Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology

by Posthuma; Leo

• ISBN13: 9781566705783
• ISBN10: 1566705789
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-12-20
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

In spite of the growing importance of Species Sensitivity Distribution models (SSDs) in ecological risk assessments, the conceptual basis, strengths, and weaknesses of using them have not been comprehensively reviewed. This book fills that need. Written by a panel of international experts, Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology reviews the current SSD methods from all angles, compiling for the first time the variety of contemporary applications of SSD-based methods. Beginning with an introduction to SSDs, the chapter authors review the issues surrounding SSDs, synthesizing the positions of advocates and critics with their own analysis of each issue. Finally, they discuss the prospects for future development, paving the way for improved future uses. In sum, this book defines the field of SSD modeling and application. It reveals a lively field, with SSD-applications extending beyond legally adopted quality criteria to other applications such as Life-Cycle Analysis. For anyone developing or revising environmental criteria or standards, this book explores the pros and cons of using the SSD approach. For anyone who needs to apply and interpret SSD-based criteria or standards, the book explains the basis for the numbers, thereby making it possible to correctly apply and defend them. For anyone performing ecological risk assessments, the book covers when and how to use SSDs including alternative assumptions, data treatments, computational methods, and available resources. Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology provides you with a clear picture of these standard models for estimating ecological risks from laboratory toxicity data.

Table of Contents

General Introduction and History of SSDs
General Introduction to Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 3
North American History of Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 11
European History of Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 19
Scientific Principles and Characteristics of SSDs
Theory of Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 37
Normal Species Sensitivity Distributions and Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment	p. 49
Extrapolation Factors for Tiny Toxicity Data Sets from Species Sensitivity Distributions with Known Standard Deviation	p. 103
Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecological Risk Assessment: Distributional Assumptions, Alternate Bootstrap Techniques, and Estimation of Adequate Number of Species	p. 119
Observed Regularities in Species Sensitivity Distributions for Aquatic Species	p. 133
The Value of the Species Sensitivity Distribution Concept for Predicting Field Effects: (Non-)confirmation of the Concept Using Semifield Experiments	p. 155
Applications of SSDs
Derivation of Environmental Quality Criteria
Effects Assessment of Fabric Softeners: The DHTDMAC Case	p. 199
Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions in the Derivation of Water Quality Criteria for Aquatic Life by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	p. 211
Environmental Risk Limits in the Netherlands	p. 221
A Rank-Based Approach to Deriving Canadian Soil and Sediment Quality Guidelines	p. 255
Ecotoxicological Soil Quality Criteria in Denmark	p. 275
Ecological Risk Assessment
Probabilistic Risk Assessment Using Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 285
The Potentially Affected Fraction as a Measure of Ecological Risk	p. 315
Methodology for Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment	p. 345
Toxicity-Based Assessment of Water Quality	p. 383
Mapping Risks of Heavy Metals to Birds and Mammals Using Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 403
Ecotoxicological Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment	p. 421
Evaluation and Outlook
Issues and Practices in the Derivation and Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 437
Conceptual and Technical Outlook on Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 475
Appendices
The Interactive Poster Session "Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology"	p. 511
List of Computer Software Programs	p. 525
References	p. 527
Glossary	p. 565
Acronyms	p. 573
Subject Index	p. 579
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.