Space-Time Coding for Broadband Wireless Communications

by Giannakis, Georgios B.; Liu, Zhiqiang; Ma, Xiaoli; Zhou, Sheng

• ISBN13: 9780471214793
• ISBN10: 0471214795
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-12-22
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

This is the first book on space-time coding for wireless communications, one of the most promising techniques for ensuring bandwidth efficiency. The text describes theoretical principles as well as engineering applications; discusses key criteria in the design of practical space-time codes; and covers single-carrier and multi-carrier transmission for both single- and multi-user communications.

Author Biography

GEORGIOS B. GIANNAKIS, PhD, is ADC Endowed Chair Professor in Wireless Telecommunications with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Minnesota. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, a (co-)recipient of six IEEE best paper awards (including the IEEE Communication Society's 2004 Guglielmo Marconi Prize Paper), and a recipient of the IEEE Signal Processing Society's Technical Achievement Award. His interests and expertise span the areas of wireless communications, wireless networks, sensor networks, and statistical signal processing.

ZHIQIANG LIU, PhD, is Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Iowa. His research interests include space-time coding and processing, wireless communications theory, synchronization, channel estimation, and sensor networks.

XIAOLI MA, PhD, is Assistant Professor with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Her research interests include signal processing for communications and networking, signal estimation algorithms, wireless communications theory, and sensor networks.

SHENGLI ZHOU, PhD, is Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Connecticut. His research interests include wireless communications and signal processing, underwater acoustic communications and networking, and wireless positioning and synchronization.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acronyms	xix
1 Motivation and Context	1
1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems	2
1.2 Wireless Propagation Effects	3
1.3 Parameters and Classification of Wireless Channels	5
1.3.1 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth	6
1.3.2 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time	7
1.4 Providing, Enabling, and Collecting Diversity	11
1.4.1 Diversity Provided by Frequency-Selective Channels	11
1.4.2 Diversity Provided by Time-Selective Channels	13
1.4.3 Diversity Provided by Multi-Antenna Channels	15
1.5 Chapter-by-Chapter Organization	18
2 Fundamentals of ST Wireless Communications	23
2.1 Generic ST System Model	23
2.2 ST Coding viz Channel Coding	27
2.3 Capacity of ST Channels	29
2.3.1 Outage Capacity	30
2.3.2 Ergodic Capacity	34
2.4 Error Performance of ST Coding	39
2.5 Design Criteria for ST Codes	43
2.6 Diversity and Rate: Finite SNR viz Asymptotics	44
2.7 Classification of ST Codes	48
2.8 Closing Comments	50
3 Coherent ST Codes for Flat Fading Channels	51
3.1 Delay Diversity ST Codes	51
3.2 ST Trellis Codes	53
3.2.1 Trellis Representation	53
3.2.2 TSC ST Trellis Codes	55
3.2.3 BBH ST Trellis Codes	56
3.2.4 GFK ST Trellis Codes	58
3.2.5 Viterbi Decoding of ST Trellis Codes	60
3.3 Orthogonal ST Block Codes	61
3.3.1 Encoding of OSTBCs	61
3.3.2 Linear ML Decoding of OSTBCs	63
3.3.3 BER Performance with OSTBCs	65
3.3.4 Channel Capacity with OSTBCs	66
3.4 Quasi-Orthogonal ST Block Codes	68
3.5 ST Linear Complex Field Codes	70
3.5.1 Antenna Switching and Linear Precoding	71
3.5.2 Designing Linear Precoding Matrices	72
3.5.3 Upper Bound on Coding Gain	72
3.5.4 Construction Based on Parameterization	73
3.5.5 Construction Based on Algebraic Tools	74
3.5.6 Decoding ST Linear Complex Field Codes	76
3.5.7 Modulus-Preserving STLCFC	79
3.6 Linking OSTBC, QO-STBC, and STLCFC Designs	82
3.6.1 Embedding MP-STLCFCs into the Alamouti Code	82
3.6.2 Embedding 2 x 2 MP-STLCFCs into an OSTBC	83
3.6.3 Decoding QO-MP-STLCFC	84
3.7 Closing Comments	85
4 Layered ST Codes	87
4.1 BLAST Designs	88
4.1.1 D-BLAST	88
4.1.2 V-BLAST	91
4.1.3 Rate Performance with BLAST Codes	92
4.2 ST Codes Trading Diversity for Rate	93
4.2.1 Layered ST Codes with Antenna Grouping	93
4.2.2 Layered High-Rate Codes	94
4.3 Full-Diversity Full-Rate ST Codes	94
4.3.1 FDFR Transceiver	95
4.3.2 Algebraic FDFR Code Design	98
4.3.3 Mutual Information Analysis	99
4.3.4 Diversity-Rate-Performance Trade-offs	99
4.4 Numerical Examples	101
4.5 Closing Comments	104
5 Sphere Decoding and (Near-)Optimal MIMO Demodulation	105
5.1 Sphere Decoding Algorithm	106
5.1.1 Selecting a Finite Search Radius	108
5.1.2 Initializing with Unconstrained LS	109
5.1.3 Searching Within the Fixed-Radius Sphere	110
5.2 Average Complexity of The SDA in Practice	113
5.3 SDA Improvements	117
5.3.1 SDA with Detection Ordering and Nulling-Canceling	117
5.3.2 Schnorr-Euchner Variate of the SDA	118
5.3.3 SDA with Increasing Radius Search	119
5.3.4 Simulated Comparisons	120
5.4 Reduced-Complexity IRS-SDA	123
5.5 Soft-Decision Sphere Decoding	125
5.5.1 List Sphere Decoding	126
5.5.2 Soft SDA Using Hard SDAs	127
5.6 Closing Comments	129
6 Noncoherent and Differential ST Codes for Flat Fading Channels	133
6.1 Noncoherent ST Codes	133
6.1.1 Search-Based Designs	135
6.1.2 Training-Based Designs	138
6.2 Differential ST Codes	139
6.2.1 Scalar Differential Codes	140
6.2.2 Differential Unitary ST Codes	141
6.2.3 Differential Alamouti Codes	144
6.2.4 Differential OSTBCs	147
6.2.5 Cayley Differential Unitary ST Codes	148
6.3 Closing Comments	150
7 ST Codes for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels: Single-Carrier Systems	151
7.1 System Model and Performance Limits	152
7.1.1 Flat Fading Equivalence and Diversity	153
7.1.2 Rate Outage Probability	154
7.2 ST Trellis Codes	156
7.2.1 Generalized Delay Diversity	156
7.2.2 Search-Based STTC Construction	158
7.3 ST Block Codes	161
7.3.1 Block Coding with Two Transmit-Antennas	161
7.3.2 Receiver Processing	164
7.3.3 ML Decoding Based on the Viterbi Algorithm	167
7.3.4 Turbo Equalization	168
7.3.5 Multi-Antenna Extensions	169
7.3.6 OSTBC Properties	172
7.3.7 Numerical Examples	174
7.4 Closing Comments	177
8 ST Codes for Frequency-Selective Channels: Multi-Carrier Systems	179
8.1 General MIMO OFDM Framework	180
8.1.1 OFDM Basics	180
8.1.2 MIMO OFDM	183
8.1.3 STF Framework	184
8.2 ST and SF Coded MIMO OFDM	188
8.3 STF Coded OFDM	189
8.3.1 Subcarrier Grouping	189
8.3.2 GSTF Block Codes	190
8.3.3 GSTF Trellis Codes	192
8.3.4 Numerical Examples	195
8.4 Digital-Phase Sweeping and Block Circular Delay	197
8.5 Full-Diversity Full-Rate MIMO OFDM	201
8.5.1 Encoders and Decoders	201
8.5.2 Diversity and Rate Analysis	203
8.5.3 Numerical Examples	205
8.6 Closing Comments	206
9 ST Codes for Time-Varying Channels	209
9.1 Time-Varying Channels	210
9.1.1 Channel Models	211
9.1.2 Time-Frequency Duality	214
9.1.3 Doppler Diversity	215
9.2 Space-Time-Doppler Block Codes	216
9.2.1 Duality-Based STDO Codes	219
9.2.2 Phase Sweeping Design	222
9.3 Space-Time-Doppler FDFR Codes	227
9.4 Space-Time-Doppler Trellis Codes	227
9.4.1 Design Criterion	228
9.4.2 Smart-Greedy Codes	229
9.5 Numerical Examples	229
9.6 Space-Time-Doppler Differential Codes	231
9.6.1 Inner Codec	233
9.6.2 Outer Differential Codec	234
9.7 ST Codes for Doubly Selective Channels	235
9.7.1 Numerical Examples	237
9.8 Closing Comments	239
10 Joint Galois- and Linear Complex-Field ST Codes	241
10.1 GF-LCF ST Codes	242
10.1.1 Separate Versus Joint GF-LCF ST Coding	243
10.1.2 Performance Analysis	245
10.1.3 Turbo Decoding	248
10.2 GF-LCF Layered ST Codes	251
10.2.1 GF-LCF ST FDFR Codes: QPSK Signaling	251
10.2.2 GF-LCF ST FDFR Codes: QAM Signaling	253
10.2.3 Performance Analysis	256
10.2.4 GF-LCF FDFR Versus GF-Coded V-BLAST	259
10.2.5 Numerical Examples	260
10.3 GF-LCF Coded MIMO OFDM	263
10.3.1 Joint GF-LCF Coding and Decoding	263
10.3.2 Numerical Examples	265
10.4 Closing Comments	265
11 MIMO Channel Estimation and Synchronization	269
11.1 Preamble-Based Channel Estimation	270
11.2 Optimal Training-Based Channel Estimation	271
11.2.1 ZP-Based Block Transmissions	274
11.2.2 CP-Based Block Transmissions	283
11.2.3 Special Cases	288
11.2.4 Numerical Examples	290
11.3 (Semi-)Blind Channel Estimation	293
11.4 Joint Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation	294
11.4.1 Decision-Directed Methods	294
11.4.2 Kalman Filtering-Based Methods	295
11.5 Carrier Synchronization	299
11.5.1 Hopping Pilot-Based CFO Estimation	300
11.5.2 Blind CFO Estimation	305
11.5.3 Numerical Examples	307
11.6 Closing Comments	310
12 ST Codes with Partial Channel Knowledge: Statistical CSI	313
12.1 Partial CSI Models	315
12.1.1 Statistical CSI	315
12.2 ST Spreading	319
12.2.1 Average Error Performance	321
12.2.2 Optimization Based on Average SER Bound	323
12.2.3 Mean Feedback	324
12.2.4 Covariance Feedback	328
12.2.5 Beamforming Interpretation	330
12.3 Combining OSTBC with Beamforming	331
12.3.1 Two-Dimensional Coder-Beatufonner	333
12.4 Numerical Examples	335
12.4.1 Performance with Mean Feedback	335
12.4.2 Performance with Covariance Feedback	339
12.5 Adaptive Modulation for Rate Improvement	344
12.5.1 Numerical Examples	347
12.6 Optimizing Average Capacity	350
12.7 Closing Comments	351
13 ST Codes with Partial Channel Knowledge: Finite-Rate CSI	353
13.1 General Problem Formulation	354
13.2 Finite-Rate Beamforming	356
13.2.1 Beamformer Selection	357
13.2.2 Beamformer Codebook Design	357
13.2.3 Quantifying the Power Loss	362
13.2.4 Numerical Examples	364
13.3 Finite-Rate Precoded Spatial Multiplexing	366
13.3.1 Precoder Selection Criteria	367
13.3.2 Codebook Construction: Infinite Rate	369
13.3.3 Codebook Construction: Finite Rate	371
13.3.4 Numerical Examples	374
13.4 Finite-Rate Precoded OSTBC	380
13.4.1 Precoder Selection Criterion	381
13.4.2 Codebook Construction: Infinite Rate	381
13.4.3 Codebook Construction: Finite Rate	382
13.4.4 Numerical Examples	382
13.5 Capacity Optimization with Finite-Rate Feedback	383
13.5.1 Selection Criterion	383
13.5.2 Codebook Design	384
13.6 Combining Adaptive Modulation with Beamforming	385
13.6.1 Mode Selection	386
13.6.2 Codebook Design	386
13.7 Finite-Rate Feedback in MIMO OFDM	387
13.8 Closing Comments	388
14 ST Codes in the Presence of Interference	391
14.1 ST Spreading	392
14.1.1 Maximizing the Average SINR	393
14.1.2 Minimizing the Average Error Bound	394
14.2 Combining STS with OSTBC	396
14.2.1 Low-Complexity Receivers	399
14.3 Optimal Training with Interference	399
14.3.1 LS Channel Estimation	400
14.3.2 LMMSE Channel Estimation	401
14.4 Numerical Examples	401
14.5 Closing Comments	408
15 ST Codes for Orthogonal Multiple Access	409
15.1 System Model	410
15.1.1 Synchronous Downlink	410
15.1.2 Quasi-synchronous Uplink	411
15.2 Single-Carrier Systems: OSTBC-CIBS-CDMA	413
15.2.1 CIBS-CDMA for User Separation	413
15.2.2 OSTBC Encoding and Decoding	417
15.2.3 Attractive Features of OSTBC-CIBS-CDMA	418
15.2.4 Numerical Examples	421
15.3 Multi-Carrier Systems: STF-OFDMA	425
15.3.1 OFDMA for User Separation	425
15.3.2 STF Block Codes	426
15.3.3 Attractive Features of STF-OFDMA	426
15.3.4 Numerical Examples	428
15.4 Closing Comments	431
References	433
Index	461