Speech Science Primer Physiology, Acoustics and Perception of Speech

by Borden, Gloria J.; Harris, Katherine S.; Raphael, Lawrence J.

• ISBN13: 9780781729536
• ISBN10: 078172953X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-08-12
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

This comprehensive textbook for speech pathology and audiology students covers the production, acoustics, and perception of normal speech. Other topics include anatomy, physiology, research methodology, and history and evolution of speech science. New to this completely revised Fourth Edition are: an updated section on computers in research, analysis and data processing; new material on MRI, PET, CAT and ultrasound imaging; and new and updated figures. Includes audio clip. For more information, visit http://connection.LWW.com/go/speechscience.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Acknowledgments	ix
Speech, Language, and Thought	1	(12)
Speech	2	(1)
Language	2	(1)
Thought	3	(2)
Thought Without Language	3	(1)
Thought and Language	4	(1)
Language and Speech As a Carrier for Thought	4	(1)
Development of Language and Speech	5	(3)
Learning Theory and Language	5	(1)
Innateness Theory	6	(1)
Linguistic Competence	6	(2)
From Thought To Speech	8	(5)
Pioneers in Speech Science	13	(10)
Acoustics of Speech	13	(2)
Hermann Von Helmholtz
Descriptive Phonetics	15	(1)
Henry Sweet
Teaching the Deaf	15	(1)
Alexander Graham Bell
Speech Physiology	16	(1)
R. H. Stetson
Electronic Synthesis of Continuous Speech	17	(1)
Homer W. Dudley
Speech Perception and the Pattern Playback	18	(2)
Franklin Cooper
Alvin Lieberman
Pierre Delattre
Since Then	20	(3)
Acoustics	23	(18)
An Example of Simple Harmonic Motion	23	(7)
Pure Tone
The Swing Analogy: Velocity Gradation in Simple Harmonic Motion	24	(1)
Particle Movement in Sound	25	(1)
Pressure Wave Movement in Sound	26	(2)
Essential Constituents of Sound	28	(1)
Interference Patterns	28	(2)
Complex Tones	30	(3)
Harmonics: Characteristics of Periodic Complex Tones	30	(2)
Aperiodic Complex Signals	32	(1)
Frequency and Pitch	33	(1)
The Decibel: A Measure of Relative Intensity	34	(2)
Intensity and Loudness	36	(1)
Velocity of Sound Through Space	37	(1)
Wavelength	38	(1)
Resonance	39	(1)
Acoustics and Speech	40	(1)
Speech Production I: The Raw Materials-Neurology, Respiration, and Phonation	41	(40)
Neurophysiology of Speech	42	(10)
The Brain	43	(1)
The Neuron	43	(2)
Control of Speaking in the Central Nervous System	45	(5)
Spoonerisms: Evidence for Planning	50	(1)
Peripheral Nervous System Control of Speaking	51	(1)
The Motor Unit	52	(1)
Respiration	52	(12)
Modification of Airstream for Speech Sounds	52	(1)
Negative-Pressure Breathing	53	(1)
The Respiratory Mechanism	54	(1)
Inspiration	55	(3)
Expiration	58	(6)
Phonation	64	(12)
Conversion of Air Pressure to Sound	64	(1)
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation	64	(1)
Framework of the Larynx	65	(3)
Vocal Fold Adjustments During Speech	68	(2)
Subglottal Air Pressure	70	(1)
The Bernoulli Effect	71	(1)
Vocal Fold Vibration	72	(1)
Fundamental Frequency	73	(2)
Voice Quality	75	(1)
Relation Between Frequency and Intensity	76	(1)
Summary	76	(5)
Speech Production II: The Finished Products-The Articulation and Acoustics of Speech Sounds	81	(70)
Articulation and Resonance	81	(37)
The Vocal Tract: Variable Resonator and Sound Source	81	(1)
Sequences of Sound Sources	82	(1)
Landmarks of the Vocal Tract	82	(3)
Acoustic Theory of Vowel Production	85	(2)
Source and Filter	87	(13)
Diphthong Production	100	(1)
Consonant Production	101	(15)
Summary	116	(2)
The Effects of Context on the Production of Speech Sounds	118	(6)
Assimilation	118	(3)
Suprasegmentals	121	(3)
Feedback Mechanisms in Speech	124	(7)
Auditory Feedback	125	(1)
Tactile Feedback	126	(1)
Proprioceptive Feedback	127	(2)
Internal Feedback	129	(1)
Developmental Research on Feedback Mechanisms	130	(1)
Models of Speech Production	131	(7)
Linguistically Oriented Models	132	(1)
Target Models	133	(2)
Timing Models	135	(1)
Closed Loop and Open Loop Models	136	(2)
Production of a Sentence	138	(13)
Speech Perception	151	(52)
The Listener	151	(1)
Hearing	152	(7)
The Outer Ear	153	(1)
The Middle Ear	154	(2)
The Inner Ear	156	(2)
The Auditory Nerve	158	(1)
Perception of Speech	159	(44)
Acoustic Cues in Speech Perception	159	(16)
Categorical Perception	175	(11)
Neurophysiology of Speech Perception	186	(4)
Theories of Speech Perception	190	(13)
Research Tools in Speech Science	203	(29)
Descriptive and Experimental Research	203	(1)
The Computer as a Research Tool	204	(1)
Speech Perception	204	(2)
Creating Stimuli: Waveform Editing	204	(1)
Creating Stimuli: Speech Synthesis	205	(1)
Perceptual Testing	206	(1)
Speech Production	206	(19)
Acoustic Analysis	206	(2)
Recording Speech	208	(1)
Waveform Analysis	208	(1)
Spectral Analysis	209	(1)
The Narrowband Spectrogram	210	(1)
The Wideband Spectrogram	211	(2)
Amplitude and Power Spectra	213	(1)
The Amplitude Display	214	(1)
Physiological Measurements	214	(1)
Muscle Activity	215	(2)
Respiratory Analysis	217	(4)
Laryngeal Function	221	(2)
Articulation Analysis	223	(2)
Measures of the Nervous System	225	(7)
Event-Related Potentials	225	(2)
An ERP Experiment on the Categorical Perception of Speech Sounds	227	(1)
Positron Emission Tomography	228	(1)
Some Experiments on Stuttering	228	(1)
Magnetic Imaging	229	(1)
An fMRI Experiment	229	(3)
Appendix A. Phonetic Alphabet for American English	232	(1)
Appendix B. Nerves Important for Speech and Hearing: Cranial and Spinal	233	(1)
Glossary	234	(12)
Index	246