Spss 11.0 Guide to Data Analysis

by Norusis, Marija J.; SPSS Inc.

• ISBN13: 9780130348302
• ISBN10: 0130348309
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback w/CD
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

A supplementary or core text for introductory courses in Data Analysis. Designed for use with SPSS 11.0, including the Student Version. This text provides an unintimidating introduction to data analysis and to SPSS. It uses real data to solve a variety of problemswith emphasis on data files that focus on topics of interest to today's studentsparticularly the role of the Internet in society.

Table of Contents

Part 1 Getting Started with SPSS
Introduction	1	(4)
About This Book	2	(3)
Getting Started with SPSS	2	(1)
Describing Data	2	(1)
Testing Hypotheses	3	(1)
Examining Relationships	3	(1)
Let's Get Started	3	(2)
An Introductory Tour of SPSS	5	(26)
Starting SPSS	5	(2)
Help Is Always at Hand	7	(1)
Copying the Data Files	7	(1)
Opening a Data File	8	(3)
Statistical Procedures	11	(10)
The Viewer Window	14	(3)
Viewer Objects	17	(4)
The Data Editor Window	21	(4)
Entering Non-Numeric Data	23	(1)
Clearing the Data Editor without Saving Changes	24	(1)
The SPSS Online Tutorial	25	(1)
The SPSS Toolbar	26	(1)
The SPSS Help System	27	(2)
Contextual Help	29	(1)
What's Next?	29	(2)
Sources of Data	31	(14)
Know Your Data	31	(1)
Survey Data	31	(8)
Asking the Question	32	(1)
Measuring Time	33	(1)
Selecting Participants	34	(1)
Selecting a Sample	35	(2)
General Social Survey	37	(1)
Random-Digit Dialing	38	(1)
Internet Surveys	39	(1)
Designing Experiments	39	(3)
Random Assignment	40	(1)
Minimizing Bias	41	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
What's Next?	43	(1)
Exercises	43	(2)
Part 2 Describing Data
Counting Responses	45	(30)
Describing Variables	46	(9)
A Simple Frequency Table	46	(5)
Sorting Frequency Tables	51	(1)
Pie Charts	52	(2)
Bar Charts	54	(1)
Summarizing Internet Time	55	(7)
Histograms	57	(2)
Mode and Median	59	(2)
Percentiles	61	(1)
Summary	62	(1)
What's Next?	62	(1)
How to Obtain a Frequency Table	63	(3)
Format: Appearance of the Frequency Table	64	(1)
Statistics: Univariate Statistics	64	(1)
Charts: Bar Charts, Pie Charts, and Histograms	65	(1)
Exercises	66	(9)
Computing Descriptive Statistics	75	(24)
Summarizing Data	76	(6)
Scales of Measurement	76	(2)
Mode, Median, and Arithmetic Average	78	(1)
Comparing Mean and Median	79	(3)
Summarizing Time Spent Online	82	(3)
Measures of Variability	85	(3)
Range	86	(1)
Variance and Standard Deviation	86	(1)
The Coefficient of Variation	87	(1)
Standard Scores	88	(2)
Summary	90	(1)
What's Next?	90	(1)
How to Obtain Univariate Descriptive Statistics	91	(2)
Options: Choosing Statistics and Sorting Variables	92	(1)
Exercises	93	(6)
Comparing Groups	99	(14)
Age, Education, and Internet Use	100	(4)
Plotting Means	101	(1)
Layers: Defining Subgroups by More than One Variable	101	(3)
Summary	104	(1)
What's Next?	105	(1)
How to Obtain Subgroup Means	105	(3)
Layers: Defining Subgroups by More than One Variable	106	(1)
Options: Additional Statistics and Display of Labels	107	(1)
Exercises	108	(5)
Looking at Distributions	113	(24)
Marathon Completion Times	114	(13)
Age and Gender	116	(8)
Marathon Times for Mature Runners	124	(3)
Summary	127	(1)
What's Next?	127	(1)
How to Explore Distributions	127	(5)
Explore Statistics	129	(1)
Graphical Displays	129	(2)
Options	131	(1)
Exercises	132	(5)
Counting Responses for Combinations of Variables	137	(28)
Library Use and Education	138	(13)
Row and Column Percentages	140	(3)
Bar Charts	143	(2)
Adding Control Variables	145	(2)
Library Use and the Internet	147	(4)
Summary	151	(1)
What's Next?	151	(1)
How to Obtain a Crosstabulation	151	(5)
Layers: Three or More Variables at Once	153	(1)
Cells: Percentages, Expected Counts, and Residuals	154	(1)
Bivariate Statistics	155	(1)
Format: Adjusting the Table Format	155	(1)
Exercises	156	(9)
Plotting Data	165	(30)
Examining Population Indicators	166	(14)
Simple Scatterplots	166	(4)
Sunflower Plots	170	(1)
Scatterplot Matrices	171	(1)
Overlay Plots	172	(3)
Three-Dimensional Plots	175	(3)
Identifying Unusual Points	178	(1)
Rotating 3-D Scatterplots	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
What's Next?	180	(1)
How to Obtain a Scatterplot	180	(11)
Obtaining a Simple Scatterplot	181	(1)
Obtaining an Overlay Scatterplot	182	(1)
Obtaining a Scatterplot Matrix	183	(1)
Obtaining a 3-D Scatterplot	184	(1)
Scatterplot Options	185	(3)
Case Identification	188	(2)
Rotating a 3-D Scatterplot	190	(1)
Exercises	191	(4)
Part 3 Testing Hypotheses
Evaluating Results from Samples	195	(14)
From Sample to Population	196	(10)
A Computer Model	196	(5)
The Effect of Sample Size	201	(2)
The Binomial Test	203	(3)
Summary	206	(1)
What's Next?	206	(1)
Exercises	207	(2)
The Normal Distribution	209	(20)
The Normal Distribution	209	(11)
Samples from a Normal Distribution	213	(1)
Means from a Normal Population	213	(2)
Are the Sample Results Unlikely?	215	(2)
Testing a Hypothesis	217	(1)
Means from Non-Normal Distributions	218	(1)
Means from a Uniform Distribution	218	(2)
Summary	220	(1)
What's Next?	220	(1)
Exercises	221	(8)
Testing a Hypothesis about a Single Mean	229	(20)
Examining the Data	230	(2)
The T Distribution	232	(3)
Calculating the T Statistic	234	(1)
Confidence Intervals	235	(5)
Other Confidence Levels	238	(1)
Confidence Interval for a Difference	239	(1)
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests	239	(1)
Null Hypotheses and Alternative Hypotheses	240	(2)
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis	241	(1)
Summary	242	(1)
What's Next?	242	(1)
How to Obtain a One-Sample T Test	243	(1)
Options: Confidence Level and Missing Data	243	(1)
Exercises	244	(5)
Testing a Hypothesis about Two Related Means	249	(16)
Marathon Runners in Paired Designs	250	(5)
Looking at Differences	251	(2)
Is the Mean Difference Zero?	253	(1)
Two Approaches	253	(2)
The Paired-Samples T Test	255	(4)
Are You Positive?	256	(1)
Some Possible Problems	257	(1)
Examining Normality	257	(2)
Summary	259	(1)
What's Next?	259	(1)
How to Obtain a Paired-Samples T Test	260	(2)
Options: Confidence Level and Missing Data	261	(1)
Exercises	262	(3)
Testing a Hypothesis about Two Independent Means	265	(32)
Examining Television Viewing	266	(8)
Distribution of Differences	269	(1)
Standard Error of the Mean Difference	270	(1)
Computing the T Statistic	270	(1)
Output from the Two-Independent-Samples T Test	271	(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Mean Difference	272	(1)
Testing the Equality of Variances	273	(1)
Effect of Outliers	274	(2)
Introducing Education	276	(12)
Can You Prove the Null Hypothesis?	282	(1)
Interpreting the Observed Significance Level	283	(1)
Power	284	(1)
Monitoring Death Rates	284	(3)
Does Significant Mean Important?	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
What's Next?	288	(1)
How to Obtain an Independent-Samples T Test	288	(3)
Define Groups: Specifying the Subgroups	290	(1)
Options: Confidence Level and Missing Data	290	(1)
Exercises	291	(6)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	297	(28)
Hours in a Work Week	298	(11)
Describing the Data	298	(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Group Means	299	(1)
Testing the Null Hypothesis	300	(1)
Assumptions Needed for Analysis of Variance	301	(2)
Analyzing the Variability	303	(2)
Comparing the Two Estimates of Variability	305	(1)
The Analysis-of-Variance Table	305	(4)
Multiple Comparison Procedures	309	(7)
Television Viewing, Education, and Internet Use	312	(4)
Summary	316	(1)
What's Next?	316	(1)
How to Obtain a One-Way Analysis of Variance	316	(4)
Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons: Finding the Difference	317	(1)
Options: Statistics and Missing Data	318	(2)
Exercises	320	(5)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance	325	(30)
The Design	326	(14)
Examining the Data	328	(1)
Testing Hypotheses	329	(4)
Degree and Gender Interaction	333	(1)
Necessary Assumptions	334	(1)
Analysis-of-Variance Table	335	(1)
Testing the Degree-by-Gender Interaction	336	(1)
Testing the Main Effects	337	(1)
Removing the Interaction Effect	338	(2)
Where Are the Differences?	340	(1)
Multiple Comparison Results	340	(3)
Checking Assumptions	341	(2)
A Look at Television	343	(2)
Extensions	345	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
What's Next?	345	(1)
How to Obtain a GLM Univariate Analysis	346	(5)
GLM Univariate: Model	347	(1)
GLM Univariate: Plots	348	(1)
GLM Univariate: Post Hoc	349	(1)
GLM Univariate: Options	349	(1)
GLM Univariate: Save	350	(1)
Exercises	351	(4)
Comparing Observed and Expected Counts	355	(22)
Freedom or Manners?	356	(11)
Observed and Expected Counts	357	(2)
The Chi-Square Statistic	359	(5)
A Larger Table	364	(3)
Does College Open Doors?	367	(1)
A One-Sample Chi-Square Test	368	(2)
Power Concerns	370	(1)
Summary	371	(1)
What's Next?	371	(1)
Exercises	372	(5)
Nonparametric Tests	377	(30)
Nonparametric Tests for Paired Data	378	(10)
Sign Test	381	(3)
Wilcoxon Test	384	(2)
Who's Sending E-mail?	386	(2)
Mann-Whitney Test	388	(2)
Kruskal-Wallis Test	390	(1)
Friedman Test	391	(3)
Summary	394	(1)
How to Obtain Nonparametric Tests	394	(9)
Chi-Square Test	394	(2)
Binomial Test	396	(1)
Two-Independent-Samples Tests	397	(1)
Several-Independent-Samples Tests	398	(2)
Two-Related-Samples Tests	400	(1)
Several-Related-Samples Tests	401	(1)
Options: Descriptive Statistics and Missing Values	402	(1)
Exercises	403	(4)
Part 4 Examining Relationships
Measuring Association	407	(28)
Components of the Justice System	408	(3)
Proportional Reduction in Error	411	(6)
Measures of Association for Ordinal Variables	417	(9)
Concordant and Discordant Pairs	418	(1)
Measures Based on Concordant and Discordant Pairs	419	(3)
Evaluating the Components	422	(1)
Measuring Agreement	423	(2)
Correlation-Based Measures	425	(1)
Measures Based on the Chi-Square Statistic	426	(4)
Summary	430	(1)
What's Next?	430	(1)
Exercises	431	(4)
Linear Regression and Correlation	435	(36)
Life Expectancy and Birthrate	436	(6)
Choosing the ``Best'' Line	437	(5)
Calculating the Least-Squares Line	442	(11)
Calculating Predicted Values and Residuals	444	(1)
Determining How Well the Line Fits	445	(4)
Explaining Variability	449	(1)
Some Warnings	450	(3)
Summary	453	(1)
What's Next?	453	(1)
How to Obtain a Linear Regression	453	(9)
Statistics: Further Information on the Model	455	(1)
Residual Plots: Basic Residual Analysis	456	(2)
Linear Regression Save: Creating New Variables	458	(2)
Linear Regression Options	460	(2)
Exercises	462	(9)
Testing Regression Hypotheses	471	(22)
The Population Regression Line	471	(2)
Assumptions Needed for Testing Hypotheses	472	(1)
Testing Hypotheses	473	(3)
Testing that the Slope Is Zero	474	(2)
Confidence Intervals for the Slope and Intercept	476	(1)
Predicting Life Expectancy	476	(6)
Predicting Means and Individual Observations	477	(1)
Standard Error of the Predicted Mean	478	(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Predicted Means	479	(1)
Prediction Intervals for Individual Cases	480	(2)
Summary	482	(1)
What's Next?	482	(1)
How to Obtain a Bivariate Correlation	482	(2)
Options: Additional Statistics and Missing Data	484	(1)
How to Obtain a Partial Correlation	484	(3)
Options: Additional Statistics and Missing Data	486	(1)
Exercises	487	(6)
Analyzing Residuals	493	(24)
Residuals	494	(11)
Standardized Residuals	495	(1)
Studentized Residuals	496	(1)
Checking for Normality	497	(3)
Checking for Constant Variance	500	(2)
Checking Linearity	502	(3)
Checking Independence	505	(1)
A Final Comment on Assumptions	506	(1)
Looking for Influential Points	506	(4)
Studentized Deleted Residuals	509	(1)
Summary	510	(1)
What's Next?	510	(1)
Exercises	510	(7)
Building Multiple Regression Models	517	(34)
Predicting Life Expectancy	518	(13)
The Model	518	(1)
Assumptions for Multiple Regression	519	(1)
Examining the Variables	520	(2)
Looking at How Well the Model Fits	522	(2)
Examining the Coefficients	524	(2)
Interpreting the Partial Regression Coefficients	526	(1)
Changing the Model	527	(1)
Partial Correlation Coefficients	528	(1)
Tolerance and Multicollinearity	529	(1)
Beta Coefficients	530	(1)
Building a Regression Model	531	(9)
Methods for Selecting Variables	532	(8)
Summary	540	(1)
What's Next?	540	(1)
How to Obtain a Multiple Linear Regression	541	(3)
Options: Variable Selection Criteria	542	(2)
Exercises	544	(7)
Multiple Regression Diagnostics	551	(76)
Examining Normality	552	(2)
Scatterplots of Residuals	554	(3)
Leverage	557	(1)
Changes in the Coefficients	558	(1)
Cook's Distance	559	(1)
Plots against Independent Variables	560	(4)
Partial Regression Plot	563	(1)
Why Bother?	564	(1)
Summary	564	(1)
Exercises	565	(4)
Appendices
A Obtaining Charts in SPSS	569	(16)
Overview	569	(1)
Creating Bar Charts	570	(1)
Creating a Chart Comparing Groups of Cases	570	(2)
Data Summary Options	572	(1)
Creating a Chart Comparing Several Variables	573	(2)
Changing the Summary Statistic	575	(1)
Options in Creating Charts	576	(1)
Modifying Charts	576	(1)
Modifying Chart Options	577	(1)
Modifying Chart Formats	578	(1)
Hints on Editing Charts	578	(1)
Saving Chart Files	579	(1)
Line and Area Charts	579	(1)
Pie Charts	580	(1)
Boxplots	580	(1)
Case Labels	581	(1)
Error Bar Charts	581	(1)
Histograms	582	(1)
Normal Probability Plots	583	(2)
B Transforming and Selecting Data	585	(21)
Data Transformations	585	(1)
Transformations at a Glance	586	(1)
Saving Changes	587	(1)
Delaying Processing of Transformations	587	(1)
Recoding Values	588	(4)
Computing Variables	592	(1)
The Calculator Pad	593	(3)
Automatic Recoding	596	(2)
Conditional Transformations	598	(4)
Case Selection	602	(1)
Temporary or Permanent Selection	603	(2)
Other Selection Methods	605	(1)
C The T Distribution	606	(2)
D Areas under the Normal Curve	608	(3)
E Descriptions of Data Files	611	(2)
F Answers to Selected Exercises	613	(14)
Bibliography	627	(2)
Index	629