Spatial Disorientation in Aviation

by Previc, Fred H.; Ercoline, William R.

• ISBN13: 9781563476549
• ISBN10: 1563476541
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-01
• Publisher: Amer Inst of Aeronautics &

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Spatial Disorientation in Aviation: Historical Background, Concepts, and Terminology	1	(36)
Fred H. Previc
William R. Ercoline
Definition	1	(3)
Historical Background	4	(16)
Types of SD	20	(2)
Aircraft Motions in Flight	22	(10)
Summary	32	(5)
References	32	(5)
Nonvisual Spatial Orientation Mechanisms	37	(58)
Bob Cheung
Introduction	37	(1)
Overview of Spatial Orientation Mechanisms in Flight	38	(1)
Vestibular Input to Orientation	39	(17)
Vestibular Contribution to Gaze Stability	56	(6)
Interactions Between the Semicircular Canals and Otoliths	62	(1)
Visual-Vestibular Interaction	63	(2)
Vestibular Influence on Cardiovascular Control	65	(2)
Vestibular Habituation	67	(1)
Alignment with the Gravitational Vertical	68	(2)
Vestibulospinal vs Corticospinal Motor Mechanisms	70	(2)
Somatosensory Input to Orientation	72	(6)
Auditory Input to Orientation	78	(2)
Cortical Input to Spatial Orientation	80	(2)
Summary	82	(13)
References	82	(13)
Visual Orientation Mechanisms	95	(50)
Fred H. Previc
Introduction	95	(2)
Nature of Three-Dimensional Space	97	(2)
Function of Ambient Vision	99	(3)
Ambient Visual Mechanisms	102	(25)
Neurophysiology of Ambient Vision	127	(5)
Summary	132	(13)
References	133	(12)
Psychological Factors	145	(52)
Valerie Gawron
Personality and Other Traits	145	(3)
Mental and Physical State	148	(22)
Experience	170	(3)
Task	173	(3)
Environment	176	(3)
SD Phenomena Related to Psychological Factors	179	(6)
Summary	185	(12)
References	185	(12)
Spatial Disorientation Mishap Classification, Data, and Investigation	197	(46)
Stephen J. H. Veronneau
Richard H. Evans
Introduction	197	(2)
Human Factors Modeling	199	(4)
Spatial Disorientation Mishap Classification Issues	203	(4)
Mishap Statistics	207	(20)
Investigation Concerns and Techniques	227	(10)
Summary	237	(6)
References	239	(4)
Nonvisual Illusions in Flight	243	(40)
Bob Cheung
Introduction	243	(1)
Illusions Primarily Involving the Semicircular Canals	244	(7)
Illusions Primarily Involving the Otoliths	251	(9)
Illusions Involving Semicircular Canals and Otoliths	260	(4)
Visual and Audio Correlates of Somatic Illusions	264	(1)
Illusions Contributed by the Somatosensory System	265	(1)
Incapacitating Illusions	265	(3)
Inner-Ear Problems Contributing to SD	268	(3)
Summary	271	(12)
Appendix A: Assortment of Practical Recommendations for Flight Surgeons	272	(3)
References	275	(8)
Visual Illusions in Flight	283	(40)
Fred H. Previc
Introduction	283	(3)
Specific Visual Illusions of Flight	286	(24)
Optical-Device Distortions and Illusions	310	(7)
Summary	317	(6)
References	317	(6)
Spatial Disorientation Instruction, Demonstration, and Training	323	(56)
Malcolm G. Braithwaite
William R. Ercoline
Lex Brown
Introduction	323	(4)
Didactic Instruction	327	(9)
Ground-Based Devices	336	(12)
In-Flight Demonstration and Training	348	(6)
Efficacy of Demonstration and Training	354	(5)
Improvements in SD Education	359	(1)
Summary	360	(19)
Appendix A: Didactic Syllabus of the SD Mechanisms	361	(3)
Appendix B: Example of Disseminated Advice on Managing SD	364	(1)
Appendix C: Use of Flight Simulators for SD Training	365	(3)
Appendix D: Rotary Wing In-Flight SD Demonstration	368	(1)
Appendix E: Fixed Wing In-Flight SD Demonstration	369	(3)
Appendix F: Training Objective for Recovery from Unusual Attitudes	372	(1)
References	372	(7)
Flight Displays I: Head-Down Display Topics for Spatial Orientation	379	(72)
William R. Ercoline
A. DeVilbiss
Richard H. Evans
Introduction	379	(3)
Piloting Topics	382	(19)
Design Topics	401	(37)
Conclusion	438	(1)
Summary	439	(12)
Appendix A: Perceiving Horizon Position and Movement	440	(2)
Appendix B: Visibility Definitions	442	(1)
Appendix C: Performance Standards	443	(1)
References	444	(7)
Flight Displays II: Head-Up and Helmet-Mounted Displays	451	(58)
Richard L. Newman
Loran A. Haworth
Introduction	451	(1)
Basic Characteristics of HUDs and HMDs	452	(5)
HUD Symbology and Spatial Disorientation	457	(6)
HMD Symbology and Spatial Disorientation	463	(4)
Development of HUDs and HMDs and Their Standards	467	(6)
Spatial Disorientation Research Related to HUDs and HMDs	473	(4)
Unusual-Attitude-Recovery Techniques	477	(8)
Conclusions and Recommendations	485	(24)
Appendix A: Flight-Test Techniques	486	(14)
References	500	(9)
Spatial Disorientation Countermeasures---Advanced Problems and Concepts	509	(32)
Willem Bles
Introduction	509	(2)
Modeling Spatial Orientation for Advanced Technologies	511	(2)
Supermaneuverability	513	(6)
Future Cockpit	519	(14)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles	533	(1)
Summary	534	(7)
References	535	(6)
Glossary	541	(16)
Index	557	(8)
Series Listing	565