Spectroscopy of Systems With Spatially Confined Structures

by Bartolo, Baldassare Di; Di Bartolo, Baldassare

• ISBN13: 9781402011030
• ISBN10: 1402011032
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Nanometer scale physics is progressing rapidly: the top-down approach of semiconductor technology will soon encounter the scale of the bottom-up approaches of supramolecular chemistry and spatially localized excitations in ionic crystals. Advances in this area have already led to applications in optoelectronics. More may be expected. This book deals with the role of structure confinement in the spectroscopic characteristics of physical systems. It examines the fabrication, measurement and understanding of the relevant structures. It reports progress in the theory and in experimental techniques, starting with the consideration of fundamental principles and leading to the frontiers of research. The subjects dealt with include such spatially resolved structures as quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, and luminescence, in both theoretical and practical terms.

Table of Contents

Drawings	p. xxvii
Preface	p. xxxix
Lectures
The Role of Structure Confinement in the Energy Level Schemes of Physical Systems	p. 1
Abstract	p. 1
Review of Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics	p. 2
Fundamental Points	p. 2
The Schroedinger Equation	p. 2
Interpretation of [Psi]	p. 3
Operators	p. 4
Commuting Operators	p. 6
The Uncertainty Principle	p. 6
Angular Momentum	p. 8
More on Energy	p. 10
Summary of Chapter 1	p. 11
Some Popular Quantum Systems	p. 12
Free Particle	p. 12
Particle in a Box	p. 13
Harmonic Oscillator	p. 15
Central Potentials	p. 17
The One-Electron Atom	p. 19
Summary of Chapter 2	p. 25
Barrier Tunneling and Quantum Wells	p. 26
One-Dimensional Problems	p. 26
Free Particle with Definite Energy	p. 27
Particle with Undetermined Energy (Wave Packet)	p. 28
Potential Step	p. 32
Potential Barrier	p. 36
Potential Well	p. 40
Harmonic Oscillator	p. 42
Particle Between Two Potential Barriers	p. 45
Summary of Chapter 3	p. 46
Identical Particles	p. 47
Symmetry and Antisymmetry	p. 47
Density of States	p. 48
Probability Distributions	p. 50
Fermion Gases	p. 51
Multieletron Atoms	p. 55
The Evolution of Stars	p. 59
Boson Gases	p. 63
Summary of Chapter 4	p. 68
Crystalline Solids	p. 69
Electrical Properties	p. 69
Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid	p. 70
Insulators	p. 70
Metals	p. 71
Semiconductors	p. 74
Models for an Intrinsic Semiconductor	p. 75
Doped Semiconductors	p. 81
Model For a Doped Semiconductor	p. 83
Summary of Chapter 5	p. 86
Superlattices And Nanostructures	p. 87
New Materials	p. 87
Superlattices	p. 88
Nanostructures with Reduced Dimensions	p. 89
Summary of Chapter 6	p. 89
Acknowledgements	p. 90
Bibliography	p. 90
Photonic Structures: Atoms, Molecules, Wires and Crystals	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Electromagnetic Field in Photonic Structures	p. 93
Plane Waves in Free Space	p. 96
Metallic Waveguide	p. 97
Metallic Box	p. 99
Planar Step-Index Waveguide	p. 99
Optical Microresonators	p. 102
Dielectric Microspheres (Photonic Atoms)	p. 103
Bispheres (Photonic Molecules)	p. 105
Photonic Semiconductor Structures (Pss)	p. 106
Photonic Crystals	p. 107
Applications	p. 112
Waveguiding in Pbg Materials (Photonic Wires)	p. 113
Spontaneous Emission	p. 114
Outlook	p. 116
Acknowledgements	p. 116
References	p. 117
Optical Near-Field Spectroscopy	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Far-Field Optical Microscopy	p. 121
Basics	p. 121
Scanning Confocal Microscopy	p. 123
Near-Field Optical Microscopy	p. 124
Basics	p. 124
Metal Nano-Apertures on Semiconductors	p. 133
Aperture Snom (Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope)	p. 134
Depolarization Snom	p. 136
Apertureless Snom	p. 138
Example I: Semiconductor Nanostructures	p. 141
Single Bow-Tie Defects in a Single Semiconductor Quantum Well	p. 141
Example II: Disordered Semiconductors	p. 144
Basics: Random-Matrix-Theory and Level Repulsion	p. 146
Statistical Analysis of Energy Levels	p. 149
Single GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells	p. 150
Thin Films of CdSe/ZnSe	p. 156
Summary	p. 161
Acknowledgements	p. 162
References	p. 163
Future of Laser Technology for Spectroscopy	p. 165
Abstract	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Laser Development	p. 167
Population Inversion and Masers	p. 167
Optical Cavities and Lasers	p. 168
Lasers and Optical Technologies	p. 172
Application in Spectroscopy	p. 178
Properties of Lasers and Their Usefulness in Spectroscopy	p. 178
Linear Spectroscopy and Lineshapes	p. 180
Pressure Broadening and Shift	p. 183
Measurement of Small Traces of Gases	p. 190
Present Status and Future	p. 194
Laser Sources and Market	p. 194
New Lasers and Materials	p. 197
Future of Laser Technology	p. 202
Acknowledgments	p. 205
References	p. 206
Propagation and Characterization of Ultrashort Laser Pulses	p. 213
Abstract	p. 213
Optical and Electronic Properties of Solids	p. 213
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Through a Vacuum	p. 213
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Through A Medium	p. 215
Nonlinear Optical Interactions	p. 219
Dispersion Compensation	p. 224
Femtosecond Measurements	p. 228
Representation of Pulses	p. 229
Temporal Characterization	p. 232
Joint Time-Frequency Characterization	p. 238
References	p. 242
Self-Ordered Growth and Spectroscopy of Nonplanar Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Self-Ordering of QWRs and QDs by Nonplanar Epitaxy	p. 244
Optical Properties of Nonplanar Quantum Nanostructures	p. 245
V-Groove Quantum Wires	p. 246
Pyramidal Quantum Dots	p. 249
Electrical Transport in V-Groove QWRs	p. 252
Optoelectronic Device Applications	p. 254
Quantum Wire Light Emitting Diodes	p. 254
Quantum Wire Lasers	p. 256
Conclusions	p. 257
References	p. 258
Theory of Optical Properties of Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots	p. 261
Abstract	p. 261
Electronic States in Mesoscopic Microstructures	p. 261
Confinement Potentials, Envelope Approximation	p. 261
Valence Band Mixing by Quantum Confinement	p. 266
Excitons in Microstructures	p. 270
Exciton Molecules in Microstructures	p. 274
Exciton Polaritons and Bipolarons in Quantum Wells and Wires	p. 276
Interface and Alloy Disorder	p. 277
Theory of Stationary Spectroscopy	p. 280
Second Quantization, Density Matrices	p. 280
Optical Transitions, Semiconductor Bloch Equations, Linear Spectra	p. 281
Plasma Density-Dependent Spectra	p. 288
Electro-Optical Spectra	p. 294
Magneto-Optical Spectra	p. 299
Theory of Transient Spectroscopy	p. 302
Time-Dependent Semiconductor Bloch Equations with Semiclassical and Quantum Kinetic Scattering Integrals	p. 304
Femtosecond Four-Wave Mixing	p. 308
Femtosecond Coulomb Dephasing Kinetics	p. 311
Femtosecond Pump- and Probe Spectroscopy	p. 314
References
Spatio-Temporal Bloch Oscillations in GaAs/AlGaAs Superlattices	p. 323
Abstract	p. 323
Introduction	p. 323
Experimental Studies of Bloch Oscillations in Superlattices	p. 332
Real-Space Dynamics of Bloch Wave Packets	p. 333
Direct Measurement of the Wave Packet Displacement	p. 333
Control of the Amplitude by Changing Laser Excitation: Tuning Between Breathing Modes and Spatial Oscillations	p. 340
Influence of the Light-Hole and Anticrossings in the Wannier-Stark Ladder on Bloch Oscillation Dynamics	p. 346
Acknowledgements	p. 353
References	p. 353
Optical Anisotropy in Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures	p. 357
Abstract	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Macroscopic Considerations	p. 358
Electromagnetic Field in Semiconductor Crystals	p. 358
Symmetry of the Dielectric Tensor	p. 360
Microscopic Considerations	p. 370
Two-Level "Atom"	p. 371
Energy Spectrum in Crystals	p. 373
The Optical Matrix Elements in Crystals	p. 381
The Optical Anisotropy in Quantum Wells	p. 381
Acknowledgements	p. 389
References	p. 389
Luminescence Properties of Very Small Semi-Conductor Particles	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
Elementary Quantum Mechanics	p. 391
Particle in a Potential Well	p. 391
Particle in a Spherically Symmetric Potential	p. 393
Electron in a Coulomb Potential	p. 396
Particle in a Periodic Potential	p. 397
Electrons in a Crystal	p. 401
Density of States in Low Dimensional Structures	p. 404
Electrons, Holes and Excitons	p. 406
Low Dimensional Structures	p. 407
The Weak Confinement Regime	p. 408
The Strong Confinement Regime	p. 408
Quantum Confinement In Action	p. 409
Photoluminescence of Nano-Particles Prepared by Wet Chemical Precipitation	p. 411
Photoluminescence of Nano-Particles Prepared by Epitaxial Methods	p. 413
Photoluminescence from Doped Nano-Crystals	p. 413
Electroluminescence of Nano-Particles	p. 414
Outlook	p. 417
Acknowledgements	p. 418
References	p. 418
Percolation and Localization in Disordered Solid Solutions	p. 419
Abstract	p. 419
Introduction	p. 419
Diluted Ternary Solid Solutions with Strong Isoelectronic Perturbation: Isoelectronic Traps and Cluster States	p. 421
Main Characteristics of a Short Range Potential: Critical Energy of Perturbation	p. 422
Isoelectronic Traps: Historical Remarks	p. 422
Cluster States [Delta] [less than or equal] E[subscript CR]	p. 424
Exciton Localization by Cluster States: Experimental Data	p. 426
Single Band Approximation and Exciton Absorption Spectra	p. 428
Spectrum of Density of the Tail States (DOS)	p. 428
Zero-Phonon Absorption Band	p. 434
Luminescence Spectra of Localized Excitons	p. 435
Zero-Phonon Luminescence Band	p. 436
Shape of the Zero-Phonon Luminescence Band at Low Intensity of Excitation	p. 439
Exciton-Phonon Interaction and Optical Spectra ZnSe-Te Solid Solutions	p. 445
Long-time Kinetics of Exciton Luminescence: Manifestation of Conduction Band Tail States	p. 448
Sub-Microsecond Kinetics of Localized Exciton Luminescence: Experimental Results	p. 448
Long-Time Luminescence Kinetics: Model Description	p. 452
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 460
Acknowledgements	p. 461
References	p. 461
Spontaneous Emission within a Photonic Atom: Radiative Decay Rates and Spectroscopy of Levitated Microspheres	p. 465
Introduction	p. 465
Photonic Atom Physics 101	p. 470
Spontaneous Emission in Microspheres: Lifetime Effects and Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics	p. 476
Spontaneous Emission in Microspheres: Spectroscopy and the Radiation Reaction Model	p. 480
Summary, Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 486
Acknowledgements	p. 488
References	p. 489
Quantum Thermodynamics of a Single-Mode Field and of the Quantum Afterburner	p. 491
Introduction	p. 491
Ideal Gas inside a Cavity	p. 492
Single-Mode Photo Gas	p. 493
Multi-Mode Photon Gas	p. 496
Acknowledgement	p. 496
References	p. 497
Quantum Afterburner: Improving the Efficiency of an Ideal Heat Engine	p. 498
Fiber Lasers	p. 503
Abstract	p. 503
Introduction	p. 503
Fiber Modes	p. 505
Fiber Lasers	p. 507
Experimental Results	p. 510
Summary	p. 514
Acknowledgements	p. 514
Structures and Models of Glasses. Recent Developments in Optical Glasses	p. 515
Abstract	p. 515
Formation, Classification and Definition of a Glass	p. 515
Glass Formation from a Liquid Phase	p. 515
Glass Formation from a Gaseous Phase	p. 517
Glass Fromation from a Solid Phase	p. 517
The Vitreous Transition	p. 519
Definition of a Glass	p. 520
Main Vitrifiable Substances	p. 520
Study of the Short-Range Order or Local Order of The Basic Structural Units in Glasses	p. 521
X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy Applied to the Determination of the Coordination Number of Al in CaO-B[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]	p. 521
Atomic Environment of High-Field Strength Nd and Al Cations as Dopants and Major Components in Laser Siilicate Glasses: A Nd L[subscript III]-Edge and Al K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study	p. 522
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy Applied to the Determination of the Coordination Number of Cations	p. 524
Effect of the Introduction of Na[subscript 2]B[subscript 4]O[subscript 7] as an Actuator on Erbium Luminescence in Tellurite Glasses: A Study by Both Optical and Vibrational Spectroscopies	p. 524
Cr[superscript 3+] Nucleation Induced in a Cordierite Glass Studied by Small Angle Neutron Scattering, Laser Spectroscopy and Epr Techniques	p. 528
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Applied to Cation Clustering and Formation of Free Oxide Ions in Sodium and Potassium Lanthanum Silicate Glasses	p. 531
Mossbauer Investigation of Rare Earth Sites in Eu[superscript 3+] Ions Containing Glasses	p. 532
Site Selective Spectroscopy or Fluorescence Line Narrowong (FLN) Applied in Eu[superscript 3+]-Doped Aluminoborosilicate Nuclear Glass and Its Weathering Gels	p. 532
Pressure Effect on the Structure of Glasses	p. 535
Analysis of the Medium-Range Order, Ordering of Basic Structural Units or of Superstructural Units in A Scale Ranging from the Dimension of the Basic Structural Unit to Scales of at Least 2-5 nm	p. 536
Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy Applied to the Structure of Glasses	p. 536
Vibrational Dynamics and the Structure of Glasses	p. 537
Low-Temperature Specific Heats of Porous Silica Xerogels of Low Densities	p. 538
Recent Developments in Optical Glasses	p. 538
The Two-Level-Systems (TLS) in Glasses	p. 538
Hole-Burning and Sublinear Hole-Growth Dynamics in an Sm[superscript 2+]-Doped Aluminosilicate Glass at Room Temperature	p. 540
Saturation Effect on Multiphonon Relaxation Rates of Rare Earth Ions in Glasses at High Excitation Power	p. 541
Broad-Band 1.5 [mu]m Emission of Er[superscript 3+] Ions in Bismuth-Based Oxide Glasses for Potential Wavelenth-Division Multiplexing Amplifier	p. 542
Yb[superscript 3+]-Er[superscript 3+]-Codoped LaLiP[subscript 4]O[subscript 12] Glass for Eye-Safe Laser	p. 544
Nd-Doped Phosphate Glasses for High-Energy/High-Peak-Power Lasers	p. 546
Cr[superscript 4+]-Doped Silica Optical Fibres	p. 549
Anti-Stokes Laser-Induced Cooling of Yb[superscript 3+]-Doped Glass	p. 550
Photon Avalanche Up-Conversion Effect in Tm[superscript 3+]-Doped Fluoroindate Glasses at Room Temperature	p. 551
Influence of the Glass Structure and Doping Precursors on Rare Earth Clustering in Phosphate Glasses Analysed by Co-Operative Luminescence	p. 553
Conclusion	p. 554
References	p. 556
Free Electron Laser: Operating Principles	p. 559
Introduction	p. 559
Free Electron Devices	p. 560
Lorentz Transformations	p. 561
Doppler Effect	p. 562
Synchrotron Emission	p. 565
Undulator Emission	p. 569
Synchrotron Radiation Stimulated Emission	p. 575
Gain	p. 578
Efficiency	p. 583
Fel Line Broadening	p. 584
Free Electron Laser Components	p. 588
Conclusions	p. 591
References	p. 592
Interdisciplinary Lectures
Entanglement and Non-Separability in Quantum Mechanics	p. 593
Abstract	p. 593
Introduction	p. 593
Bell's Inequality	p. 598
Experimental Tests and Conclusions	p. 601
References	p. 605
Digging for the Skull of the Cyclops	p. 607
Abstract	p. 607
Introduction	p. 607
How do we or our ancestors look like?	p. 607
What should the skull of a Cyclops look like?	p. 609
Digging for the skulls of the Cyclopes	p. 611
What the skulls really are	p. 612
The hypothesis	p. 613
Acknowledgements	p. 614
References	p. 614
Long Seminars
Confined Structures Based on Point Defects in Lithium Fluoride Films: Optical Properties and Applications	p. 617
Introduction	p. 617
Optical Properties of Colour Centres in LiF	p. 618
Optical Properties of LiF Films	p. 621
Optical Properties of Point Defects in LiF Films	p. 622
Passive Optical Waveguides in LiF Films	p. 627
Active Optical Waveguides in LiF Films	p. 627
Conclusions	p. 629
Acknowledgements	p. 630
References	p. 631
Self-Organized Semiconductor Quantum Islands in a Semiconductor Matrix	p. 633
Abstract	p. 633
Introduction	p. 634
Advantages of a Reduced Dimensionality for Devices	p. 634
Fabrication Techniques: Stranski Krastanow Growth Mode	p. 635
Material Systems and Possible Applications	p. 637
CdSe/ZnSe QD Systems	p. 638
Classical Growth Methods	p. 638
Introducing Sulfur by Using CdS Compound Instead of Elemental Cd for Mbe	p. 643
Stacked CdSe Islands	p. 645
Summary	p. 648
Acknowledgements	p. 649
References	p. 649
Nasa Dial/Lidar Laser Technology Development Program	p. 653
Abstract	p. 653
Introduction	p. 653
Quantum Mechanical Model	p. 653
2-Micrometer Laser Development for CO[subscript 2] and Wind Velocity	p. 655
UV Laser Developments for Ozone	p. 657
UV Laser Technology Development for Aircraft	p. 657
UV Laser Technology Development for Space	p. 658
Nd: Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] UV Laser Technology Development for Space	p. 660
Compositionally Tuned, 0.994 [mu]m Laser for H[subscript 2]O Vapor, Clouds and Aerosols	p. 661
Summary	p. 662
Acknowledgement	p. 663
References	p. 664
Synthesis, Simulation & Spectroscopy: Physical Chemistry of Nanocrystals	p. 665
Abstract	p. 665
Introduction	p. 665
Dopant Pair-State Calculations	p. 666
Pair-States in a Bulk Crystal	p. 666
Differences in a Nanocrystal	p. 669
Simulations and Numerical Results	p. 670
General Formulation of the Problem	p. 675
An Example	p. 679
Single Nanocrystals	p. 680
Experimental	p. 680
Luminescence of a Single Nanocrystal	p. 682
Applications and Challenges for the Future	p. 689
Conclusions	p. 693
Acknowledgements	p. 694
References	p. 694
Optical Microcavities Based on Color Centers in LiF Films: New Solid State Miniaturized Light Sources	p. 697
Introduction	p. 697
Planar Optical Microcavities Based on Electron-Irradiated LiF Films	p. 698
References	p. 703
Short Seminars	p. 705
Optical Properties of II-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals	p. 705
Excitonic Transitions in Cuprous Oxide	p. 705
Time Resolved Near Field Spectroscopy on CdSe/ZnSe Quantum Island	p. 706
Growth and Electrical Characterisation of CdS/ZnSe Heterostructures	p. 706
Science for the Masses?	p. 707
Growth and Use of Concentration Gradient Samples for the Study of Dynamical Processes of Laser ResonantTransitions in RE Doped Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] (RE = Yb [superscript 3+], Er[superscript 3+], Ho[superscript 3+])	p. 707
Simplified Optical Assembly for Single-Molecule Spectroscopy	p. 708
Quantum Cutting Phosphors	p. 708
Splitting of X-Ray Diffraction and Photoluminescence Peaks in InGAN/GaN Layers	p. 709
Optical Properties of InGaN Alloys: An Unsolved Mystery	p. 710
Study of Irradiation Defects in Quantum Structures of Semiconductors A[subscript 3]B[subscript 5]	p. 710
Numerical Studies of Semiconductor Quantum Structures	p. 711
Visible Luminescence of Silicon Microstructures Fabricated with Femtosecond-Laser Irradiation	p. 711
Photodisruption in Single Cells Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses	p. 712
Strain and Indium Compositions Fluctuations in InGaN/GaN Wurzite Epitaxial Films Studied by Raman Spectroscopy	p. 712
Posters	p. 713
Dipole-Dipole Interaction Effect on the Optical Response of Quantum Dot Ensembles	p. 713
Effect of the Matrix on the Radiative Lifetimes of Rare Earth Doped Nanoparticles Embedded in Matrices	p. 714
Evidence for Long-Range Interactions of Rare Earth Ions Doped in Nanocrystals Embedded in Amorphous Matrices with two-level systems of the matrix	p. 714
Sol-Gel Processed Eu[superscript 2+] Doped Alkaline Earth Aluminates, MAl[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]:Eu[superscript 2+] (M = Ca, Sr)	p. 708
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering Studies	p. 709
Luminescence Center Excited State Absorption in Calcium and Zinc Tungsates	p. 716
Multi-Phonon Optical Transitions in Quantum Nanostructures Based on Ionic Crystals	p. 716
Strain and Composition in InGaN/GaN Layers	p. 717
Raman Spectroscopy Studies in InGaN/GaN Epitaxial Layers	p. 718
Thermal Effects of Nd PL Spectra in Garnet Hosts	p. 718
First Roundtable Discussion	p. 719
Second Roundtable Discussion	p. 720
Summary of the Course	p. 721
Index	p. 723
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