Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating: Resource Manual and Technology Demonstration

by Lowe; Donald F.

• ISBN13: 9781566704649
• ISBN10: 1566704642
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-12-06
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

One of the most widely used techniques for treating soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds, soil vapor extraction (SVE) can also be applied to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) if the soil is heated, by applying electromagnetic energy in the radio frequency (FR) range, to increase the vapor pressure of the contaminants. Although RF-SVE systems used in previous field demonstrations have had varying degrees of success, questions remain concerning its viability and cost-effectiveness.Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating: Resource Manual and Technology Demonstration covers detailed scientific and engineering information that answers these questions. The book includes the necessary databases, equations, and example calculations for RF heating. The theoretical and practical information included will facilitate future testing of RF-SVE treatment of soils.Additionally, the book provides information for a full-scale engineering design of potential RF-SVE applications. The authors use this information to examine predicted performance, magnitude of costs, and modifications to the design that may decrease cost. Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating: Resource Manual and Technology Demonstration gives an economic analysis of this innovative technology and considers other possible applications for it.Features

Table of Contents

Preface
Executive Summary
Introduction	1	(6)
Process Description	1	(1)
Site Identification	2	(1)
Introduction	2	(1)
Selection Decision	2	(1)
Alternative Sites	3	(1)
Project Overview	3	(4)
Measurement Procedures	7	(6)
Measurement Procedures for Characterizing the Matrix	7	(2)
Contaminant	7	(1)
Geology	7	(1)
Remediation Feasibility Testing	8	(1)
Geotechnical	9	(1)
Oxidation Potential	9	(1)
Measurement Procedures for Monitoring Operating Parameters	9	(4)
Vapor	9	(1)
Condensate	10	(1)
RF Heating System Operation	10	(1)
Soil	11	(1)
Oxidation Potential	11	(2)
Summary of Technology Demonstration	13	(56)
Introduction	13	(1)
RF Heating	13	(10)
RF Electromagnetic Antennae	14	(1)
Key Components of Radio Frequency Heating System	15	(1)
Control and Diagnostic Center	16	(1)
Radio Frequency Generator and Tuner	17	(1)
RF Antenna	18	(1)
Vector Voltmeter	18	(1)
Fiber Optic Thermometer	19	(1)
Electrical and Magnetic Properties	19	(1)
Heating Mechanisms	20	(1)
Volume Power Generation	21	(1)
Important Implications for the Kirtland Air Force Base Site	21	(1)
Example of Low Loss Soil: Clean Fine Builder's Sand	22	(1)
Demonstration Project Approach	23	(2)
Test Site Description	25	(7)
Demonstration Site Location	25	(1)
Site Description Standard Terminology	25	(1)
Past Usage	25	(1)
Site Characteristics	25	(3)
Electrical Properties of the Soil	28	(1)
Methods	28	(1)
Results	29	(2)
Contaminant Types	31	(1)
Concentration Data	31	(1)
Procedures and Field Implementation	32	(6)
Modeling and Design of Soil Vapor Extraction System	32	(2)
RF-SVE Demonstration System	34	(2)
Operating Parameters	36	(1)
Volumes Considered for Analysis	36	(1)
RF-SVE Modes of Operation	37	(1)
Countercurrent Mode of RF-SVE Operation	37	(1)
Cocurrent Mode of SVE Operation	38	(1)
Five-Spot Mode of RF-SVE Operation	38	(1)
Demonstration Project Chronology	38	(1)
Demonstration Results	39	(27)
Summary of Results	39	(3)
RF Energy Supplied	42	(1)
Heat Utilization	42	(3)
Test Volume Temperature	45	(2)
Water and DRO Contaminant Removal	47	(3)
Mass Balances	50	(1)
DRO Condensate Analyses	51	(5)
Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests	56	(1)
Background on Tracer Tests	56	(2)
Purpose of the PITT Study	58	(1)
Laboratory Studies	58	(1)
PITT Field Tests	59	(2)
PITT Conclusions	61	(1)
Thermal and Biological Oxidation Rates	62	(1)
Respirometry Tests	62	(1)
Thermal Oxidation	62	(3)
Biooxidation	65	(1)
Conclusions	66	(1)
RF Heating of Soil	66	(1)
Chemical Removal from Soil	66	(1)
Design Recommendations	66	(3)
Design Considerations	66	(2)
RF-SVE Operation	68	(1)
Engineering Design	69	(16)
Hypothetical Site Conditions	69	(2)
Treatment Systems	71	(4)
Treatment Compound	71	(1)
Mobile RF Heating Units	71	(1)
Control and Diagnostic Computer	71	(1)
Radio Frequency Generator and Tuner	72	(1)
RF Antenna	72	(1)
Fiber Optic Thermometer	72	(1)
Soil Vapor Extraction System	72	(2)
Vapor Treatment System	74	(1)
Operations Trailer	74	(1)
System Piping	75	(1)
Instrumentation and Controls	75	(1)
Utilities	75	(1)
Process Equipment Performance Factors and Specifications	75	(1)
Heat Balances	76	(5)
Heat Balance for Case 1	77	(2)
Heat Balance for Case 2	79	(2)
Contaminant Mass Removal	81	(4)
Mass Removal---Case 1	81	(2)
Mass Removal---Case 2	83	(2)
Costs and Economic Analysis	85	(10)
Standardized Cost Breakdown	85	(3)
Significant Cost Items	85	(2)
Unit Costs---Case 1 and Case 2	87	(1)
Project Management	87	(1)
Health and Safety Considerations	87	(1)
Utility Requirements and Considerations	88	(1)
Start-Up, Modifications, and Repairs	88	(1)
Economic Analysis Factors	88	(7)
Process Design Assumptions/Basis for Costs	88	(1)
Alternative SVE-HPO Cost Study	89	(2)
Capital and O&M Costs	91	(1)
Scale-Up Requirements and Limitations	92	(1)
RF-SVE Project Costs Compared to Similar Technologies	93	(1)
RF-SVE Project Costs Compared to Alternative Technologies	93	(2)
Potential Applications	95	(228)
Performance Parameters	95	(4)
Maximizing Treatment Rate	95	(1)
Site Characteristics Affecting Cost or Performance	96	(1)
Site Matrix Characteristics and Potential Effects on Treatment Cost or Performance	97	(1)
Operating Parameters: Measurement Procedures and Potential Effects on Treatment Cost or Performance	98	(1)
Regulatory and Compliance Factors	99	(1)
Potential Applications	99	(1)
Site Characteristics Suitable for RF-SVE	99	(1)
Contaminants and Concentration Ranges	100	(1)
Economic Factors	100	(1)
Regulatory Requirements	100	(1)
RF Heating in Conjunction with Other Technologies	100	(3)
RF Heating with Bioventing	100	(1)
RF Heating with SVE-Air Sparging	100	(1)
RF to Heat NAPL or DNAPL	101	(2)
Appendices
Appendix A Demonstration Mass Balance Calculations	103	(24)
Appendix B Summary of Demonstration Recorded Data	127	(16)
Appendix C Demonstration Heat Balance and Calculations	143	(42)
Appendix D Demonstration RF Energy Data	185	(8)
Appendix E Idealized Scenarios for Kirtland AFB RF-SVE Demonstration	193	(18)
Appendix F Organic Compound Vapor Pressures	211	(6)
Appendix G Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests (PITT)	217	(54)
Appendix H Engineering Drawings of Hypothetical Designs	271	(8)
Appendix I Equipment Catalog Cut-Sheet References	279	(6)
Appendix J Mass & Heat Balance Calculations for the Three Hypothetical Design Cases	285	(18)
Appendix K Cost Estimates for the Three Hypothetical Design Cases	303	(16)
References
Monograph References	319	(2)
Related References	321	(2)
Index	323