and Inequality	302	(6)
Sexual Politics	302	(1)
The Influence of Race, Class, and Gender	303	(1)
A Global Perspective on Sexuality	304	(1)
Understanding Gay and Lesbian Experience	305	(3)
Sex and Social Issues	308	(5)
Birth Control	308	(1)
New Reproductive Technologies	309	(1)
Abortion	309	(1)
Pornography	310	(1)
Teen Pregnancy	310	(2)
Sexual Violence	312	(1)
Sex and Social Change	313	(1)
The Sexual Revolution: Is It Over?	313	(1)
Technology, Sex, and Cybersex	313	(1)
Commercializing Sex	314	(1)
Chapter Summary	314
Writing About Society: Sexuality	298	(2)
Doing Sociological Research: Teens and Sex: Are Young People Becoming More Sexually Conservative?	300	(4)
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Publicity Traps: Sex on TV Talk Shows	304	(3)
Understanding Diversity: Gay-Bashing and Gender Betrayal	307	(6)
Taking on Social Issues: Sex, Censorship, and Cyberspace	313	(3)
Part Four • Social Institutions
Families and Religion	316	(34)
Defining the Family	318	(3)
Comparing Kinship Systems	318	(1)
Extended and Nuclear Families	319	(2)
Sociological Theory and Families	321	(2)
Functionalist Theory and Families	321	(1)
Conflict Theory and Families	322	(1)
Feminist Theory and Families	323	(1)
Symbolic Interaction Theory and Families	323	(1)
Diversity Among Contemporary American Families	323	(7)
Female-Headed Households	325	(1)
Married-Couple Families	326	(1)
Stepfamilies	327	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Households	328	(1)
Singles	329	(1)
Marriage and Divorce	330	(4)
Marriage	330	(1)
Divorce	331	(2)
Family Violence	333	(1)
Changing Families in a Changing Society	334	(3)
Global Changes in Family Life	334	(1)
Families and Social Policy	335	(2)
Defining Religion	337	(1)
The Significance of Religion in the United States	338	(2)
The Dominance of Christianity	339	(1)
Measuring Religious Faith	339	(1)
Forms of Religion	340	(1)
Sociological Theories of Religion	340	(2)
Emile Durkheim: The Functions of Religion	340	(1)
Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism	341	(1)
Karl Marx: Religion, Social Conflict, and Oppression	342	(1)
Symbolic Interaction: Becoming Religious	342	(1)
Diversity and Religious Belief	342	(8)
The Influence of Race and Ethnicity	343	(1)
Religious Extremism	344	(1)
Religious Organizations	345	(1)
Religion and Social Change	346	(1)
Chapter Summary	347
Understanding Diversity: Interracial Dating and Marriage	320	(1)
Writing About Society: Family	321	(3)
A Sociological Eye on the Media: Idealizing Family Life	324	(3)
Public Sociology: Family, Work, and Time	327	(5)
Doing Sociological Research: Men's Caregiving	332	(4)
Taking on Social Issues: Gay Marriage	336	(14)
Education and Health Care	350	(30)
Schooling and Society	352	(2)
The Rise of Education in the United States	352	(1)
The Functionalist View of Education	352	(2)
The Conflict View of Education	354	(1)
The Symbolic Interactionist View of Education	354	(1)
Does Schooling Matter?	354	(2)
Effects of Education on Occupation and Income	355	(1)
Effects of Social Class Background on Education and Social Mobility	356	(1)
Education, Social Class, and Mobility Seen Globally	356	(8)
Education and Inequality	357	(1)
Cognitive Ability and Its Measurement	358	(1)
Ability and Diversity	359	(1)
The ``Cognitive Elite'' and The Bell Curve Debate	360	(1)
Tracking and Labeling Effects	361	(1)
Teacher Expectancy Effect	362	(1)
Schooling and Gender	363	(1)
Stereotype Threat	364	(1)
Health Care in the United States	364	(8)
The Emergence of Modern Medicine	364	(1)
Health, Diversity, and Social Inequality	365	(2)
Race and Health Care	367	(1)
Social Class and Health Care	367	(1)
Gender and Health Care	368	(2)
Aids and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)	370	(2)
Theoretical Perspectives on Health Care	372	(2)
The Functionalist View	372	(1)
The Conflict Theory View	372	(1)
Symbolic Interactionism	373	(1)
The Health Care Crisis in the United States	374	(3)
The Cost of Health Care	374	(1)
Medical Malpractice	375	(1)
A Response to the Problem: HMOs	376	(1)
The Universal Health Care Debate	376	(1)
Chapter Summary	377
Taking on Social Issues: Is Ability Tracking Still Around?	362	(4)
Understanding Diversity: The Americans with Disabilities Act	366	(4)
Doing Sociological Research: Beauty and Health	370	(6)
Writing About Society: Youth and Health Insurance	376	(4)
Politics and the Economy	380	(32)
Defining the State	382	(1)
The Institutions of the State	382	(1)
The State and Social Order	382	(1)
Global Interdependence and the State	382	(1)
Power and Authority	383	(2)
Types of Authority	384	(1)
The Growth of Bureaucratic Government	384	(1)
Theories of Power	385	(3)
The Pluralist Model	385	(1)
The Power Elite Model	386	(1)
The Autonomous State Model	387	(1)
Feminist Theories of the State	387	(1)
Government: Power and Politics in a Diverse Society	388	(7)
Diverse Patterns of Political Participation	388	(3)
Political Power: Who's in Charge?	391	(1)
Women and Minorities in Government	391	(1)
The Military	391	(4)
Economy and Society	395	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	395	(1)
Comparing Economic Systems	396	(1)
The Changing Global Economy	396	(3)
A More Diverse Workplace	397	(1)
Deindustrialization	397	(1)
Technological Change	398	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on Work	399	(1)
Defining Work	399	(1)
The Division of Labor	399	(1)
Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interaction	400	(1)
Characteristics of the Labor Force	400	(7)
Who Works?	401	(1)
Unemployment and Joblessness	402	(2)
Diversity in the U.S. Occupational System	404	(3)
Power in the Workplace	407	(2)
Sexual Harassment	407	(1)
Gays and Lesbians in the Workplace	408	(1)
Disability and Work	408	(1)
Chapter Summary	409
Taking on Social Issues: Civil Liberties and National Security	383	(5)
Understanding Diversity: Diversity in the Power Elite	388	(13)
Writing About Society: Anatomy of Working Class Jobs	401	(1)
Doing Sociological Research: All in the Family: Children of Immigrants and Family Businesses	402	(10)
Part Five Social Change
Population, Urbanization, and the Environment	412	(26)
Demography and the U.S. Census	414	(1)
Diversity and the Three Basic Demographic Processes	414	(4)
Birthrate	415	(1)
Death Rate	416	(1)
Migration	417	(1)
Population Characteristics	418	(2)
Sex Ratio and the Population Pyramid	418	(1)
Cohorts	419	(1)
Theories of Population Growth Locally and Globally	420	(1)
Malthusian Theory	420	(3)
Demographic Transition Theory	421	(1)
The ``Population Bomb'' and Zero Population Growth	422	(1)
Checking Population Growth	423	(1)
Family Planning and Diversity	423	(1)
Population Policy and Diversity	424	(1)
Urbanization	424	(2)
Urbanization as a Lifestyle	425	(1)
Race, Class, and the Suburbs	426	(1)
The New Suburbanites	426	(1)
Ecology and the Environment	426	(8)
Vanishing Resources	427	(2)
Environmental Pollution	429	(2)
Environmental Racism and Classism	431	(2)
Feminism and the Environment	433	(1)
Environmental Policy	433	(1)
Globalization: Population and Environment in the Twenty-First Century	434	(1)
Chapter Summary	435
Doing Sociological Research: New Findings Challenge Demographic Transition	424	(4)
Writing About Society: The Wasteful Society	428	(3)
Taking on Social Issues: Environmental Racism	431	(7)
Social Change and Social Movements	438	(27)
What Is Social Change?	440	(1)
Theories of Social Change	441	(3)
Functionalist and Evolutionary Theories	441	(2)
Conflict Theories	443	(1)
Cyclical Theories	443	(1)
The Causes of Social Change	444	(4)
Revolution	444	(1)
Cultural Diffusion	444	(1)
Inequality and Change	445	(1)
Technological Innovation and the Cyberspace Revolution	446	(1)
Population and Change	447	(1)
War, Terrorism, and Social Change	447	(1)
Modernization	448	(4)
From Community to Society	449	(1)
Mass Society and Bureaucracy	450	(1)
Social Inequality, Powerlessness, and the Individual	451	(1)
Global Theories of Social Change	452	(1)
Modernization Theory	452	(1)
World Systems Theory	453	(1)
Dependency Theory	453	(1)
Collective Behavior and Social Movements	453	(7)
Characteristics of Collective Behavior	454	(2)
The Organization of Social Movements	456	(1)
Origins of Social Movements	457	(1)
Theories of Social Movements	458	(2)
Diversity, Globalization, and Social Change	460	(1)
Chapter Summary	461
Writing About Society: Social Change and Technological Innovation	447	(3)
Public Sociology: The 9/11 Commission Report on Terrorist Attacks Against the U.S.	450	(4)
Taking on Social Issues: Bringing in Social Change	454	(11)
Glossary	465	(8)
References	473	(20)
Credits	493	(2)
Name Index	495	(8)
Subject Index	503