Sponges (Porifera)

by Muller, Werner E. G.

• ISBN13: 9783540009689
• ISBN10: 354000968X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-09-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Sponges (phylum Porifera) are known to be very rich sources for bioactive compounds, mainly secondary metabolites. Main efforts are devoted to cell- and mariculture of sponges to assure a sustainable exploitation of bioactive compounds from biological starting material. These activities are flanked by improved technologies to cultivate bacteria and fungi which are associated with the sponges. It is the hope that by elucidating the strategies of interaction between microorganisms and their host (sponge), by modern cell and molecular biological methods, a more comprehensive cultivation of the symbiotic organisms will be possible. The next step in the transfer of knowledge to biotechnological applications is the isolation, characterization and structural determination of the bioactive compounds by sophisticated chemical approaches.

Table of Contents

Analysis of the Sponge [Porifera] Gene Repertoire: Implications for the Evolution of the Metazoan Body Plan	1	(34)
W.E.G. Müller, I.M. Müller
1 Introduction	2	(1)
2 Sponges	3	(2)
3 Adhesion Between Cells	5	(9)
3.1 Cell-Cell Adhesion in Sponges	6	(4)
3.1.1 Galectin	7	(1)
3.1.2 The 36-kDa Putative AF	8	(1)
3.1.3 The 86-kDa AF-Associated Polypeptide	9	(1)
3.1.4 The Core Structure of the AF	9	(1)
3.1.5 The Putative AR	9	(1)
3.2 Cell-Matrix Adhesion in Sponges	10	(4)
3.2.1 Collagen	10	(2)
3.2.2 Fibronectin	12	(1)
3.2.3 Integrin	13	(1)
4 Growth and Differentiation	14	(6)
4.1 Primmorphs	15	(1)
4.2 Canal Formation	15	(3)
4.3 Proliferation	18	(2)
5 Migration of Cells - Contraction in Cell Layers	20	(1)
6 Elements of a Neuronal Network	21	(1)
7 Secretion of Skeletal Elements	21	(1)
8 Morphogens	22	(3)
8.1 Proteins	22	(3)
9 Apoptosis	25	(1)
9.1 Induction of Apoptosis in Sponges	25	(1)
9.2 Induction of Expression of Apoptosis Genes in Sponges	25	(1)
10 Conclusion: Contribution to the Origin of the Metazoan Body Plan	26	(2)
References	28	(7)
Sponge-Associated Bacteria: General Overview and Special Aspects of Bacteria Associated with Halichondria panicea	35	(24)
J.F. Imhoff, R. Stöhr
1 Introduction	35	(2)
2 General Considerations	37	(9)
2.1 Microscope Observations	37	(1)
2.2 Cultivation of Sponge-Associated Bacteria	38	(2)
2.3 Molecular Genetic Analysis of Sponge-Associated Bacteria	40	(2)
2.4 Symbiosis Between Bacteria and Sponges	42	(1)
2.5 Biologically Active Substances from Sponge-Associated Bacteria	43	(3)
3 Bacteria Associated with Halichondria panicea	46	(7)
3.1 Eubacteria Isolated from Halichondria panicea	47	(2)
3.2 Molecular Diversity of Eubacteria Within Halichondria panicea	49	(3)
3.3 Diversity of the Cytophaga/Flavobacteria Group	52	(1)
4 Conclusions	53	(1)
References	54	(5)
Microbial Diversity of Marine Sponges	59	(30)
U. Hentschel, L. Fieseler, M. Wehrl, C. Gernert, M. Steinert, J. Hacker
1 Introduction	59	(1)
2 Sponge-Microbe Associations	60	(5)
2.1 Sponges as Ancient Niches for Microorganisms	60	(2)
2.2 Bacterial Localization	62	(2)
2.3 Bacterial Morphotypes	64	(1)
3 Tools of Molecular Microbial Ecology	65	(6)
3.1 Cultivation-Dependent Techniques	66	(1)
3.2 Cultivation-Independent Techniques	67	(4)
3.2.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization	69	(1)
3.2.2 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis	70	(1)
3.2.3 16S rDNA Library Construction	70	(1)
4 A Uniform Microbial Community in Sponges from Different Oceans	71	(8)
4.1 Sponge Model Systems	71	(3)
4.1.1 Aplysina aerophoba	71	(2)
4.1.2 Rhopaloides odorabile	73	(1)
4.1.3 Theonella swinhoei	74	(1)
4.2 The Microbial Signature of Sponges	74	(3)
4.3 Sponge-Microbe Interaction Model	77	(1)
4.4 The Paradigm of Sponge-Microbial Symbiosis	78	(1)
5 Biotechnological Potential of Sponge-Associated Microorganisms	79	(3)
6 Conclusions and Future Directions	82	(1)
References	83	(6)
Full Absolute Stereostructures of Natural Products Directly from Crude Extracts: the HPLC-MS/MS-NMR-CD 'Triad'	89	(28)
G. Bringmann, G. Lang
1 Introduction	90	(1)
2 Exemplarily for Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids: Constitutions and Relative Configurations by LC-MS/MS-NMR	90	(3)
3 Complemented by the LC-CD Option for the Online Assignment of Absolute Configurations: the Triad Is Complete!	93	(1)
4 Application of the Triad to the Online Structural Elucidation of New Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids and Related Compounds	94	(3)
5 An Application to Natural Phenylanthraquinones - Including Quantum Chemical CD Calculations and Total Synthesis	97	(6)
6 Stereochemistry of Axially Chiral Biscarbazoles in Plant Extracts, by LC-CD Coupling and CD Calculations	103	(1)
7 Without (True) Stereogenic Axes or Centers, but Chiral: a Bis-Bibenzyl Macrocycle	104	(1)
8 First Time in Marine Natural Products Analysis: the Analytical Triad HPLC-MS/MS-NMR-CD	105	(4)
9 Conclusions	109	(2)
References	111	(6)
Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Invertebrates and Associated Fungi	117	(26)
P. Proksch, R. Ebel, R.A. Edrada, V. Wray, K. Steube
1 Introduction: Some Current Issues of Marine Natural Products Research	117	(4)
2 Ecological Functions of Sponge Alkaloids	121	(6)
2.1 Defensive Pyridoacridine Alkaloids from the Tropical Sponge Oceanapia sp	122	(2)
2.2 Chemical Defense of Mediterranean Aplysina Sponges	124	(3)
3 Pharmacologically Active Constituents from Marine Invertebrates	127	(5)
3.1 Swinhoeiamide A: a New Calyculin Derivative from the Sponge Theonella swinhoei	127	(1)
3.2 Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from the Sponge Stylissa carteri (syn. Axinella carteri)	128	(1)
3.3 Staurosporine Derivatives from the Tunicate Eudistoma toealensis and the Flatworm Pseudoceros sp	129	(3)
4 Sponge-Associated Fungi as a New Source for Bioactive Metabolites	132	(5)
4.1 New Natural Products Isolated from Fungi Associated with the Marine Sponge Aplysina aerophoba	133	(2)
4.2 New Natural Products Isolated from Fungi Associated with the Marine Sponge Xestospongia exigua	135	(2)
5 Conclusions	137	(1)
References	138	(5)
Sustainable Use of Marine Resources: Cultivation of Sponges	143	(20)
F. Brümmer, M. Nickel
1 Introduction	144	(2)
2 In Situ Cultivation of Bath Sponges	146	(1)
3 Sponge Farming	147	(2)
4 Ex Situ Maintenance of Sponges in Aquaria	149	(5)
5 In Vitro Cultivation of Sponges	154	(3)
6 Conclusions and Future Directions	157	(1)
References	158	(5)
Sustainable Production of Bioactive Compounds from Sponges: Primmorphs as Bioreactors	163	(36)
H.C. Schroder, E Brümmer, E. Fattorusso, A. Aiello, M. Menna, S. de Rosa, R. Batel, W.E.G. Müller
1 Introduction	164	(4)
2 Origin of Biologically Active Compounds from Sponges	168	(2)
3 Biologically Active Compounds from S. domuncula	170	(5)
3.1 Neurotoxic Compound	170	(2)
3.2 Quinolinic Acid	172	(3)
4 The Primmorph System	175	(5)
4.1 Characteristics	176	(1)
4.2 Medium Design	177	(2)
4.3 Other Factors	179	(1)
4.4 Immunohistological Analysis of Primmorphs	180	(1)
5 Production of Bioactive Compounds in the Primmorph System	180	(6)
5.1 Avarol	181	(2)
5.2 (2'-5')Oligoadenylates	183	(3)
6 Future Directions	186	(5)
6.1 Immortalization/Cell Lines	188	(1)
6.2 Transfection	189	(2)
7 Conclusions	191	(1)
References	192	(7)
Approaches for a Sustainable Use of the Bioactive Potential in Sponges: Analysis of Gene Clusters, Differential Display of mRNA and DNA Chips	199	(32)
H.J. Breter, V.A. Grebenjuk, A. Skorokhod, W.E.G. Müller
1 Introduction	200	(1)
2 Genome of Porifera	201	(15)
2.1 Genome Size	201	(1)
2.2 Gene Density	202	(3)
2.2.1 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Cluster: G. cydonium	202	(2)
2.2.2 Allograft Inflammatory Factor [AIF] Cluster: S. domuncula	204	(1)
2.3 Intron Lengths	205	(9)
2.4 Gene Number	214	(2)
3 Nonrandom Distribution of Dinucleotide Repeats	216	(2)
4 Burst of Gene Duplication	218	(1)
5 Approaches to Identify Genes Involved in the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds	219	(8)
5.1 Analysis of the Expressed Genome of Sponges	220	(1)
5.2 Differential Display of mRNA, DNA Chips	221	(2)
5.3 DNA-Array Assay	223	(13)
5.3.1 DNA Arrays	223	(1)
5.3.2 RNA Extraction and Preparation of Probes	224	(1)
5.3.3 Hybridization	224	(2)
5.3.4 Detection	226	(1)
5.3.5 Example	226	(1)
6 Conclusions	227	(1)
References	228	(3)
Sorbicillactone A: a Structurally Unprecedented Bioactive Novel-Type Alkaloid from a Sponge-Derived Fungus	231	(24)
G. Bringmann, G. Lang, J. Mühlbacher, K. Schaumann, S. Steffens, P.G. Rytik, U. Hentschel, J. Morschhäuser, W.E.G. Müller
1 Introduction	232	(1)
2 Isolation and Cultivation of the Fungus	233	(2)
3 Online Analysis of the Extract by the Triad LC-M5/MS-NMR-CD: Hints at a Novel Structural Type	235	(1)
4 Isolation of the New Compound and Completion of the Structural Elucidation	236	(3)
4.1 Assignment of the Constitution and the Relative Configuration	236	(2)
4.2 Establishing the Absolute Configuration: by Quantum Chemical CD Calculations	238	(1)
5 Sorbicillactone A: a Unique, Novel-Type Structure and Its Presumable Biosynthetic Origin	239	(2)
6 Sorbicillactone A: a Natural Product with Strong - and Selective - Bioactivities	241	(8)
6.1 Antifungal Activity	242	(1)
6.2 Antibacterial Activity	242	(1)
6.3 Antiprotozoic Activity	242	(1)
6.4 Cytostatic Activity	243	(1)
6.5 Mode of Action of Sorbicillactone A on L5178y Cells	244	(3)
6.5.1 Determination of Apoptosis	244	(1)
6.5.2 Reversibility of the Inhibitory Effect of Sorbicillactone A on L5178y Cells	245	(1)
6.5.3 Effect of Sorbicillactone A on the Synthesis of Macromolecules In Vitro	246	(1)
6.6 Antiviral (HIV-1) Effect Caused by Sorbicillactone A	247	(2)
6.6.1 Protection by Sorbicillactone A Against Cytopathic Effects of HIV-1	247	(1)
6.6.2 Inhibition of Expression of HIV-1 Proteins	248	(1)
7 Summary and Future Perspectives	249	(1)
References	250	(5)
Subject Index	255