Sports Law

by Epstein, Adam

• ISBN13: 9780766823242
• ISBN10: 0766823245
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-11-27
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

For coaches, students, and administrators, paralegals, as well as those seeking a law degree in this field of study, this book introduces the relationship between law and sports, teaches the fundamentals, provides real-world insights, and explains many recent cases. The book is well-organized and helps readers not only understand the legal issues facing many in the sports industry, but how to seek the best professional advice. With numerous Web sites and other references, readers can conduct further research in a specific areas of interest in this fascinating study of sports law.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction to Sports Law	xxi
Sports Agents	1	(32)
Introduction	1	(1)
Who Is a Sports Agent?	1	(2)
Qualifications to Become a Sports Agent	2	(1)
Professional Leagues	2	(1)
Formal Education to Become an Agent	3	(1)
General Agency Law Principles	3	(1)
Fiduciary Duties	4	(1)
History of Sports Agency	4	(1)
Agent Hierarchy	5	(1)
Agent Roles	5	(1)
Other Sports Clients	6	(1)
Agent Regulation	6	(3)
State Regulation of Sports Agents	7	(1)
Testing Sports Agents	7	(2)
Exhibit 1--1: Uniform Athlete Agents Act	9	(7)
Importance of Focus of Agent Laws	14	(1)
Violators of State Agent Laws	14	(1)
Statutory Framework	15	(1)
Sports Agent as Lawyer	15	(1)
Professional Codes of Ethics	15	(1)
Sports Agent Fees	16	(1)
States Regulating Fees	16	(1)
Regulation by Players Associations/Unions	17	(1)
NFLPA	17	(1)
MLBPA	17	(1)
NHLPA	18	(1)
NBPA	18	(1)
Breach of Fiduciary Duty	18	(1)
NCAA Student Athletes Turning Professional	18	(2)
Professional Sports Counseling Panels	19	(1)
Exhibit 1--2: Excerpt of NCAA Rules Governing Agents	20	(8)
Summary	28	(1)
Key Terms	29	(1)
Additional Cases	29	(4)
Sports Contracts	33	(30)
Introduction	33	(1)
Sports Agents and Contracts	33	(1)
Personal Services Nature of Sports Contracts	34	(1)
Public Nature of Sports Contracts	34	(1)
The Occupation of ``Athlete''	34	(1)
General Contract Law Principles	35	(3)
Definition	35	(1)
Offer and Acceptance	35	(1)
Consideration	36	(1)
Statute of Frauds	36	(1)
Valid, Void, Voidable	37	(1)
Good Faith	37	(1)
Categories of Contracts	38	(2)
Team Contracts versus Individual Contracts	38	(1)
The Professional Services Contract	38	(1)
Endorsement Contracts	39	(1)
Appearance Contracts	39	(1)
Drafting the Sports Contract	40	(7)
Sports Contract Drafting Suggestions	40	(7)
Implied Contracts	47	(1)
Damages and Remedies for Breach	47	(10)
Types of Remedies	47	(10)
NCAA Contracts and Amateurism	57	(3)
Evolution of Amateurism	58	(1)
Other NCAA Contract Issues	59	(1)
Letter of Intent	59	(1)
Health Club Contracts	60	(1)
Major League Contracts	60	(1)
Summary	61	(1)
Key Terms	61	(1)
Additional Cases	62	(1)
Sports Torts	63	(24)
Introduction	63	(1)
General Tort Theories	64	(2)
Negligence	64	(1)
Contributory Negligence versus Comparative Negligence (Fault)	65	(1)
Gross Negligence and Recklessness	66	(1)
Spectator Injuries	66	(3)
No Fly Zones	69	(1)
Wrongful Death	69	(1)
Malpractice in Sports	69	(8)
Sports Officials	77	(1)
Workers Compensation	77	(1)
Insurance	78	(1)
Torts and Waivers	78	(1)
Ticket Stubs and Waivers	79	(1)
Minors and Waivers	79	(1)
Statutes of Limitation	79	(1)
Intentional Torts	80	(1)
Defamation of Character	80	(1)
Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations	81	(1)
Commercial Misappropriation	81	(1)
Products Liability	81	(1)
Strict Liability in Torts	82	(1)
Summary	82	(1)
Key Terms	83	(1)
Additional Cases	83	(4)
Sports Crimes	87	(16)
Introduction	87	(1)
Variety of Crimes	88	(1)
Relationship to Torts	88	(1)
Contact Sports	88	(1)
Crimes Unrelated to Sports Conduct	89	(1)
General Criminal Law Principles	89	(2)
Burden of Proof	89	(1)
Defenses to Crimes	89	(1)
Criminal Intent	90	(1)
Felony versus Misdemeanor	90	(1)
Assault and Battery	90	(1)
Sports Violence	91	(1)
Governmental Legislation	91	(1)
Internal League Controls	91	(1)
Crimes Agaist the Person	91	(4)
Illegitimate Sports Violence	91	(2)
Fans and Spectators	93	(1)
Sports Officials and Crimes	93	(1)
Sports Agent Crimes	94	(1)
Crimes Affecting the Public Health and Welfare	95	(3)
Ticket Scalping	95	(1)
Sports Gambling	96	(1)
Sports Bribery and Game Fixing	96	(2)
Crimes Against the Government	98	(1)
RICO	98	(1)
Illegal Drugs	98	(1)
Summary	99	(1)
Key Terms	99	(1)
Additional Cases	99	(4)
Title IX and Other Women's Issues	103	(24)
Introduction	103	(1)
Born from the Civil Rights Movement	103	(1)
College Sports	104	(1)
NCAA's Role in Promoting Compliance	105	(1)
Title IX Criticism	105	(1)
Grove City College v. Bell	105	(1)
Title IX Tests and Fundamentals	106	(1)
Test 1: Substantial Proportionality	106	(1)
Test 2: History of Expansion of Women's Programs	106	(1)
Test 3: Full and Effective Accommodation of Women's Interests	107	(1)
Evolution of Title IX	107	(7)
Cohen v. Brown University	107	(6)
NCAA v. Smith	113	(1)
Men and Title IX	114	(1)
Men's Programs Funding Women's Programs	114	(1)
Contact Sports Exception	114	(1)
Football	114	(1)
Men's Programs Cut Due to Title IX	115	(1)
General Accounting Office Releases Reports on Title IX	115	(2)
Report on Team Discontinuation	116	(1)
Other Women's Issues	117	(7)
Women Competing on Male Teams	117	(1)
Men Competing on Women's Teams	117	(1)
Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act	117	(4)
Equal Pay Act of 1963	121	(1)
Sexual Harassment	122	(1)
Family and Medical Leave Act	123	(1)
Health Clubs for Women Only	124	(1)
Summary	124	(1)
Key Terms	125	(1)
Additional Cases	125	(2)
Disabilities and Sports	127	(36)
Introduction	127	(1)
Relevant Statutes	127	(1)
High Schools	127	(1)
NCAA	128	(1)
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973	128	(1)
Proof of Discrimination under § 504	129	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act	129	(3)
Four Major ADA Categories	130	(1)
Reasonable Accommodation	130	(1)
What Is Impairment?	131	(1)
Undue Hardship	131	(1)
Not Covered	131	(1)
Proof of Discrimination under the ADA	131	(1)
Risks to Self and Other Participants	131	(1)
Role of EEOC	132	(1)
Alcohol and Other Drugs	132	(1)
Golfers and other Professional Sports	132	(6)
Possible Unfair Advantage	137	(1)
Martin's Supreme Court Decision	138	(1)
The Olinger Case	138	(1)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	138	(22)
Specific Disabilities	159	(1)
Age Limits and Eligibility	160	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act	160	(1)
Summary	161	(1)
Key Terms	161	(1)
Additional Cases	162	(1)
Drugs and Sports	163	(28)
Introduction	163	(1)
Performance-Enhancing versus Illegal Drugs	163	(1)
Constitutional Framework	164	(15)
Fourth Amendment	164	(1)
Fifth Amendment	165	(1)
Fourteenth Amendment	165	(14)
NCAA Regulation	179	(1)
Professional Sports	179	(1)
National Football League	180	(1)
The Olympic Games	180	(2)
International Olympic Committee Policies	180	(1)
Significant Historical Perspectives in Drug Testing	181	(1)
EXHIBIT 7--1: International Olympic Committee List of Banned Substances	182	(7)
Recent Drug Concerns: HGH and EPO	188	(1)
United States	188	(1)
Summary	189	(1)
Key Terms	189	(1)
Additional Cases	189	(2)
International Sports Issues	191	(28)
Introduction	191	(1)
Competition for and During the Olympic Games	192	(1)
American Legal Challenges	192	(1)
The Olympic Movement	192	(1)
International Political Landscape of the Olympic Games	193	(1)
1980 Boycott	193	(1)
Recent Politics	193	(1)
Olympic Structural Hierarchy	194	(3)
The International Olympic Committee	194	(1)
IOC Supremacy	194	(1)
International Federations	195	(1)
The National Olympic Committee	195	(1)
National Governing Bodies	195	(2)
The Amateur Sports Act of 1978	197	(1)
The 1998 Amendments to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978	198	(1)
International Legal Cases	198	(17)
1980 U.S. Boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games	198	(1)
Butch Reynolds's Battle Royal	199	(12)
The Tonya Harding's Legal Adventure	211	(1)
The 2000 Sydney Olympics	212	(1)
The 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games	213	(1)
Olympic Trademarks and the Internet	214	(1)
Summary	215	(1)
Key Terms	215	(1)
Additional Cases	216	(3)
Antitrust and Labor Issues in Sports	219	(22)
Introduction	219	(1)
The Federal Laws	220	(2)
Sherman Act	220	(1)
Clayton Act	220	(1)
Norris-LaGuardia Act	221	(1)
National Labor Relations Act	221	(1)
National Labor Relations Board	221	(1)
Judicial Analysis	222	(1)
Per Se Rule Analysis	222	(1)
Rule of Reason Analysis	222	(1)
Nonstatutory Labor Exemption	222	(1)
Mandatory Subjects of Collective Bargaining	223	(1)
Strikes and Lockouts	223	(1)
Antitrust in Professional Sports	223	(1)
Single Entity Structure	223	(1)
Historical Perspectives	224	(15)
Baseball	224	(1)
Football	225	(6)
Basketball	231	(1)
Hockey	232	(1)
Competitor Leagues	232	(1)
NCAA and Amateur Sports Cases	233	(6)
Summary	239	(1)
Key Terms	239	(1)
Additional Cases	239	(2)
Intellectual Property Issues in Sports	241	(16)
Introduction	241	(1)
History	241	(2)
Copyright Law	241	(1)
Fair Use	242	(1)
Patent Law	242	(1)
Trademark Law	242	(1)
Lanham Act	243	(1)
Licensing Trademarks	243	(1)
Protecting the Trademark	244	(1)
Licensing Revenues	244	(1)
Mascots and Trademarks	244	(6)
Ethnic Mascots	250	(2)
Recent Changes Involving Mascots	251	(1)
The Future of Ethnic Mascots	251	(1)
Ambush Marketing	252	(1)
The Internet and the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act	252	(1)
Cybersquatters	253	(1)
Summary	253	(1)
Key Terms	253	(1)
Additional Cases	254	(3)
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports	257	(20)
Introduction	257	(1)
ADR Generally	257	(1)
Federal and State Models	258	(1)
Important Federal Laws	259	(1)
Arbitration	259	(1)
The American Arbitration Association	260	(1)
Mediation	261	(1)
Med-Arb/Arb-Med and Minitrials	262	(1)
Constitutional Concerns	262	(1)
ADR in Professional Sports	263	(1)
ADR in Amateur Sports	264	(2)
National Collegiate Athletic Association	264	(1)
The United States Olympic Committee	265	(1)
International ADR: Court of Arbitration for Sport	265	(1)
Olympic ADR Cases	266	(1)
Dispute Resolution and Cyberspace	266	(1)
World Intellectual Property Organization	266	(1)
ADR Cases	267	(6)
Jessica Foschi	271	(1)
Ros Rebagliati	271	(1)
Matt Lindland	272	(1)
Apolo Ohno	272	(1)
Summary	273	(1)
Key Terms	273	(1)
Additional Cases	274	(3)
Religion and Sports	277	(8)
Introduction	277	(1)
First Amendment	278	(1)
Prayers Before Sports Contests	278	(1)
Prayers at Graduation Ceremonies	278	(1)
Three Tests	279	(1)
Sports-Related Cases	279	(2)
Chaudhuri	279	(1)
Santa Fe	280	(1)
Adler	280	(1)
The Future of Prayer at Sporting Events	281	(1)
Individual Athletes and Religious Expression	281	(1)
No Clear-Cut Answers	282	(1)
Summary	282	(1)
Key Terms	283	(1)
Additional Cases	283	(2)
Appendix A: Internet Resources	285	(4)
Appendix B: Amendments to the United States Constitution	289	(8)
Glossary	297	(8)
Index	305