Soil Analysis Handbook of Reference Methods

by Jones, Jr.; J. Benton

• ISBN13: 9780849302053
• ISBN10: 0849302056
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1999-12-20
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

For more than 30 years, soil testing has been widely used as a basis for determining lime and fertilizer needs. Today, a number of procedures are used for determining everything from soil pH and lime requirement, to the level of extractable nutrient elements. And as the number of cropped fields being tested increases, more and more farmers and growers will come to rely on soil test results. But if soil testing is to be an effective means of evaluating the fertility status of soils, standardization of methodology is essential. No single test is appropriate for all soils.Soil Analysis Handbook of Reference Methods is a standard laboratory technique manual for the most commonly used soil analysis procedures. First published in 1974, this Handbook has changed over the years to reflect evolving needs. New test methods and modifications have been added, as well as new sections on nitrate, heavy metals, and quality assurance plans for agricultural testing laboratories.Compiled by the Soil and Plant Analysis Council, this latest edition of Soil Analysis Handbook of Reference Methods also addresses the major methods for managing plant nutrition currently in use in the United States and other parts of the world. For soil scientists, farmers, growers, or anyone with an interest in the environment, this reference will prove an invaluable guide to standard methods for soil testing well into the future.Features

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	vii
Introduction	1	(16)
History	1	(2)
Changing Roles and Needs	3	(2)
Reference Methods	5	(2)
North American Proficiency Testing Program (NAPT)	7	(3)
Reagents, Standards, and Water	10	(1)
Other Considerations	11	(1)
Disclaimer	11	(1)
References	11	(6)
Sampling and Sample Preparation, Measurement, Extraction, and Storage	17	(10)
Sampling	17	(1)
Laboratory Sample Preparation	18	(2)
Sample Aliquot Determination	20	(2)
Laboratory Factors	22	(1)
Long-Term Storage	23	(1)
References	23	(4)
Soil pH, and Exchangeable Acidity and Aluminum	27	(14)
pH in Water	28	(3)
Soil pH in 0.01 M Calcium Chloride	31	(2)
Soil pH in 1 N Potassium Chloride	33	(2)
Determination of Exchangeable Activity Using Barium Chloride-TEA Buffer	35	(1)
Determination of Exchangeable Acidity and Exchangeable Aluminum Using 1 N Potassium Chloride	36	(1)
References	37	(4)
Buffer pH and Lime Requirement	41	(16)
Adams-Evans Lime Buffer	41	(4)
SMP Lime Buffer: Original and Double-Buffer Adaptation	45	(4)
Exchangeable Acidity and Lime Requirement by the Mehlich Buffer-pH Method	49	(5)
References	54	(3)
Conductance, Soluble Salts, and Sodicity	57	(12)
Determination of Specific Conductance in Supernatant 1:2 Soil:Water Solution	57	(9)
References	66	(3)
Phosphorus	69	(24)
Bray P1 Extraction	70	(3)
Olsen's Sodium Bicarbonate Extraction	73	(3)
Mehlich No. 1 Extraction	76	(4)
Mehlich No. 3 Extraction	80	(3)
Morgan Extraction	83	(2)
Ammonium Bicarbonate--DTPA Extraction	85	(3)
References	88	(5)
Major Cations (Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium)	93	(24)
Neutral Normal Ammonium Acetate Extraction	93	(4)
Mehlich No. 1 (Double Acid) Extraction	97	(3)
Mehlich No. 3 Extraction	100	(4)
Morgan Extraction	104	(3)
Ammonium Bicarbonate--DTPA Extraction	107	(2)
Water Extraction	109	(3)
References	112	(5)
Micronutrients (Boron, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc)	117	(22)
Hot Water Boron Extraction	118	(2)
Mehlich No. 1 Zinc Extraction	120	(3)
Mehlich No. 3 Extraction	123	(4)
Ammonium Bicarbonate--DTPA Extraction	127	(3)
DTPA Extraction	130	(3)
References	133	(6)
Heavy Metals	139	(10)
Ammonium Bicarbonate--DTPA (AB--DTPA) Extraction	139	(3)
DTPA Extraction	142	(3)
References	145	(4)
Ammonium-and Nitrate-Nitrogen	149	(10)
Ammonium Bicarbonate--DTPA Extraction (Nitrate Determination)	149	(3)
2 M Potassium Chloride Extraction (Nitrate and Ammonium Determination)	152	(2)
0.01 M Calcium Sulfate and 0.04 M Ammonium Sulfate Extraction (Nitrate Determination)	154	(2)
References	156	(3)
Sulfate-Sulfur	159	(6)
Monocalcium Phosphate Extraction	159	(2)
0.5 M Ammonium Acetate--0.25 M Acetic Acid Extraction	161	(2)
References	163	(2)
Chloride	165	(10)
0.01 M Calcium Nitrate Extraction	166	(2)
0.5 M Potassium Sulfate Extraction	168	(2)
Saturated Calcium Hydroxide Extraction	170	(2)
References	172	(3)
Organic and Humic Matter	175	(10)
Wet Digestion	175	(3)
Loss-On-Ignition (LOI)	178	(2)
Humic Matter by 0.2 N Sodium Hydroxide Extraction	180	(2)
References	182	(3)
Organic Soils and Soilless Growth Media Analysis	185	(8)
Determination of pH, Soluble Salts, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Chloride, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Boron, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc in Greenhouse Growth Media (Soilless Mixes) by Water Saturation Extraction	185	(5)
References	190	(3)
Quality Assurance Plans for Agricultural Testing Laboratories	193	(14)
Introduction	193	(1)
Quality Assurance in the Laboratory	193	(3)
Knowing How a Laboratory Operates	194	(2)
Statistical Control	196	(2)
Statistical Measurements	196	(2)
Replicates of Unknowns	198	(1)
Spiked Unknowns	198	(1)
Control Charts	198	(3)
Making Decisions with the Charts	200	(1)
Blind Studies	201	(1)
Systems Audits	202	(1)
Documentation	202	(3)
Custody of Samples	202	(1)
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) or Good Laboratory Procedures (GLP)	203	(1)
Methodology References	203	(1)
Instrument Handling and Maintenance Procedures	203	(1)
QA Expectations and Measured Performance	204	(1)
Summary	205	(1)
References	205	(2)
Methods of Instrumental Analysis	207	(18)
Introduction	207	(2)
UV-VIS Spectrophotometry	209	(3)
Automated UV-VIS Spectrophotometers	211	(1)
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry	212	(1)
Atomic Absoption Spectrophotometry	213	(1)
Inductively-Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP)	214	(5)
Spectrometer Designs	215	(1)
Sequential Spectrometer	215	(1)
Simultaneous Spectrometer	215	(1)
Photodiode Array Spectrometer	216	(1)
Operating Characteristics	216	(1)
Advantageous Characteristics	216	(1)
Disadvantages	216	(1)
Standard Preparation	217	(1)
Calibration Techniques	217	(1)
Common Operating Problems	218	(1)
Important General Points	219	(1)
Ion Chromatography (IC)	219	(1)
Specific-Ion Electrodes	220	(1)
References	221	(4)
Appendices	225	(20)
A. Reagents, Standards, pH Buffers, Acids, Indicators, and Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers Required in the Handbook	225	(6)
B. Standards and Standard Preparation	231	(6)
C. Conversion Factors	237	(4)
D. Reference Texts	241	(4)
Index	245