Spectrochemical Analysis Using Infrared Multichannel Detectors

by Bhargava, Rohit; Levin, Ira W.

• ISBN13: 9781405125048
• ISBN10: 1405125047
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780470994122
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-23
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This book provides a state-of-the-art review of a major recent technology which has now reached a level of maturity. The editors have pioneered the development and application of these techniques and technologies, and the chapter authors are leading practitioners in their subject areas. The volume encompasses methods and instrumentation across a range of applications. It is directed at researchers and professionals in vibrational spectroscopy, analytical chemistry, materials science, biomedicine, food science and combinatorial chemistry.

Author Biography

Professor Rohit Bhargava is at the Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. Dr Ira Levin is at the Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xi
Preface	xv
1 Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging	1	(24)
Rohit Bhargava and Ira W. Levin
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Fundamentals of FTIR spectroscopy	1	(7)
1.2.1 Interferometer characteristics	2	(6)
1.3 FTIR microspectroscopy using a single-element detector	8	(5)
1.3.1 IR microscopes and point spectroscopy	8	(3)
1.3.2 FTIR mapping	11	(1)
1.3.3 Limitations of FTIR point mapping	11	(2)
1.4 FTIR imaging with multichannel detectors	13	(7)
1.4.1 Imaging with large format array detectors	13	(2)
1.4.2 Interfacing an interferometer to large array detectors	15	(1)
1.4.3 The SNR of imaging spectrometers	16	(3)
1.4.4 The evolving detector array technology	19	(1)
1.5 Raster scanning with linear array detectors	20	(2)
1.5.1 Choice of either small or large detector arrays	21	(1)
1.6 Conclusions	22	(1)
References	23	(2)
2 Near-infrared spectral imaging with focal plane array detectors	25	(31)
E. Neil Lewis, Linda H. Kidder, Eunah Lee and Kenneth S. Haber
2.1 Background: single-point near-infrared spectroscopy	25	(2)
2.2 Development of NIR spectral imaging	27	(10)
2.2.1 History of spectral imaging	27	(1)
2.2.2 FPAs – specifications	28	(1)
2.2.3 Implementation of NIR imaging	29	(2)
2.2.4 Data processing	31	(2)
2.2.5 Comparison of vibrational spectroscopic imaging modalities	33	(2)
2.2.6 Safety in numbers	35	(2)
2.3 Examples of NIR spectral imaging capabilities	37	(14)
2.3.1 Sample statistics and FOV	37	(5)
2.3.2 High-throughput applications	42	(1)
2.3.3 Statistics, morphology, abundance – using an internal reference	43	(8)
2.4 Conclusions	51	(1)
References	52	(4)
3 Multichannel detection with a synchrotron light source: design and potential	56	(29)
G. Larry Carr, Oleg Chubar and Paul Dumas
3.1 Introduction	56	(2)
3.2 Comparisons of thermal and SR sources	58	(10)
3.2.1 Blackbody radiation	59	(1)
3.2.2 SR as an IR source	59	(9)
3.3 The IR microspectrometer: instrumentation and optical analysis	68	(12)
3.3.1 Microspectrometer system components	68	(4)
3.3.2 Performance: imaging at the diffraction limit	72	(5)
3.3.3 The FPA microscope system	77	(3)
3.4 Combining SR with an FPA microspectrometer	80	(2)
3.4.1 FPA microspectrometer for PSF image deconvolution	80	(1)
3.4.2 SR as an extended IR source	81	(1)
3.5 Summary	82	(1)
Acknowledgements	83	(1)
References	83	(2)
4 Multivariate analysis of infrared spectroscopic image data	85	(30)
Scott W. Huffman and Chris W. Brown
4.1 Introduction	85	(1)
4.2 Preprocessing hyperspectral images	85	(16)
4.2.1 Data compression	86	(4)
4.2.2 Smoothing spectra	90	(2)
4.2.3 Noise in hyperspectral images	92	(9)
4.3 Processing hyperspectral images	101	(12)
4.3.1 Feature extraction	101	(8)
4.3.2 Concentration image maps	109	(4)
4.4 Conclusions	113	(1)
References	113	(2)
5 FTIR imaging of multicomponent polymers	115	(28)
Jack L. Koenig
5.1 Introduction	115	(1)
5.2 Imaging requirements for polymer characterization	115	(1)
5.3 Polymer sampling for FTIR imaging	116	(5)
5.3.1 Transmission measurements	116	(2)
5.3.2 Reflection FTIR imaging measurements	118	(1)
5.3.3 ATR FTIR imaging	119	(2)
5.4 FTIR image analysis	121	(5)
5.4.1 Selection of characteristic spectral stains for each component	122	(1)
5.4.2 Construction of contour plots	122	(1)
5.4.3 Histograms	123	(3)
5.5 Applications of FTIR imaging to complex polymer systems	126	(14)
5.5.1 FTIR imaging of polymer laminate films	126	(1)
5.5.2 Chemical morphology of multi-component polymeric materials	126	(6)
5.5.3 Immiscible polymer blends	132	(3)
5.5.4 Crosslinking-induced phase separation of elastomers	135	(2)
5.5.5 Semicrystalline polymer systems	137	(2)
5.5.6 Semicrystalline polymer blends	139	(1)
5.6 Summary and conclusions	140	(1)
References	140	(3)
6 Combinatorial approaches to catalyst development with multichannel detectors	143	(15)
Christopher M. Snively and Jochen Lauterbach
6.1 Introduction – combinatorial materials development	143	(2)
6.2 Array detection schemes for high-throughput analysis	145	(1)
6.3 FTIR imaging as a high-throughput technique	146	(2)
6.4 Applications	148	(3)
6.4.1 Application I: resin-supported ligands	148	(1)
6.4.2 Application II: adsorbates on catalyst surfaces	149	(1)
6.4.3 Application III: reactor effluent quantification	150	(1)
6.5 Data management	151	(4)
6.6 Summary	155	(1)
References	156	(2)
7 Materials analysis systems based on real-time near-IR spectroscopic imaging	158	(17)
Martin Kraft, Raimund Leitner and Herwig Mairer
7.1 Introduction	158	(1)
7.2 Data acquisition	158	(4)
7.2.1 Image acquisition	158	(3)
7.2.2 Sample–radiation interaction	161	(1)
7.3 Instrumentation	162	(2)
7.4 Real-time data analysis	164	(4)
7.4.1 Pre-processing	165	(1)
7.4.2 Spectral data evaluation	166	(2)
7.5 Integrated image processing	168	(1)
7.6 Material analysis applications	169	(4)
7.6.1 Industrial waste classification and sorting	169	(3)
7.6.2 Surface coating inspection	172	(1)
7.6.3 Food control	172	(1)
7.6.4 Mineralogical material analysis	172	(1)
References	173	(2)
8 Industrial applications of near-IR imaging	175	(14)
Anthony E. Dowrey, Gloria M. Story and Curtis Marcott
8.1 Introduction	175	(2)
8.2 Experimental	177	(1)
8.3 Application using NIR spectroscopic imaging	178	(6)
8.3.1 Water migration on fabrics	178	(1)
8.3.2 Spray nozzle patterns	179	(1)
8.3.3 Surfactant deposition on a nonwoven substrate	179	(2)
8.3.4 Flavored chips	181	(1)
8.3.5 Lotion distribution on nonwoven paper	182	(2)
8.4 Conclusions	184	(3)
Acknowledgements	187	(1)
References	188	(1)
9 IR spectroscopic imaging	189	(15)
Max Diem, Melissa J. Romeo, Susie Boydston-White and Christian Matthäus
9.1 Introduction: definition and goals of spectral mapping	189	(1)
9.2 Experimental	190	(4)
9.2.1 Instrumental aspects: PE Spotlight 300	190	(1)
9.2.2 Samples	191	(1)
9.2.3 Spectral maps of individual cells	191	(1)
9.2.4 Spectral maps of 'smears'	192	(1)
9.2.5 Spectral maps of tissues	192	(1)
9.2.6 Mathematical analysis	193	(1)
9.3 Results and discussion	194	(8)
9.3.1 Spectral histopathology of lymph nodes	194	(3)
9.3.2 Spectral maps of individual cells	197	(3)
9.3.3 Spectral maps of 'cell smears'	200	(2)
9.4 Conclusions	202	(1)
Acknowledgements	202	(1)
References	202	(2)
10 FPA imaging and spectroscopy for monitoring chemical changes in tissue	204	(30)
Bayden R. Wood and Don McNaughton
10.1 Introduction	204	(1)
10.2 Applications of FTIR tissue imaging to cervical cancer	205	(19)
10.2.1 History of FTIR spectroscopy applied to cervical cancer diagnosis	205	(1)
10.2.2 FTIR point-to-point mapping of cervical tissue	206	(1)
10.2.3 FTIR focal plane array imaging of cervical tissue	207	(17)
10.3 FPA imaging and spectroscopy for monitoring chemical changes associated with collagen-induced arthritis	224	(5)
10.4 Application of FTIR 3D imaging to histology	229	(1)
10.5 Conclusions	230	(1)
Acknowledgements	231	(1)
References	231	(3)
11 Infrared microscopy and imaging of hard and soft tissues	234	(27)
Richard Mendelsohn, Adele L. Boskey and Nancy P. Camacho
11.1 Introduction	234	(1)
11.2 IR imaging protocols	235	(1)
11.3 Applications of FTIR microscopy and imaging to tissues	235	(22)
11.3.1 Bone	235	(8)
11.3.2 Skin	243	(6)
11.3.3 Cartilage	249	(8)
Acknowledgements	257	(1)
References	257	(4)
12 Mid-infrared imaging applications in agricultural and food sciences	261	(22)
Douglas L. Elmore, Carrie A. Lendon, Sean A. Smith and Chad L. Leverette
12.1 Introduction	261	(3)
12.2 Spatially resolved chemical and physical information	264	(2)
12.3 Chemical infrared imaging of protein, carbohydrates and fat in agri-food mixtures	266	(2)
12.4 Sampling	268	(2)
12.5 Chemometrics	270	(2)
12.6 Applications	272	(5)
12.7 Complementary imaging techniques	277	(1)
12.8 Conclusions	278	(1)
References	279	(4)
13 Applications of near-infrared imaging for monitoring agricultural food and feed products	283	(20)
Vincent Baeten and Pierre Dardenne
13.1 Introduction	283	(1)
13.2 Use of NIR imaging for remote control and monitoring in agriculture	284	(4)
13.2.1 The problem	284	(4)
13.3 NIR imaging for food analysis	288	(6)
13.3.1 The problem	288	(6)
13.4 NIR imaging for feed analysis	294	(3)
13.4.1 The problem	294	(3)
13.5 Conclusion	297	(1)
References	297	(6)
Index	303