Solid/Liquid Separation

by Tarleton; Wakeman

• ISBN13: 9781856174206
• ISBN10: 1856174204
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-23
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This book identifies test procedures used within sectors of the solid/liquid separation equipment industry, providing practical explanations for test data and their uses when faced with a new application to assess. With a strong practical emphasis, this book is ideal for use as a reference text for engineers concerned with applications evaluation of equipment or its scale-up. This book forms part of a five-volume set on all aspects of filtration and separation processes. One other volume is currently available from the set: Wakeman & Tarleton: Solid/Liquid Separation: Principles of Industrial Filtration. This book... .Provides guidance on how to tackle practical solid/liquid separation problems in an industrial setting .Shows how to plan, conduct and interpret experiments .Details test procedures, types of tests and how to interpret results when assessing a new application .Strong emphasis on current industrial practice .Provides a practical account which will help lead to the best use of appropriate equipment yielding optimal results ·Provides guidance on how to tackle practical solid/liquid separation problems in an industrial setting ·Shows how to plan, conduct and interpret experiments ·Details test procedures, types of tests and how to interpret results when assessing a new application ·Strong emphasis on current industrial practice ·Provides a practical account which will help lead to the best use of appropriate equipment yielding optimal results

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
List of Contributors	xv
Solid/liquid separation equipment selection	1	(37)
Methods of equipment selection	1	(3)
Test procedures	4	(7)
Jar sedimentation tests	4	(2)
Example calculation of settling rate from jar test	6	(1)
Leaf filter tests	7	(2)
Example calculations from constant pressure test data	9	(2)
Initial selection procedures	11	(3)
Specification of duty	11	(1)
Specification of settling characteristics	12	(1)
Specification of filtration characteristics	12	(2)
Tables of equipment	14	(11)
Computer software for equipment selection	25	(3)
Shortlisting equipment for pilot scale testing	28	(7)
Conclusions	35	(3)
References	35	(3)
Chemical pre-treatment	38	(44)
Basic theory of suspensions	38	(2)
Pre-treatment chemicals	40	(9)
pH modification	40	(1)
Inorganic coagulants	41	(1)
Organic coagulants	42	(1)
Bridging flocculants	43	(1)
The mechanism of bridging flocculation	43	(2)
Natural products	45	(1)
Synthetic polyelectrolytes	45	(1)
Ionicity	46	(1)
Molecular weight and structure	46	(3)
Surfactants	49	(1)
Test protocols	49	(33)
Substrate preparation and characterisation	49	(1)
Substrate sampling and preparation	49	(2)
Substrate characterisation	51	(1)
Reagent preparation	51	(1)
Example	52	(1)
Mixing and application techniques	53	(1)
Dose level calculations and definitions	54	(1)
Substrate solids concentration	54	(1)
Dose level	54	(1)
Qualitative screening tests	55	(1)
Vacuum filtration	56	(1)
Horizontal vacuum filtration	56	(3)
Rotary vacuum filtration	59	(4)
Pressure filtration	63	(3)
Calculations	66	(3)
Centrifugation	69	(1)
Beaker test	69	(2)
Sheared CST	71	(3)
Free drainage test	74	(2)
Centrifugal sedimentometry	76	(2)
Piston press test	78	(1)
References	79	(2)
Acknowledgements	81	(1)
Deep bed filters	82	(58)
Operating characteristics	82	(3)
Summary of test programme	84	(1)
Measurement of filterability	85	(3)
Definition of filterability number	85	(1)
Apparatus	86	(1)
Experimental procedure	86	(1)
Interpretation of data	87	(1)
Small scale filters -- filter models	88	(10)
Apparatus	89	(1)
Main unit	89	(2)
Feed arrangements	91	(1)
Outlet arrangements	91	(1)
Pressure measurement and sampling	92	(1)
Filling the filter with media	93	(1)
Operating procedure	94	(1)
Analysis of data	95	(2)
Use of particle counting and sizing	97	(1)
Full scale filters	98	(2)
Filter operation	100	(9)
Flow Control	100	(1)
Head loss and permeability	100	(1)
Flow controllers	101	(2)
Filter washing	103	(1)
Fluidised beds and fluidisation theory	103	(3)
Calculating head loss	106	(1)
Use of air scour	107	(1)
Combined air and water wash	107	(1)
Cleaning mechanisms	108	(1)
Media attrition and loss during backwash	108	(1)
Backwashing of dual and triple media filters	108	(1)
Filter media	109	(14)
Media types	109	(1)
Media testing	109	(1)
Size	110	(2)
Shape	112	(3)
Density	115	(1)
Durability	115	(2)
Solubility	117	(1)
Cleanliness	118	(1)
Fall velocity	118	(1)
SEM analysis	119	(1)
Multilayer filters	119	(1)
Depths of filter layers	120	(2)
Selection of filter media	122	(1)
Alternative filters	123	(9)
Continuous filters	123	(1)
Modelling	124	(2)
Pebble matrix filters	126	(3)
Slow sand filters	129	(3)
Specialized techniques	132	(8)
In-depth sampling	132	(1)
Multiple filter operation	132	(1)
Radioactive labelling	132	(1)
Radial flow filtration	132	(1)
Conductivity technique	132	(1)
Surface chemical properties	133	(1)
Optical fibre endoscopy	133	(2)
Mathematical and computer modelling	135	(1)
Nomenclature	135	(1)
References	136	(4)
Membrane filters -- Microfiltration and ultrafiltration	140	(56)
Direct flow filtration (DFF)	142	(11)
Single pass	142	(1)
Approach to media selection	142	(1)
Automated scale-up test devices	143	(1)
Constant pressure test	144	(2)
Vcap data calculations	146	(1)
Sizing	147	(1)
Processing time	148	(1)
Constant flow test (Pcap)	149	(2)
Case study	151	(2)
Recirculation systems	153	(3)
Filter selection	154	(2)
Tangential flow filtration (TFF)	156	(28)
Biopharmaceutical MF and UF	156	(2)
Cassettes	158	(1)
Hollow fibre	158	(2)
Ceramics	160	(1)
Systems	160	(1)
Sizing and scale-up for TFF UF	161	(3)
Membrane selection	164	(1)
System optimisation	165	(2)
Determination of the maximum gel concentration (CG)	167	(3)
Diafiltration	170	(1)
Cleaning and storage	171	(1)
Scale-up	171	(1)
Calculation of membrane surface area	172	(2)
Industrial MF	174	(1)
System scale-up	174	(1)
Laboratory test equipment	175	(1)
Test procedure	176	(2)
Results and significance of laboratory scale trials	178	(1)
Pilot trials	179	(3)
Case study	182	(2)
TFF/DFF applications	184	(12)
Water processing	184	(1)
Water quality analysis	185	(3)
Pilot testing	188
Test operation, results and discussion	187	(3)
Integrity testing	190	(1)
Jar testing	191	(1)
Data scale up	192	(1)
Case study	192	(2)
Nomenclature and abbreviations	194	(1)
References	195	(1)
Acknowledgements	195	(1)
Pressure filters	196	(43)
Equipment introduction and key filters	196	(14)
Plate and frame chamber filters	198	(1)
Recessed plate chamber filters	199	(2)
Membrane filter presses	201	(5)
Tower presses, or vertical membrane filter presses	206	(3)
Tube presses	209	(1)
Filter automation	210	(1)
Design considerations	211	(4)
Filter project objectives	212	(1)
Filter plant philosophy	213	(1)
Filter plant throughput	214	(1)
Filter feed characterisation	214	(1)
Conceptual filter plant design	215	(1)
Dimensioning and scale-up	215	(14)
Test methods	215	(1)
Sample acquisition and storage	216	(1)
Preparation for testing	217	(1)
Test equipment	218	(1)
Bench top test equipment	218	(3)
Manufacturers test equipment	221	(1)
Pilot plant test equipment	222	(1)
Interpreting the test data	223	(1)
Cake and medium resistance	223	(3)
Mass per unit area from ``pressure bomb'' tests	226	(1)
Mass per unit area or volume from manufacturers' test filters and pilot filters	227	(2)
Integrating the filter into the flow sheet	229	(6)
Filter elevation	230	(1)
Feed preparation	230	(1)
Trash removal	230	(1)
Surge capacity	230	(1)
Filter feed pump	231	(1)
Feed manifold flushing and core blowing	232	(1)
Cake compression or ``pressing''	233	(1)
Cake drying by air blowing	233	(1)
Filtrate handling	234	(1)
Filter cake handling	234	(1)
Cloth washing	235	(1)
Plant operating considerations	235	(4)
References	236	(2)
Appendix	238	(1)
Vacuum filters	239	(75)
Advantages and limitations of vacuum filters	240	(2)
Vacuum filters -- limitations	240	(2)
Vacuum filters -- advantages	242	(1)
Descriptions of full-scale filters	242	(23)
Batch discharge filters	242	(1)
Single tipping pan filters	242	(2)
Continuous discharge filters	244	(1)
Rotary drum vacuum filters	244	(9)
Rotary disc filters	253	(1)
Horizontal belt filters	254	(3)
Multiple tipping pan filters	257	(1)
Table filters	258	(1)
Common components	258	(1)
Rotary valve assembly	259	(2)
Filtrate receiver	261	(2)
Filter medium	263	(1)
Cake discharge techniques	264	(1)
Basic process design considerations	265	(8)
Initial equipment selection	265	(3)
Filter cloth selection	268	(1)
Test suspensions	269	(2)
Chemicals pretreatment -- flocculants and coagulants	271	(1)
Solids concentration effects	272	(1)
Experimental test procedure	273	(10)
Filter test leaf	273	(2)
Filter test leaf procedures	275	(3)
Bottom feed filters	278	(2)
Top feed filters	280	(1)
Precoat filters	281	(2)
Cake washing	283	(1)
Interpretation of test data	283	(12)
Filtration theory and applicable equations	283	(4)
Filtration flux	287	(2)
Filter cake properties	289	(2)
Filter cake washing	291	(2)
Time and mechanical degradation of agglomerated particles	293	(1)
Air flow rate and applied vacuum	293	(2)
Laboratory and pilot-scale test units	295	(2)
Laboratory scale trials	295	(1)
Pilot scale trials	296	(1)
Test results scale-up	297	(3)
Scale-up factor on measured rate	297	(1)
Scale-up on test area	298	(1)
Scale-up on filter cake discharge	299	(1)
Cumulative scale-up factor on filtration rate	299	(1)
Air flow requirement	300	(1)
Full-scale filtration equipment	300	(2)
Worked examples	302	(12)
Drum filter -- filtration troubleshooting	303	(1)
Investigation and discussion	303	(4)
Drum filter -- sizing	307	(1)
Investigation and discussion	307	(4)
Nomenclature	311	(1)
References	312	(2)
Filtering centrifuges	314	(61)
The basic filtering centrifuge	314	(10)
Basic filtering batch centrifuge	315	(2)
Feeding	317	(2)
Washing	319	(1)
Spinning	319	(1)
Discharging	320	(1)
Filtrate clarity	320	(1)
Basic filtering continuous centrifuge	321	(2)
Feeding	323	(1)
Washing and drying	323	(1)
Discharging	323	(1)
Filtrate clarity	323	(1)
Filtering centrifuge types	324	(26)
Batch filtering centrifuge types	325	(1)
Vertical plough discharge	325	(2)
Vertical full depth plough	327	(1)
Vertical lift out bag	328	(1)
Vertical manual discharge	329	(1)
Horizontal peeler	329	(3)
Horizontal inverting bag	332	(2)
Continuous filtering centrifuge types	334	(1)
Conical basket	335	(1)
Scroll screen	336	(3)
Conical vibrating basket	339	(1)
Pusher	340	(2)
Multistage pusher	342	(1)
Syphonic basket	343	(2)
The screen	345	(1)
Materials of construction	346	(1)
Basket size limitations	347	(1)
Alternative classifications	348	(2)
Pilot scale tests and scale up	350	(19)
The physical basis for centrifugal filtration	350	(1)
Centrifugal filtration -- a simple analysis	351	(4)
Scale-up -- general considerations	355	(1)
Test samples for scale-up	356	(3)
Preliminary tests on sample	359	(1)
Small scale batch centrifuge testing	360	(7)
Small scale continuous centrifuge tests	367	(1)
Summary	368	(1)
Installation and operational considerations	369	(3)
Process	369	(1)
Mechanical and electrical installation	370	(2)
Safety, standards and risk analysis	372	(3)
References	374	(1)
Sedimenting centrifuges	375	(66)
Introduction	375	(2)
Centrifugal acceleration	375	(2)
Centrifuge types	377	(10)
Sedimenting and filtering centrifuges	377	(1)
Sedimenting centrifuges	377	(1)
Discontinuous and continuous feed and solid removal	377	(1)
Discontinuous-feed, discontinuous-solid-removal centrifuges	378	(1)
Continuous-feed, discontinuous-solid-removal centrifuges	378	(2)
Continuous-feed, continuous-solids removal sedimenting centrifuges	380	(7)
Dimensioning and scaling-up of sedimenting centrifuges	387	(8)
Spin tube centrifuges	387	(2)
Disk centrifuge	389	(1)
Le approach	389	(1)
Sigma factor	390	(1)
Decanter and tubular centrifuges	390	(1)
Le approach	390	(1)
Sigma approach	391	(1)
G volume approach	392	(1)
Deliquoring	392	(1)
Conveyance torque	392	(3)
Testing	395	(29)
Process objectives	395	(1)
Separation	395	(1)
Clarification	396	(1)
Classification	396	(1)
Degritting	396	(1)
Concentration or thickening	397	(1)
Washing	397	(1)
Deliquoring or dewatering	397	(1)
Bench testing	397	(1)
Spin tube testing	397	(8)
Bucket test	405	(1)
Deliquoring by drainage	405	(5)
Deliquoring by compaction and expression	410	(3)
Cake washing	413	(1)
Pilot and production test	414	(1)
Decanter centrifuges	414	(9)
Tubular centrifuges	423	(1)
Disk centrifuges	423	(1)
Integration of equipment in flow sheet	424	(13)
Separation of polyvinyl chloride	424	(2)
Classification of kaolin slurries	426	(7)
Separation in calcium carbonate plant	433	(2)
Separation of yeast cells after fermentation	435	(2)
Additional considerations	437	(1)
Decanters	437	(1)
Disk and tubular	438	(1)
Conclusions	438	(3)
Nomenclature	438	(3)
References	441