Sol-Gel Science : The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing

by Brinker; Scherer

• ISBN13: 9780121349707
• ISBN10: 0121349705
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1990-04-28
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Sol-Gel Science presents the physical and chemical principles of the sol-gel process at a level suitable for graduate students and practitioners in the field. This book defines sol-gel rather broadly as the preparation of ceramic materials by preparation of a sol, gelation of the sol, and removal of the solvent. The sol may be produced from inorganic or organic precursors (e.g., nitrates or alkoxides) and may consist of dense oxide particles of polymeric clusters. Brinker expands the definition of ceramics to include organically modified materials, often called ORMOSILs or CERAMERs. The emphasis of the author' treatment is on the science, rather than the technology, of sol-gel processing. Although a chapter on applications is included, more detailed discussion is available in proceedings of conferences and in the recent collection of articles, Sol-Gel Technology for thin films, Fibers, Preforms, Electronics, and Specialty Shapes (Noyes, Park Ridge, N.J., 1988), edited by professor Lisa Klein.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Introduction	1	(20)
Sol-Gel Processing	2	(9)
Historical Sketch	11	(2)
Background Reading	13	(3)
Glossary of Abbreviations	16	(5)
References	17	(4)
Hydrolysis and Condensation I: Nonsilicates	21	(76)
Transition Metals	22	(37)
Aluminates	59	(19)
Borate Systems	78	(12)
Summary	90	(7)
References	91	(6)
Hydrolysis and Condensation II: Silicates	97	(138)
Aqueous Silicates	99	(9)
Hydrolysis and Condensation of Silicon Alkoxides	108	(108)
Multicomponent Silicates	216	(19)
References	228	(7)
Particulate Sols and Gels	235	(68)
Aqueous Metal Salts	236	(33)
Monodisperse Particles from Solution	269	(15)
Other Methods of Making Particles	284	(8)
Dispersion of Pyrogenic Particles	292	(4)
Summary	296	(7)
References	297	(6)
Gelation	303	(54)
Phenomenology	304	(11)
Classical Theory	315	(4)
Percolation Theory	319	(12)
Kinetic Models	331	(12)
Experimental Studies	343	(9)
Summary	352	(5)
References	353	(4)
Aging of Gels	357	(50)
Aging Processes	358	(6)
Structure	364	(9)
Syneresis	373	(11)
Mechanical Properties	384	(18)
Summary	402	(5)
References	403	(4)
Theory of Deformation and Flow in Gels	407	(46)
Driving Forces for Shrinkage	408	(12)
Liquid Transport	420	(8)
Rheology of the Porous Network	428	(9)
Theory of Deformation	437	(11)
Summary	448	(5)
References	449	(4)
Drying	453	(62)
Phenomenology	454	(23)
Drying Stress	477	(16)
Avoiding Fracture	493	(13)
Films	506	(1)
Summary	507	(8)
References	509	(6)
Structural Evolution during Consolidation	515	(102)
Structures of Porous Gels: Xerogels and Aerogels	518	(29)
Structural Changes during Heating	547	(60)
Summary	607	(10)
References	609	(8)
Surface Chemistry and Chemical Modification	617	(58)
Definition of Surface	618	(2)
Surface Coverage of OH and OR	620	(8)
Dehydroxylation	628	(17)
Chemistry of Dehydroxylated Surfaces	645	(10)
Compositional Modification	655	(10)
Consequences of Surface Morphology	665	(2)
Summary	667	(8)
References	668	(7)
Sintering	675	(70)
Theories of Viscous Sintering	676	(19)
Experimental Studies of Viscous Sintering	695	(23)
Theory of Sintering of Crystalline Materials	718	(6)
Experimental Studies of Diffusive Sintering	724	(6)
Competition between Sintering and Crystallization	730	(5)
Composites	735	(2)
Summary	737	(8)
References	738	(7)
Comparison of Gel-derived and Conventional Ceramics	745	(42)
Thermodynamics and Kinetics	746	(11)
Unique Properties of Sols	757	(3)
Unique Properties of Gels	760	(1)
Glasses	760	(17)
Crystalline Systems	777	(4)
Summary	781	(6)
References	781	(6)
Film Formation	787	(52)
Physics of Film Formation	788	(9)
Precursor Structure	797	(21)
Deposition Conditions	818	(8)
Other Coating Methods	826	(8)
Summary	834	(5)
References	835	(4)
Applications	839	(42)
Thin Films and Coatings	841	(12)
Monoliths	853	(4)
Powders, Grains, and Spheres	857	(5)
Fibers	862	(2)
Composites	864	(4)
Porous Gels and Membranes	868	(2)
Summary	870	(11)
References	870	(11)
Index	881