South Africa: A Modern History

by Davenport, T. H. R.; Saunders, Christopher

• ISBN13: 9780312233761
• ISBN10: 0312233760
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-05
• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan

Summary

This book is a comprehensive survey of the whole of South African history from pre-colonial times to 1999. It handles all major topics in some depth, with special focus on the dramatic changes in that country since 1990. It includes an important chapter on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and information on the recent South African elections. Both authors have long experience of university teaching in South Africa and have published widely in the field.

Author Biography

T. R. H. Davenport is Emeritus Professor of History at Rhodes University, Grahamstown.

Christopher Saunders is Associate Professor of History at the University of Cape Town.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xv
List of Maps	xvii
List of Tables and Graphs	xviii
Foreword	xix
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Acknowledgements	xxi
Preface	xxiii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms	xxvii
PART ONE: THE PRELUDE TO WHITE DOMINATION
SECTION I THE SETTING OF THE HUMAN PROBLEM
From the Dawn of History to the Time of Troubles	3	(18)
The earliest South Africans	3	(3)
The Khoisan peoples	6	(2)
The emergence of Bantu-speaking chiefdoms	8	(5)
The upheavals of the early nineteenth century	13	(8)
The Birth of a Plural Society	21	(15)
The early years of European settlement	21	(2)
The Khoikoi and the Dutch	23	(2)
Cape slavery	25	(2)
The VOC and the Cape station	27	(2)
The evolution of the Cape frontier in the eighteenth century	29	(4)
The creation of a stratified society	33	(3)
The Enlightenment and the Great Trek	36	(21)
The eighteenth-century revolution and Cape Colonial `Calvinism'	36	(4)
The first British occupation, 1795	40	(1)
Batavian rule, 1803-6	41	(1)
The return of the British, 1806	42	(2)
The Albany Settlement of 1820 and its cultural impact	44	(2)
The emancipation of the slaves and the Cape Coloured people	46	(3)
The start of the Great Trek	49	(8)
SECTION II CHIEFDOMS, REPUBLICS AND COLONIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
African Chiefdoms	57	(20)
Tswana chiefdoms of the Kalahari borderland	57	(2)
Chiefdoms of the Eastern Transvaal: Pedi, Lovedu, Venda and Ndzundza	59	(1)
The southern Sotho	60	(1)
The southern Nguni peoples: Xhosa, Thembu, Mpondo	61	(4)
The Mfengu (Fingo) people	65	(1)
The northern Nguni peoples: Zulu, Gaza, Ngoni and Swazi	65	(4)
The Khumalo Ndebele	69	(1)
The bonds of African society in the nineteenth century	70	(5)
New concentrations of power after the Mfecane	75	(2)
Boer Republics	77	(24)
Voortrekker tribulations	77	(3)
The Republic Natalia	80	(1)
Potgieter and Pretorius on the highveld	81	(3)
The Orange Free State Republic	84	(2)
The South African Republic, the civil war, and the rise of Paul Kruger	86	(5)
Ideological rifts under Pretorius and Burgers	91	(4)
Kruger's Republic and the Uitlander challenge	95	(6)
British Colonies	101	(28)
Cape political and constitutional growth, 1820-72, and the politics of separatism	101	(6)
Cape politics in the era of diamonds, and the Rhodes-Hofmeyr alliance, 1870-99	107	(4)
Black politics in the nineteenth-century Cape Colony	111	(2)
The founding and settlement of colonial Natal	113	(3)
Shepstone and African administration in Natal	116	(2)
Political developments in Natal to responsible government, 1893	118	(2)
The arrival of Natal's Indians	120	(2)
The Cape, Natal, and the debate about liberalism	122	(7)
SECTION III THE STRUGGLE FOR POSSESSION
White and Black: The Struggle for the Land	129	(65)
The territorial confrontation: preliminary observations	129	(1)
Conflicts on the Cape's northern borders	130	(2)
The eastern frontier of the Cape Colony	132	(17)
The beginnings of contact between the Xhosa and the colonists	132	(4)
The sixth frontier war and the treaty system	136	(3)
The conflicts of 1846-53	139	(2)
Sir George Grey and the cattle-killing of 1857	141	(2)
The Thembu experience	143	(1)
The Gcaleka in exile: the war and rebellions of 1877-80	144	(3)
The incorporation of Pondoland	147	(2)
Griqua conflicts with Settler States	149	(14)
The Cape-Kora wars	149	(1)
The Philippolis Griqua and their exile to Kokstad	149	(4)
The Griqua of Nicholas Waterboer, the land court and the rebellion of 1878	153	(2)
Moshweshwe's Sotho, the Free State and the British, 1833-84	155	(6)
The Rolong of Thaba'Nchu and the Orange Free State	161	(2)
Conflict on the eastern and northern frontiers of the Transvaal	163	(8)
The Pedi, the Boers and the British, 1845-83	163	(6)
The Ndzundza, or Transvaal Ndebele	169	(1)
The Lovedu and the Venda	169	(2)
The Swazi and their `documents'	171	(2)
The survival and overthrow of the Zulu monarchy, 1838-1906	173	(6)
The frontier conflicts of the Tswana on the `Road to the North'	179	(3)
The Tlhaping and Rolong	179	(1)
The northern Tswana kingdoms	180	(2)
The Khumalo Ndebele and the British South Africa Company	182	(4)
The role of the missionaries	186	(4)
The changing ownership of the land	190	(2)
The role of trade in colonial expansion	192	(2)
Empire and Republics: The Breaking of Boer Independence, 1850-1902	194	(39)
Formal and informal Empire	194	(1)
The pursuit of the Voortrekkers	195	(2)
Republican independence: the Sand River and Bloemfontein Conventions, 1852-4	197	(2)
The high commissionerships of Sir George Grey, 1854-61, and Sir Philip Wodehouse, 1862-70	199	(3)
Sir Henry Barkly and the diamond fields, 1870-7	202	(1)
Federal strategies, 1874-80: Carnarvon, Frere, Shepstone and the annexation of the Transvaal	203	(6)
Republican independence again, 1881-4: the Pretoria and London Conventions; conflict over Basutoland and the `Road to the North', 1880-5	209	(4)
The scramble for southern Africa: gold, railways and rival imperialisms, 1880-95	213	(4)
Chamberlain, Rhodes, Milner and Kruger, 1895-9	217	(6)
The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902	223	(10)
The Shaping of a White Dominion	233	(34)
The Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902	233	(1)
The Cape and Natal in the post-war era	234	(2)
Milner and reconstruction	236	(4)
The Milner regime and South African blacks: the Lagden Commission, segregation and the Zulu rebellion of 1906	240	(2)
Independent churches and the growth of African and Coloured political movements	242	(2)
Gandhi	244	(1)
The revival of Afrikanerdom	245	(3)
The Transvaal British	248	(3)
The move towards responsible government in the Transvall and Orange River Colony	251	(4)
The formation of the Union of South Africa, 1908-10	255	(7)
Black protest	262	(5)
PART TWO: THE CONSOLIDATION OF A WHITE STATE
SECTION I THE ROAD TO AFRIKANER DOMINANCE
Union under Stress: Botha and Smuts, 1910-24	267	(33)
Louis Botha's accession to power and quarrel with Hertzog	267	(3)
The segregation strategy of the Botha-Smuts regime	270	(3)
The growth of African political opposition: the SANNC and the ICU	273	(3)
Indian affairs: the climax of the Gandhi-Smuts encounter and the defiance of Sapru	276	(4)
White worker resistance, 1913-14	280	(3)
The invasion of German South West Africa and the Afrikaner rebellion of 1914	283	(2)
South Africa in the Great War	285	(1)
Party realignments, 1915-21	286	(2)
Smuts at Versailles, the South West African mandate and the bid to incorporate Southern Rhodesia and the Protectorates	288	(4)
Shadows over the Smuts regime, 1921-2: Bondelswarts, Bulhoek and the Rand Rebellion	292	(5)
The Nationalist-Labour Pact and the 1924 general election	297	(3)
The Afrikaner's Road to Parity: Hertzog, 1924-33	300	(24)
1924-a turning-point?	300	(2)
Dominion status, the flag crisis, and the Protectorates	302	(4)
Hertzog's policies for Asians and Africans	306	(5)
The general election of 1929	311	(2)
The ICU and the ANC in the 1920s	313	(4)
The Great Depression and the politics of coalition and fusion	317	(7)
White Unity, Black Division, 1933-9	324	(20)
The Fusion Government and the `native bills'	324	(5)
The black reaction to Hertzog's 1936 legislation	329	(4)
The party split of 1934 and the rise of `purified' Afrikaner nationalism	333	(7)
The foreign policy of the Fusion era	340	(4)
Smuts and the Liberal-Nationalist Confrontation, 1939-48	344	(33)
South Africa and the Second World War	344	(2)
The Afrikaner Opposition, 1939-43	346	(7)
Liberal reform initiatives and a polarised response, 1942-3	353	(3)
The mineworkers' strike of 1946 and the Fagan Report	356	(5)
Xuma's ANC and the rise of the Youth League	361	(4)
`CAD', `Anti-CAD' and the Non-European Unity Movement	365	(1)
Durban's Indians and the `Pegging' and `Ghetto' Acts	366	(3)
The Nationalist victory in 1948	369	(8)
SECTION II THE AGE OF THE SOCIAL ENGINEERS
Trek into the Wilderness, 1948-60	377	(22)
The first purely Afrikaner government	377	(2)
The Coloured vote issue and new Opposition groups	379	(4)
The politics of the Defiance Campaign	383	(5)
Tomlinson, Verwoerd, and the ideolgy of apartheid	388	(6)
The Strijdom interlude	394	(1)
The defeat of the Coloured parliamentary struggle	395	(1)
Residential and cultural apartheid	396	(3)
Internal Combustion, 1956-64	399	(26)
Rural resistance to the apartheid regime	399	(4)
The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter, 1955	403	(2)
The first of the major apartheid political trials	405	(1)
Verwoerd's `new vision' and Macmillan's `winds of change', 1959-60	406	(5)
The ANC, the PAC, and Sharpeville, 1960	411	(5)
The first republican referendum, October 1960	416	(2)
Post-Sharpeville resistance: B. J. Vorster and the political underground	418	(6)
The murder of Dr Verwoerd	424	(1)
Modification and Backfire, 1964-78	425	(35)
Living with the Tomlinson Report: industrial licensing and rural resettlement	425	(6)
The extension of Homeland self-government: the first reactions of Homeland leaders and liberal whites	431	(5)
Black Consciousness	436	(1)
The end of indirect representation for Coloured people, and the failure of the Coloured Representative Council	437	(2)
The Theron Report and Vorster's constitutional plans	439	(3)
The extrusion of the Hertzogites and the harrying of the Liberals	442	(5)
African movements in exile and the start of the liberation struggle	447	(2)
`Soweto': the crisis of 1976-7	449	(5)
The information scandal and the fall of Vorster	454	(6)
At the Crossroads, 1978-90	460	(56)
P. W. Botha's political style and aims	460	(6)
The rigid application of population resettlement	466	(5)
The `conspiracy' of gold and maize	471	(3)
Signs of a white backlash	474	(4)
Reactions to denationalisation in the Homelands	478	(10)
School boycotts, resurgent trade unionism, and the revival of Black Consciousness and ANC related activities	488	(8)
Confrontation about consensus: the constitutional debate, 1978-90	496	(10)
The emergency of 1985-90, the rise of F. W. de Klerk and the release of Nelson Mandela	506	(10)
Salesmanship: Ethnasia contra mundum, 1945-90	516	(43)
South Africa and the birth of the United Nations	516	(1)
The Malan-Strijdom era in foreign policy, 1948-58	517	(4)
Dr Verwoerd and the outside world	521	(2)
Continuing confrontation in South West Africa and Angola, 1952-79	523	(7)
South Africa and Rhodesian independence	530	(2)
Vorster: dialogue and detente	532	(1)
Economic sanctions, employment codes, disinvestment and boycotts	533	(7)
The Cape route, strategic minerals and oil	540	(7)
P. W. Botha, the `constellation' concept and the SADCC: through destabilisation to the independence of Namibia, 1979-90	547	(12)
PART THREE: CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE
SECTION III A SEARCH FOR A PROMISED LAND
Towards the Sharing of Power	559	(38)
A Convention for a Democratic South Africa	559	(5)
Rolling mass action and a `messy miracle'	564	(5)
A Democratic South Africa is born: constitutional changes, 1993-6	569	(11)
A new approach to right and justice	580	(3)
Back to partying, 1995-9	583	(9)
Foreign relations, 1990-9	592	(5)
Towards the Sharing of South Africa	597	(62)
Land: the long road to accommodation	597	(10)
Changes in the mining of diamonds and gold	607	(10)
The delayed emergence of a nation of traders	617	(15)
The saga of the workers	632	(12)
The tortuous route to shared cities	644	(15)
Body, Mind and Spirit: A Quest for Humane Values	659	(45)
Health, welfare and physical pursuits	659	(14)
The difficult road to better education	673	(8)
A microcosm of cultures: faith communities and the transition to a democratic order	681	(9)
Truth and Reconciliation	690	(14)
Appendixes	704	(8)
Heads of State, 1652-1999	704	(6)
Party Representation in the House of Assembly, 1910-99	710	(2)
Bibliographical Notes	712	(68)
Index	780