Software Radio Architecture Object-Oriented Approaches to Wireless Systems Engineering

by Mitola, Joseph

• ISBN13: 9780471384922
• ISBN10: 0471384925
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-02
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A software radio is a radio whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in software. All wireless telephones are controlled by this software. Written by the leader in the field, this book covers the technology that will allow cellular telephones to greatly expand the types of data they can transmit.

Author Biography

JOSEPH MITOLA III, PhD, introduced the software radio architecture in 1992. He was the founding chair of the software-defined Radio (SDR) Forum in 1996. He teaches industrial courses on the subject in the United States and Europe for clients such as the U.S. Department of Defense. He is also widely published and cited, having served as editor-in-chief for the landmark May 1995 issue of IEEE (NY) Communications Magazine, the April 1999 Journal on Selection Areas in Communication on Software Radios, and the ongoing series Software and DSP in Radio.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction and Overview	1	(34)
Revolution and Evolution	1	(1)
A Systematic Exposition	2	(1)
The Ideal Software Radio	2	(3)
The Software Radio Functional Architecture	5	(8)
The Software Radio Functional Model	5	(3)
Functional Interfaces	8	(1)
Architecture	9	(2)
Levels of Abstraction	11	(2)
Basic Signal Processing Streams	13	(4)
The Real-Time Channel Processing Stream	13	(1)
The Environment Management Stream	14	(1)
On-line Adaptation	15	(1)
Off-Line Software Tools	15	(2)
Implementation Alternatives	17	(7)
Defining the Radio Platform	19	(4)
Evolving the Radio Platform	23	(1)
The Acquisition of Software Radios	24	(5)
Critical Acquisition Parameters	24	(1)
Channelization	25	(1)
Programmable Digital Access	26	(1)
Hardware Modularity	27	(1)
Software Flexibility and Affordability	27	(1)
Architecture Openness	28	(1)
Broader Implications of the Software Radio	29	(4)
Type Certification	29	(1)
Incremental Download Stability and Type Certification	30	(1)
Spectrum Management Implications	31	(2)
Exercises	33	(2)
Architecture Evolution	35	(38)
Technology-Demographics	35	(10)
Functions, Components, and Design Rules	36	(2)
Global Restructuring Through 2G and 3G Mobile Cellular Radio	38	(2)
Complexity Equals Software	40	(5)
Commercial Architecture Needs	45	(11)
The BellSouth Software-Defined Radio (SDR)	46	(1)
European Perspectives	47	(4)
Asian Perspectives	51	(1)
Regional Differences	52	(2)
Differentiating Market Segments	54	(2)
Military Architecture Needs	56	(6)
Defense Information Infrastructures	57	(1)
Tactical Military Needs	58	(4)
Open Architecture and Standards Evolution	62	(7)
The Software-Defined Radio (SDR) Forum	62	(1)
Product Standards Organizations	63	(1)
Air Interface Standards	64	(1)
The Global Deliberative Process	64	(5)
Architecture Evolution Roadmap	69	(2)
Exercises	71	(2)
The Radio Spectrum and RF Environment	73	(39)
RF Signal Space	73	(4)
Overview of Radio Bands and Modes	74	(2)
Dynamic Range-Bandwidth Product	76	(1)
HF Band Communications Modes	77	(4)
HF Propagation	78	(1)
HG Air Interface Modes	79	(1)
HF Services and Products	80	(1)
Low-Band Noise and Interference	81	(1)
Low VHF (LVHF) Band Communications Modes	82	(4)
LVHF Propagation	83	(1)
Single-Channel-per-Carrier LVHF Air Interface Modes	84	(1)
LVHF Spread-Spectrum Air Interfaces	84	(1)
LVHF Multichannel Air Interfaces	85	(1)
LVHF Services and Products	85	(1)
LVHF Software Radio	86	(1)
Multipath Propagation	86	(6)
VHF Band Communications Modes	89	(1)
VHF Propagation	89	(1)
VHF Air Interface Modes	90	(1)
VHF Services and Products	91	(1)
VHF SDR	91	(1)
UHF Band Communications Modes	92	(3)
UHF Propagation	92	(1)
UHF Air Interface Modes	93	(1)
UHF Services and Products	94	(1)
UHF SDR	94	(1)
SHF Band Communications Modes	95	(6)
SHF Propagation	96	(1)
Doppler Shift	96	(1)
SHF Air Interface Modes	97	(2)
SHF Services and Products	99	(1)
SHF SDR	99	(2)
Atmospheric Effects	101	(1)
EHF Band Communications Modes	102	(2)
EHF Propagation	102	(1)
EHF Air Interface Modes	103	(1)
EHF Services and Products	104	(1)
EHF SDR	104	(1)
Satellite Communications Modes	104	(5)
Satellite Propagation	105	(2)
Satellite Air Interface Modes	107	(2)
Satellite Services and Products	109	(1)
Satcom SDR	109	(1)
Multiband Multimode Summary	109	(1)
Exercises	110	(2)
Systems-Level Architecture Analysis	112	(59)
Disaster-Relief Case Study	112	(5)
Scenario	112	(2)
Needs Analysis	114	(2)
Exercises	116	(1)
Radio Resource Analysis	117	(23)
Radio Resource Management	117	(3)
Modeling Spectrum Use	120	(8)
Modeling Spatial Access	128	(4)
Grade of Service (GoS)	132	(5)
Quality of Service (QoS)	137	(2)
Review	139	(1)
Exercises	140	(1)
Network Architecture Analysis	140	(14)
Network Hierarchies	141	(3)
Commercial Networks	144	(7)
Military Networks	151	(1)
Mode Parameter Analysis	152	(2)
Analyzing the Protocol Stacks	154	(16)
Mapping Applications to Protocol Stacks	156	(4)
The Network Layer	160	(2)
The Data Link Layer	162	(3)
The Physical Layer Analysis	165	(3)
Alternate Protocol Stacks: Wireless ATM	168	(1)
Exercises	169	(1)
Systems-Level Architecture Parameters	170	(1)
Exercises	170	(1)
Node-Level Architecture Analysis	171	(65)
Architecture Representation	172	(35)
Functional Design Hierarchies	174	(4)
Object-Oriented Approaches	178	(2)
Reference Platform Integration	180	(2)
Using UML to Analyze Node Architectures	182	(3)
A Topological Model of Architecture	185	(6)
The Canonical Software Radio Node Architecture	191	(8)
Digital Signal Processing Flow Parameters	199	(5)
Node-Level Architecture Capability Profile	204	(2)
Exercises	206	(1)
Industry-Standard Node Architectures	207	(8)
SDR Forum Architecture Framework	207	(6)
ITU-R IMT-2000 Device Architecture	213	(1)
Exercises	213	(2)
Programmable Digital Radio (PDR) Case Studies	215	(9)
A Basic Commercial PDR	215	(3)
Multimode Conventional Radios	218	(2)
GEC's Programmable Digital Radio	220	(1)
ITT Digital Radio	221	(2)
Commercial Progenitors: AirNet	223	(1)
Technology Pathfinders	224	(11)
COTS Research Pathfinders	224	(1)
SPEAKeasy, the Military Technology Pathfinder	225	(7)
Joint Communications Interoperability Terminal	232	(3)
Exercises	235	(1)
Segment Design Tradeoffs	236	(8)
Overview	236	(1)
Antenna Tradeoffs	237	(1)
RF and IF Processing Tradeoffs	238	(1)
ADC Tradeoffs	238	(1)
Digital Architecture Tradeoffs	239	(1)
Software Architecture Tradeoffs	240	(1)
Performance Management Tradeoffs	241	(1)
End-to-End Tradeoffs	242	(1)
Exercises	242	(2)
Antenna Segment Tradeoffs	244	(21)
RF Access	244	(2)
Parameter Control	246	(1)
Linearity and Phase Noise	246	(1)
Parameters for Emitter Locations	246	(1)
Packaging, Installation, and Operational Challenges	247	(6)
Gain versus Packaging	247	(1)
Bandwidth versus Packaging	248	(1)
Antenna Calibration	248	(3)
Antenna Separation	251	(1)
Human Body Interactions	252	(1)
Antenna Diversity	253	(7)
Spatial Coherence Analysis	254	(2)
Potential Benefits of Spatial Diversity	256	(1)
Spatial and Spectral Diversity	257	(1)
Diversity Architecture Tradeoffs	257	(3)
Programmable Antennas	260	(1)
Cost Tradeoffs	261	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	262	(1)
Exercises	263	(2)
RF/IF Conversion Segment Tradeoffs	265	(24)
RF Conversion Architectures	265	(2)
Receiver Architectures	267	(10)
The Superheterodyne Receiver	267	(3)
Direct Conversion Receiver	270	(1)
Digital-RF Receivers	271	(1)
Interference Suppression	272	(5)
RF Component Technology	277	(5)
RF MEMS	277	(3)
Superconducting Filters	280	(1)
Dual-Mode Amplifiers	281	(1)
Electronically Programmable Analog Components	281	(1)
RF Subsystem Performance	282	(3)
RF/IF Conversion Issues	285	(1)
Exercises	286	(3)
ADC and DAC Tradeoffs	289	(23)
Review of ADC Fundamentals	289	(5)
Dynamic Range (DNR) Budget	290	(1)
Anti-aliasing Filters	290	(2)
Clipping Distortion	292	(1)
Aperture Jitter	292	(1)
Quantization and Dynamic Range	293	(1)
Technology Limits	294	(1)
ADC and DAC Tradeoffs	294	(7)
Sigma-Delta (Delta-Sigma) ADCs	295	(2)
Quadrature Techniques	297	(1)
Bandpass Sampling (Digital Down Conversion)	298	(2)
DAC Tradeoffs	300	(1)
SDR Applications	301	(4)
Conversion Rate, Dynamic Range, and Applications	301	(1)
ADC Product Evolution	302	(1)
Low-Power Wireless Applications	303	(1)
Digital RF	303	(2)
ADC Design Rules	305	(5)
Linearity	305	(1)
Measuring SNR	306	(1)
Noise Floor Matching	307	(1)
Figure of Merit	308	(1)
Technology Insertion	308	(2)
Architecture Implications	310	(1)
Exercises	310	(2)
Digital Processing Tradeoffs	312	(35)
Metrics	312	(4)
Heterogeneous Multiprocessing Hardware	316	(5)
Hardware Classes	316	(1)
Digital Interconnect	317	(4)
Applications-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)	321	(8)
Digital Filter ASICs	321	(2)
Forward Error Control (FEC) ASICs	323	(1)
Transceiver ASICs	324	(2)
Architecture Implications	326	(3)
Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)	329	(7)
Introduction to FPGAs	329	(1)
Reconfigurable Hardware Platforms	330	(1)
FPGA-DSP Architecture Tradeoffs	331	(1)
Table-Driven Signal Generation	332	(1)
Evolutionary Design of FPGA Functions	333	(1)
Architecture Implications	334	(2)
DSP Architectures	336	(6)
DSP Cores for Wireless	336	(1)
Basic DSP: The TMS320C30	337	(1)
Increasing Interconnect Capacity: The C40 and SHARC	338	(1)
Size--Power Tradeoffs: The C54x, and Motorola Chips	339	(1)
Toward Greater Parallelism: The C80 and C6xx	339	(1)
Summary and Comparison of Contemporary Chips	339	(2)
Potential Technology Limits	341	(1)
INFOSEC Processor Architectures	342	(1)
The Clipper Chip---Key Escrow Approach	342	(1)
Programmable INFOSEC Modules	342	(1)
Host Processors	343	(1)
Architecture Implications	343	(2)
Exercises	345	(2)
Software Architecture Tradeoffs	347	(37)
The Software Design Process	347	(1)
Top-Down, Object-Oriented Design	348	(11)
Object-Oriented Design for SDR	348	(4)
Defining Software Objects	352	(6)
Architecture Implications	358	(1)
Software Architecture Analysis	359	(4)
SDR Software Architecture	359	(1)
SPEAKeasy I Software Architecture	360	(1)
Characteristics of Top-Level Objects	361	(1)
Specialized Tasks	362	(1)
SPEAKeasy II Code	363	(1)
Infrastructure Software	363	(11)
Control Flows	365	(1)
Signal Flows	365	(1)
Standardizing Flows	365	(3)
CORBA	368	(3)
Timing, Frequency, and Positioning	371	(2)
Resource Management	373	(1)
SDR State Machines	374	(3)
Finite State Automata	374	(1)
Push-Down Automata	375	(1)
Channel-Control State Machines	375	(1)
Agent State Machines	376	(1)
Architecture Implications	377	(5)
Communications Services Layer	377	(1)
Radio Applications Layer	378	(2)
Infrastructure Layer	380	(1)
Hardware Platform Layer	381	(1)
Exercises	382	(2)
Software Component Characteristics	384	(53)
Hardware-Software Interfaces	384	(8)
DSP Extensions	385	(3)
Execution Timing	388	(2)
Aggregate Software Performance	390	(2)
Front-End Processing Software	392	(8)
Spectrum Management	394	(2)
Spectrum Monitoring	396	(4)
Modem Software	400	(22)
Modem Complexity	400	(1)
SPEAKeasy II API	400	(1)
Modulation/Demodulation Techniques	401	(11)
Synchronization	412	(1)
Equalizer Complexity	413	(1)
Demodulation Decisions	414	(2)
Forward Error Control (FEC)	416	(2)
Error Protection Complexity Tradeoffs	418	(1)
Multiple Data Rates	419	(2)
Link-Level Complexity Drivers	421	(1)
Bitstream Processing Software	422	(1)
INFOSEC Software	423	(1)
Internetworking Software	423	(5)
Open Systems Interconnect Protocol Stack	424	(3)
Layering Network Access	427	(1)
Mode Handover	427	(1)
Source Segment Software	428	(4)
Voice Processing Software	429	(1)
Message Processing Software	429	(1)
User-Interface Software	429	(3)
Other Software Issues	432	(2)
Architecture Implications	434	(1)
Exercises	434	(3)
Performance Management	437	(30)
Overview of Performance Management	437	(5)
Conformable Measures of Demand and Capacity	437	(1)
Initial Demand Estimates	438	(2)
Facility Utilization Accurately Predicts Performance	440	(2)
Performance Management Process Flow	442	(2)
Estimating Processing Demand	444	(10)
Pseudocode Example---T1 Multiplexer	444	(4)
Quantified Objects	448	(2)
Thread Analysis and Object Load Factors	450	(3)
Using the Resource Management Spreadsheet	453	(1)
Benchmarking Applications	454	(5)
The GSM Base Station	454	(2)
Benchmarking Partial Interference Cancellation Receivers	456	(2)
Benchmarking Handsets	458	(1)
Specifying Performance Parameters	459	(7)
Facility Utilization	459	(3)
Response Time Estimation	462	(1)
Throughput Estimation: How Much Hardware?	463	(1)
Probability of Exceeding Specifications	464	(2)
Architecture Implications	466	(1)
Exercises	466	(1)
Smart Antennas	467	(15)
Smart Antenna Domains	467	(1)
Multibeam Arrays	468	(2)
Adaptive Spatial Nulling	470	(5)
Algorithm Operation	472	(3)
Beamforming Algorithm Complexity	475	(1)
Space-Time Adaptive Processing	475	(2)
Architecture Implications	477	(3)
Smart Antenna Components	478	(1)
Design Rules	479	(1)
Exercises	480	(2)
Applications	482	(11)
The Design Process	482	(1)
The Disaster-Relief System Design	483	(8)
FEMA Concept of Operations (CONOPS)	484	(2)
Requirements Analysis	486	(2)
System Description	488	(1)
Illustrative Design	489	(2)
Architecture Implications	491	(1)
Exercises	491	(2)
Reference Architecture	493	(2)
References	495	(20)
Glossary	515	(18)
Index	533