Sources of Japanese Tradition

by Barshay, Andrew

• ISBN13: 9780231139199
• ISBN10: 0231139195
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-09-15
• Publisher: Columbia Univ Pr

Summary

Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 2, Second Edition is now available as an abridged two-part paperback. For Almost Fifty years, Sources of Japanese Tradition has been used as a textbook by students and scholars of philosophy, religion, cultural history, literature, and other fields in the humanities and by readers seeking an introduction to Japanese civilization. Part I of this abridgement covers the Tokugawa period, from 1600 to 1868. Part 2 begins with the Meiji period and spans all the major movements and eras to the present. Commentary by major scholars in the field is still included.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Explanatory Note	xxv
Chronology	xxvii
Contributors	xxxi
PART FIVE Japan, Asia, and the West	1	(320)
35. The Meiji Restoration
Fred G. Notehelter	5	(25)
Edict to Subjugate the Shogunlaugawa Yoshinobu	6	(1)
Letter of Resignation of the Last Shogun	6	(1)
Edict to Foreign Diplomats	7	(1)
The Charter Oath	7	(1)
The Constitution of 1868	8	(2)
The Abolition of Feudalism and the Centralization of the Meiji State	10	(2)
Memorial on the Proposal to Return the Registers	10	(2)
Imperial Rescript on the Abolition of the hail	12	(1)
The Leaders and Their Vision	12	(18)
The Iwakura Mission	13	(1)
Kido Takayoshi's Observations of Education in the United States	14	(1)
Kido on the Need for Constitutional Government	14	(1)
Kume Kunitake's Assessment of European Wealth and Power	15	(1)
Kido's Observations on Returning from the West	16	(1)
Consequences of the Iwakura Mission: Saigo and Okubo on Korea	17	(1)
Letters from Saigo Thkamori to Itagaki Taisuke on the Korean Question	19	(1)
Okubo Toshimichi's Reasons for Opposing the Korean Expedition	20	(4)
The Meiji Emperor	24	(1)
Letter from the Meiji Emperor to His People	25	(1)
Comments from the Imperial Progress of 1878	27	(1)
A Glimpse of the Meiji Emperor in 1872 by Takashima Tomonosuke	27	(1)
Charles Lanman's Description of the Meiji Emperor in 1882	28	(1)
The Meiji Emperor's Conversation with Hijikata Hisamoto on the Outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War	28	(1)
A Poem by the Meiji Emperor on the Eve of the Russo-Japanese War	29	(1)
36. Civilization and Enlightenment
Albert Craig	30	(22)
Fukuzawa Yukichi	32	(10)
Fukuzawa Yukichi's View of Civilization	34	(1)
An Outline of a Theory of Civilization	34	(1)
An Eneourag,einent of- Learning	41	(1)
Enlightenment Thinkers of the Meirokusha: On Marriage	42	(10)
Mori Arinori	42	(1)
On Wives and Concubines	43	(1)
Kato Hiroyuki	44	(1)
Abuses of Equal Rights for Men and Women	44	(1)
Fukuzawa Yukichi	45	(1)
The Equal Numbers of Men and Women	45	(1)
Sakatani Shiroshi	46	(1)
On Concubines	46	(2)
Tsuda Mamichi	48	(1)
Distinguishing the Equal Rights of Husbands and Wives	48	(1)
Nakamura Masanao: China Should Not Be Despised	49	(1)
Japan's Debt to China	50	(2)
37. Popular Rights and Constitutionalism
James Huffman	52	(29)
Debating a National Assembly, 1873-1875	53	(3)
Itagaki Taisuke	54	(1)
Memorial on the Establishment of a Representative Assembly	54	(1)
Nakamura Masanao	55	(1)
On Changing the Character of the People	55	(1)
Representative Assemblies and National Progress, February 1879	56	(2)
Editorial from Choya shinbun	57	(1)
Defining the Constitutional State, 1876-1883	58	(7)
Ito Hirobumi	59	(1)
Memorial on Constitutional Government	59	(2)
Okuma Shigenobu	61	(1)
Memorial on a National Assembly	61	(1)
Chiba Takasaburo	62	(1)
"The Way of the King"	62	(2)
Nakae Chomin	64	(1)
A Discourse by Three Drunkards on Government	64	(1)
The Emergence of Political Parties	65	(5)
Itagaki Taisuke	66	(1)
"On Liberty"	66	(1)
Fukuchi Gen'ichiro	67	(1)
Teiseito Platform	67	(1)
Okuma Shigenobu	68	(1)
To Members of the Kaishinto	68	(1)
Ozaki Yukio	69	(1)
Factions and Parties	69	(1)
Bestowing the Constitution on the People, 1884-1889	70	(3)
Ito Hirobumi	71	(1)
Reminiscences of the Drafting of the New Constitution	71	(2)
Controlling the Freedom and People's Rights Movement	73	(3)
Fukuda Hideko	74	(1)
My Life Thus Far	74	(1)
Newspaper Accounts of Arrests Under the Peace Preservation Law	75	(1)
The Meiji Constitution	76	(5)
The Constitution of the Empire of Japan	76	(3)
Ubukata Toshiro	79	(1)
"The Promulgation of the Constitution"	79	(2)
38. Education in Meiji Japan
Richard Rubinger	81	(36)
Views in the Early Meiji Period	88	(1)
Iwakura Tomomi and Aristocratic Education	88	(1)
"Admonitions to Court Nobles"	88	(1)
"Further Admonitions"	89	(1)
Kido Takayoshi and Ito Hirobumi on Universal Education	89	(5)
Kido Takayoshi: Draft Memorial for the Ionnediate Promotion of Universal Education	90	(1)
Ito Hirobumi: "Principles of National Policy"	91	(1)
Fukuzawa Yukichi and Education	91	(1)
An Encouragement of Learning	92	(2)
The First Meiji School System	94	(2)
Preamble to the Fundamental Code of Education	95	(1)
The Confucian Critique	96	(12)
Motoda Eifu and Emperor-Centered Education	96	(1)
Great Principles of Education	96	(2)
Tani Tateki's Critique of the West	98	(1)
Opinion on Reform of Army Pension Law	98	(1)
Nakamura Masanao's Synthesis of East and West	99	(1)
"Past–Present, East–West: One Morality"	99	(4)
Mon Arinori and the Later Meiji School System	103	(1)
"Essentials of Educational Administration"	104	(1)
Military-Style Physical Training	105	(1)
Inoue Kowashi and Patriotic Training	106	(1)
Public Education and the National Substance	107	(1)
"Plan to Defend the National Interest"	107	(1)
The Imperial Rescript on Education	108	(2)
The Opening	108	(2)
The Extended Meaning of the Rescript	110	(1)
Teachers and Reform from Below	110	(1)
"Reducing Interference in Textbook Selection"	111	(1)
State Control over Textbooks	111	(4)
Kikuchi Dairoku and the Textbook Scandal of 1903	111	(1)
Japanese Education	112	(3)
The Education of Women in the Meiji Period	115	(3)
Progress of Female Education in Meiji	115	(2)
39. Nationalism and Pan-Asianism	117	(31)
State Shinto
Helen Hardacre	118	(9)
The Unity of Rites and Rule	121	(1)
The Idea of Shinto as a National Teaching	122	(1)
Memorial	122	(1)
The Divinity of the Emperor	122	(1)
From Article 3 of the Meiji Constitution	123	(1)
Kato Genchi: "Mikadoism"	123	(1)
The Patriotic Meaning of Shrines	124	(1)
"A Policy for the Unification of the National Faith"	124	(1)
State Shinto in the Colonies of Imperial Japan	125	(1)
On the Refusal to Worship at Shrines	125	(1)
The Emperor's Renunciation of His Divinity	126	(1)
Tokutomi Soho: A Japanese Nationalist's View of the West and Asia
Fred G. Notehelfer	127	(1)
The Early Meiji Vision	128	(1)
On Wealth and Power	129	(1)
Youth and Revolution	129	(1)
On Economic Versus Military Power	130	(1)
Advocate of Freedom and People's Rights	130	(1)
Nationalism	131	(1)
Supporting the Imperial State and Military Expansion	132	(1)
Rejoicing over Victory in the Sino-Japanese War	133	(1)
Resentment Resulting from the Triple Intervention	133	(1)
Support for the Imperial State, Criticism of Taisho Society	133	(1)
Worship of the Imperial House	134	(1)
Rejecting the West and Withdrawing from the League of Nations	134	(1)
Justification for the China War	135	(1)
American—Japanese Relations in 1941	136	(1)
Comments on the Imperial Rescript for War with Great Britain and the United States	136	(1)
Analyzing Defeat	138	(1)
Final Assessment	139	(1)
Okakura Kakuzo: Aesthetic Pan-Asianism
Aida Yuen Wong	139	(5)
Mc Ideals of the Last	140	(3)
Tea, the Cup of Humanity	143	(1)
Yanagi Muneyoshi and the Kwanghwa Gate in Seoul, Korea
Yongho Ch'oe	144	(4)
For a Korean Architecture About to Be host	145	(3)
40. The High Tide of Prewar Liberalism
Arthur E. Tiedemann	148	(64)
Democracy at Home	154	(54)
Minobe Tatsukichil The Legal Foundation for Liberal Government	154	(1)
Lectures on the Constitution	155	(8)
Yoshino Sakuzo: Democracy as minpon shugi	163	(1)
"On the Meaning of Constitutional Government and the Methods by Which It Can Be Perfected"	164	(17)
Ishibashi Tanzan: A Liberal Business Journalist	181	(1)
"The Fantasy of Greater Japanism"	181	(1)
"Before Demanding the Abolition of Racial Discrimination"	190	(1)
"The Only Method for Proper Guidance of Thought Is to Allow Absolute Freedom of Speech"	191	(2)
Kiyosawa Kiyoshi: Why Liberalism?	193	(1)
Present-Day Japan	193	(1)
Why Liberalism?	195	(4)
Ienaga Saburo: The Formation of a Liberal	199	(1)
A Historian's Progress, Step by Step	200	(8)
Peaceful Cooperation Abroad	208	(4)
Shidehara Kijuro: Conciliatory Diplomacy	208	(1)
A Rapprochement with China	208	(2)
Yamamuro Sobun: Call for a Peaceful Japan	210	(1)
Speech	210	(2)
41. Socialism and the Left
Andrew Barshay	212	(48)
The Early Socialist Movement	213	(4)
Katavama Sen	214	(1)
A Summons to the Workers	244
Anarchism	217	(7)
Kotoku Sliusui	218	(1)
"The Change in My Thought" (on Universal Suffrage)	218	(4)
Kagawa Toyohiko	222	(1)
Before the Dawn	223	(1)
Socialism and the Left	224	(15)
Osugi Sakae	224	(1)
Autobiography	225	(10)
Kaneko Fumiko	235	(1)
"What Made Me Do What I Did?"	236	(3)
Marxism	239	(11)
The Debate About Japanese Capitalism	240	(1)
Kawakami Hajime	240	(1)
A Letter from Prison	242	(1)
Concerning Marxism	243	(2)
Yamada Moritaro	245	(1)
Analysis of Japanese Capitalism	246	(2)
Uno Kozo	248	(1)
The Essence of Capital	249	(1)
Marxist Cultural Criticism	250	(5)
Tosaka Jun	251	(1)
The Japanese Ideology	251	(4)
The Tenko Phenomenon	255	(5)
Letter to Our Fellow Defendants	256	(4)
42. The Rise of Revolutionary Nationalism
Marius Jansen	260	(28)
Japan and Asia	261	(4)
An Anniversary Statement by the Amur Society	263	(2)
Agitation by Assassination	265	(3)
Asahi Heigo	266	(1)
Call for a New "Restoration"	267	(1)
The Plight of the Countryside	268	(3)
Gondo Seikyo	269	(1)
The Cap Between the Privileged Classes and the Commoners	270	(1)
Kita Ikki and the Reform Wing of Ultranationalism	271	(5)
An Outline Plan for the Reorganization of Japan	272	(4)
The Conservative Reaffirmation	276	(8)
Fundamentals of Our National Polity	277	(7)
Watsuji Tetsuro	284	(4)
The Way of the Japanese Subject	285	(3)
43. Empire and War
Peter Duns	288	(35)
The Impact of World War I: A Conflict Between Defenders and Opponents of the Status Quo	291	(3)
Konoe Fumimaro	291	(1)
"Against a Pacifism Centered on England and America"	291	(3)
A Plan to Occupy Manchuria	294	(2)
Ishihara Kanji	294	(1)
Personal Opinion on the Manchuria—Mongolia Problem	294	(2)
The Economic Need for Expansion	296	(3)
Hashimoto Kingoro	296	(1)
Addresses to Young Men	297	(1)
Konoe Fumimaro	298	(1)
Radio Address	298	(1)
National Mobilization	299	(5)
Army Ministry	299	(1)
On the Basic Meaning of National Defense and Its Intensification	299	(2)
Konoe Fumimaro	301	(1)
Concerning the New National Structure	301	(2)
The Imperial Rule Assistance Association	303	(1)
Confronting the Crisis	303	(1)
Spiritual Mobilization	304	(1)
Ministry of Education	304	(1)
The Way of Subjects	304	(1)
Economic Mobilization	305	(3)
Ryu Shintaro	305	(1)
Japan's Economic Reorganization	306	(2)
The Greater East Asia War	308	(1)
Arita Hachiro	308	(1)
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere	308	(1)
The Decision for War with the United States	309	(14)
Statement by Prime Minister Tojo Hideki	310	(1)
Statement by Foreign Minisier Togo Shigenori on Japanese—American Negotiations	310	(1)
Statement by Privy Council President Hara Yoshimichi	311	(1)
Concluding Remarks by Prime Minister Tojo Hideki	312	(1)
The War's Goals	312	(1)
Draft of Basic Plan for Establishment of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere	312	(4)
The Greater East Asia Conference	316	(1)
Inaugural Address to the Greater East Asia Conference	316	(1)
Defeat	317	(1)
Imperial Rescript on Surrender	317	(4)
PART SIX Postwar Japan	321	(92)
44. The Occupation Years, 1945-1952
Marlene Mayo	323	(59)
Potsdam Declaration	324	(1)
Initial Official Policies, American and Japanese	325	(5)
Initial U.S. Policy for Postsurrender Japan: Required Reforms	325	(1)
General MacArthur's Statement to the Japanese Government	326	(1)
Revised Report to the Diet and People by the Shidehara Cabinet	325	(5)
A New Basic Document: The 1947: Constitution	330	(7)
The New Constitution	333	(4)
Introducing a New Civil Code	337	(3)
The Revised Civil Code	338	(1)
The Revised Ennili Registration Law	339	(1)
The New Educational System	340	(3)
The School Education Act	341	(1)
The Fundamental Law of Education	342	(1)
Labor Unions	343	(1)
The Labor Standards Law	343	(1)
Rural Land Reform	344	(6)
Rural Land Reform Directive	343	(3)
Views of Yoshida Shigeru	346	(4)
Economic Stabilization and Reconstruction	350	(11)
Postwar Reconstruction of the Japanese Economy	350	(8)
Japan's First White Paper on the Economy	358	(2)
Revised U.S. Policy for Occupied Japan	360	(1)
Reconstructing Japan as a Nation of Peace and Culture	361	(5)
Morito Tatsuo	361	(1)
"The Construction of a Peaceful Nation"	362	(3)
Yokota Kisaburo	365	(1)
On Peace	365	(1)
Regaining Sovereignty in a Bipolar World	366	(6)
Negotiating a Formal Peace Settlement	367	(1)
Treaty of Peace Between the Allied Powers and Japan	368	(3)
Bilateral Security Treaty Between the United States of America and Japan	371	(1)
Some Japanese Views of the War	372	(10)
Kurihara Sadako	372	(1)
A Dissident Poet's Critique of War	373	(1)
Oe Kenzaburo	374	(1)
Growing Up During the Occupation	375	(2)
Tanaka Kotaro	377	(1)
In Search of Truth and Peace	378	(4)
45. Democracy and High Growth
Andrew Gordon	382	(35)
The Movement Against the Separate Treaty and the U.S.—Japan Military Alliance	385	(4)
Declaration of the Peace Problems Discussion Group on Questions Surrounding an Agreement on Peace	385	(3)
Nakasone Yasuhiro: A Critical View of the Postwar Constitution	388	(1)
The "MacArthur" Constitution	388	(1)
The Government's View of the Economy in 1956: "The 'postwar' is over"	389	(2)
Declaration of the Director of the Economic Planning Agency on the Occasion of the Publication of the White Paper on the Economy	390	(1)
The Transformation of the Postwar Monarchy	391	(2)
The Emperor System of the Masses	391	(2)
Two Views of the Security Treaty Crisis of 1960	393	(7)
Maruyama Masao	394	(1)
"8/15 and 3/19"	394	(3)
Yoshimoto Takaaki	397	(1)
"The End of a Fictitious System"	397	(3)
The Consumer Revolution in Postwar Japan, 1960	400	(2)
The Economic Planning Agency's White Paper on the People's Livelihood	400	(2)
The Economic Planning Agency's New Long-Range Economic Plan of Japan, 1961-1970	402	(3)
The Income-Doubling Plan	403	(2)
Environmental Activism in Postwar Japan: Minamata Disease	405	(1)
We Citizens: Sit-in Strike Declaration	405	(1)
Bulldozing the Archipelago: The Politics of Economic Growth	406	(2)
Epilogue of Building a New Japan	407	(1)
The Philosophy of Japanese Labor Management in the High-Growth Era	408	(2)
Twenty Years of Labor Management	409	(1)
The Japanese Middle Class at the End of the Twentieth Century	410	(7)
"Farewell, Mainstream Consciousness!"	411	(2)
PART SEVEN Aspects of the Modern Experience	413	(170)
46. The New Religions
Helen Hardacre	417	(29)
Tenrikyo	421	(10)
The Tip of the Writing Brush	425	(4)
Songs for the Service	429	(1)
The Divine Directions	430	(1)
Omoto	431	(7)
Deguchi Nao	433	(1)
Divine Revelations	433	(2)
Deguchi Onisaburo	435	(1)
Stories from the Spiritual World	435	(1)
Divine Signposts	436	(2)
Soka gakkai	438	(9)
Makiguchi Tsunesaburo	440	(1)
What Is Religious Value?	440	(1)
The Relations Among Religion and Science, Morality, and Education	441	(2)
Toda Josei	443	(1)
"On the Nature of Life"	443	(2)
Ikeda Daisaku	445	(1)
Health and Welfare	445	(1)
47. Japan and the World in Cultural Debate	446	(26)
Uchimura Kanzo	447	(5)
How I Became a Christian	448	(2)
The Disrespect Incident	450	(1)
"Two J's"	451	(1)
Natsume Soseki	452	(3)
"My Individualism"	452	(3)
Nishida Kitani	455	(4)
The Problem of Japanese Culture	456	(3)
Endo Shusaku
Van Gessel	459	(3)
"My Coming into Faith"	459	(3)
Mishima Yukio
Donald Keene	462	(4)
"The National Characteristics of Japanese Culture"	462	(4)
Oe Kenzaburo	466	(6)
"Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself"	467	(5)
48. Gender Politics and Feminism
Brett de Bary	472	(33)
Gender and Modernization	473	(15)
Magazines for Women's Education	474	(1)
Shimizu Toyoko: "The Broken Ring"	475	(7)
Women and Labor	482	(1)
Yamakawa Kikue: Record of the Generations of Women	482	(4)
Hiratsuka Raicho and the Bluestocking Society	486	(1)
"In the Beginning Woman Was the Sun"	487	(1)
"New Woman"	487	(1)
Postwar Japanese Feminism	488	(17)
Aoki Yayoi and Ecofeminism	490	(1)
Imperialist Sentiments and the Privilege of Aggression	490	(2)
Matsui Yayori and Asian Migrant Women in Japan	492	(1)
The Victimization of Asian Migrant Women in Japan	493	(2)
Ueno Chizuko and the Cultural Context of Japanese Feminism	495	(1)
Are the Japanese Feminine? Some Problems of Japanese Feminism in Its Cultural Context	495	(6)
Saito Chiyo and Japanese Feminism	501	(1)
What Is Japanese Feminism?	501	(4)
49. Thinking with the Past: History Writing in Modern Japan
Carol Cluck	505	(78)
New Histories in Meiji Japan	507	(8)
Taguchi Ukichi	509	(1)
A Short History of Japanese Civilization	510	(1)
Shigeno Yasutsugu	511	(1)
"Those Who Engage in the Study of History Must Be Impartial and Fair-Minded in Spirit"	512	(1)
Kume Kunitake	513	(1)
"The Abuses of textual Criticism in Historical Study"	514	(1)
Marxist History Writing	515	(5)
Lectures on the History of the Development of Japanese Capitalism	517	(2)
The Association of Historical Studies	519	(1)
Draft of the Charter of the Association of Historical Studies	519	(1)
Writing About the Meiji Restoration	520	(12)
Tokutomi Soho	521	(1)
Future Japan	522	(1)
Noro Eitaro	523	(1)
History of the Development of Japanese Capitalism	524	(1)
Nakamura Masanori	524	(1)
"The Meaning of the Meiji Restoration Today"	525	(1)
Banno Junji	526	(1)
"Meiji Japan's Nation-Building Process"	527	(1)
Bito Masahide	527	(1)
What Is the Edo Period?	528	(1)
Shiba Ryotaro	529	(1)
The Mountain Pass	529	(2)
A High-School History Textbook	531	(1)
Modern Japanese History	531	(1)
Alternative Histories	532	(11)
Ifa Fuyu	533	(1)
Old Ryukyu	534	(1)
Yanagita Kunio	535	(1)
On Folklore Studies	535	(2)
Takamure Itsue	537	(1)
History of Women	537	(6)
Japanese History in Comparison	543	(10)
Maruyama Masao	544	(1)
"The Structure of Matsurigoto: The Basso Ostinato of Japanese Political Life"	544	(4)
Irokawa Daikichi	548	(1)
The Culture of the Meiji Period	549	(2)
Yasumaru Yoshio	551	(1)
"National Religion, the Imperial Institution, and Invented Tradition: The Western Stimulus"	551	(2)
The Asia-Pacific War in History and Memory	553	(22)
Maruyama Masao	554	(1)
"The Logic and Psychology of Ultranationalism"	555	(1)
Ienaga Saburo	556	(1)
The Pacific War	557	(1)
The Ienaga Textbook Trials	559	(2)
Oe Kenzaburo	561	(1)
Hiroshima Notes	562	(1)
Fujiwara Akira	563	(1)
How to View the Nanjing Incident	564	(1)
Kobayashi Yoshinori	565	(1)
On War	566	(3)
Ishizaka Kei	569	(1)
A Just War	569	(4)
Twentieth-Century Design Stamps	573	(2)
Rethinking the Nation	575	(8)
Amino Yoshihiko	577	(1)
"Deconstructing 'Japan'"	578	(2)
Arano Yasunori and Colleagues	580	(1)
The History of Japan in Asia	580	(3)
Bibliography	583	(12)
Index	595