Spatial Pattern Analysis in Plant Ecology

by Mark R. T. Dale

• ISBN13: 9780521794374
• ISBN10: 0521794374
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-15
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

The predictability of the physical arrangement of plants, at whatever scale it is viewed, is referred to as a spatial pattern. Spatial pattern is a crucial aspect of vegetation that has important implications not only for the plants themselves, but also for other organisms that interact with plants, such as herbivores and pollinators; or those animals for which plants provide a habitat. This book describes and evaluates methods for detecting and quantifying a variety of characteristics of spatial pattern. As well as discussing the concepts on which these techniques are based, the book includes examples from real field studies and worked examples, which, together with numerous line figures, help guide the reader through the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Concepts of spatial pattern	1	(30)
Introduction	1	(1)
Pattern and process	1	(5)
Causes of spatial pattern and its development	6	(6)
Concepts of spatial pattern	12	(17)
Concluding remarks	29	(2)
Sampling	31	(19)
Introduction	31	(1)
Sampling for pattern in a fixed frame of reference	32	(13)
Sampling for pattern relative to other plants	45	(3)
Location of sampling	48	(1)
Concluding remarks	49	(1)
Basic methods for one dimension and one species	50	(50)
Introduction	50	(1)
Data	50	(6)
Blocked quadrat variance	56	(2)
Local quadrat variances	58	(13)
Paired quadrat variance	71	(7)
New local variance	78	(5)
Combined analysis	83	(7)
Semivariogram and fractal dimension	90	(1)
Spectral analysis	91	(4)
Other methods	95	(3)
Concluding remarks	98	(2)
Spatial pattern of two species	100	(25)
Introduction	100	(1)
At most one species per point	101	(2)
Several species per point	103	(1)
Blocked quadrat covariance (BQC)	104	(2)
Paired quadrat covariance (PQC) and conditional probability	106	(7)
Two- and three-term local quadrat covariance (TTLQC and 3TLQC)	113	(3)
Comparison of methods	116	(4)
Extensions of covariance analysis	120	(1)
Other approaches	121	(2)
Relative pattern: species association	123	(1)
Concluding remarks	124	(1)
Multispecies pattern	125	(43)
Introduction	125	(3)
Multiscale ordination	128	(8)
Semivariogram and fractal dimension	136	(1)
Methods based on correspondence analysis	137	(2)
Euclidean distance	139	(3)
Comments	142	(1)
Spectral analysis	143	(1)
Other field results	143	(4)
Species associations	147	(18)
Concluding remarks	165	(3)
Two-dimensional analysis of spatial pattern	168	(38)
Introduction	168	(1)
Blocked quadrat variance	169	(1)
Spatial autocorrelation and paired quadrat variance	169	(5)
Two-dimensional spectral analysis	174	(3)
Two-dimensional local quadrat variances	177	(1)
Four-term local quadrat variance	178	(8)
Random paired quadrat frequency	186	(4)
Variogram	190	(2)
Covariation	192	(1)
Paired quadrat covariance (PQC)	193	(2)
Four-term local quadrat covariance	195	(3)
Plant-environment correlation	198	(1)
Cross-variogram	198	(2)
Landscape metrics	200	(2)
Other methods	202	(2)
Concluding remarks	204	(2)
Point patterns	206	(36)
Introduction	206	(1)
Univariate point patterns	207	(20)
Anisotropy	227	(4)
Bivariate point patterns	231	(6)
Multispecies point pattern and quantitative attributes	237	(4)
Concluding remarks	241	(1)
Pattern on an environmental gradient	242	(35)
Introduction	242	(6)
Continuous presence/absence data	248	(22)
Quadrats: presence/absence data	270	(2)
Density data	272	(3)
Concluding remarks	275	(2)
Conclusions and future directions	277	(20)
Summary of recommendations	277	(2)
What next?	279	(1)
Three dimensions	279	(7)
Relation to spatial structure of physical factors	286	(2)
Obvious extensions	288	(1)
Temporal aspects of spatial pattern analysis	288	(2)
Wavelets	290	(3)
Questions and hypotheses	293	(3)
Concluding remarks	296	(1)
Bibliography	297	(17)
Glossary of abbreviations	314	(5)
List of plant species	319	(6)
Index	325