Spss 9.0 Guide to Data Analysis

by Norusis, Marija J.

• ISBN13: 9780130203991
• ISBN10: 0130203998
• Edition: Disk
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book provides a jump start on describing data, testing hypotheses, and examining relationships using SPSS. Chapter exercises provide comprehensive examples of basic statistical techniques and to ensure that you're on the right track, solutions to selected exercises are now included. In addition, data files specific to chapter examples and exercises (including the General Social Survey) are provided. This combination of examples, exercises, and data files gives you hands-on experience finding meaning in data and reduces your learning curve. An Instructor's Manual is available upon request.

Table of Contents

Part 1 Getting Started with SPSS
Introduction	1	(4)
About This Book	2	(3)
Getting Started with SPSS	2	(1)
Describing Data	2	(1)
Testing Hypotheses	3	(1)
Examining Relationships	3	(1)
Let's Get Started	4	(1)
An Introductory Tour: SPSS for Windows	5	(26)
Starting SPSS for Windows	5	(2)
Help Is Always at Hand	7	(1)
Copying the Data Files	7	(1)
Opening a Data File	8	(3)
Statistical Procedures	11	(10)
The Viewer Window	14	(2)
Viewer Objects	16	(5)
The Data Editor Window	21	(4)
Entering Non-Numeric Data	23	(1)
Clearing the Data Editor without Saving Changes	24	(1)
The SPSS Online Tutorial	25	(1)
The SPSS Toolbar	26	(1)
The SPSS Help System	27	(2)
Contextual Help	29	(1)
What's Next?	29	(2)
Part 2 Describing Data
Counting Responses	31	(28)
Describing Variables	32	(9)
A Simple Frequency Table	33	(5)
Sorting Frequency Tables	38	(1)
Pie Charts	39	(1)
Bar Charts	40	(1)
Summarizing the Age Variable	41	(6)
Histograms	43	(1)
Mode and Median	44	(2)
Percentiles	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
What's Next?	47	(1)
How to Obtain a Frequency Table	48	(11)
Format: Appearance of the Frequency Table	49	(1)
Statistics: Univariate Statistics	49	(1)
Charts: Bar Charts, Pie Charts, and Histograms	50	(1)
Exercises	51	(8)
Computing Descriptive Statistics	59	(18)
Summarizing Data	60	(4)
Scales of Measurement	60	(2)
Mode, Median, and Arithmetic Average	62	(1)
Comparing Mean and Median	63	(1)
Measures of Variability	64	(3)
Range	64	(1)
Variance and Standard Deviation	65	(1)
The Coefficient of Variation	66	(1)
Standard Scores	67	(2)
Summary	69	(1)
What's Next?	69	(1)
How to Obtain Univariate Descriptive Statistics	69	(8)
Options: Choosing Statistics and Sorting Variables	71	(1)
Exercises	72	(5)
Comparing Groups	77	(14)
Education and Job Satisfaction	78	(4)
Plotting Mean and Standard Deviation	78	(1)
Layers: Defining Subgroups by More than One Variable	79	(3)
Summary	82	(1)
What's Next?	82	(1)
How to Obtain Subgroup Means	83	(8)
Layers: Defining Subgroups by More than One Variable	84	(1)
Options: Additional Statistics and Display of Labels	85	(1)
Exercises	86	(5)
Looking at Distributions	91	(20)
Age and Job Satisfaction	91	(5)
Identifying Extreme Values	93	(2)
Percentiles	95	(1)
Plots	96	(6)
Histograms and Stem-and-Leaf Plots	96	(4)
Boxplots	100	(2)
Summary	102	(1)
What's Next?	102	(1)
How to Explore Distributions	102	(9)
Explore Statistics	104	(1)
Graphical Displays	104	(2)
Options	106	(1)
Exercises	107	(4)
Counting Responses for Combinations of Variables	111	(22)
Income and Job Satisfaction	112	(9)
Row and Column Percentages	114	(3)
Bar Charts	117	(2)
Adding Control Variables	119	(2)
Summary	121	(1)
What's Next?	121	(1)
How to Obtain a Crosstabulation	122	(11)
Layers: Three or More Variables at Once	123	(1)
Cells: Percentages, Expected Counts, and Residuals	124	(1)
Bivariate Statistics	125	(1)
Format: Adjusting the Table Format	125	(1)
Exercises	126	(7)
Plotting Data	133	(30)
Examining Population Indicators	134	(14)
Simple Scatterplots	134	(4)
Sunflower Plots	138	(1)
Scatterplot Matrices	139	(1)
Overlay Plots	140	(3)
Three-Dimensional Plots	143	(3)
Identifying Unusual Points	146	(1)
Rotating 3-D Scatterplots	147	(1)
Summary	148	(1)
What's Next?	148	(1)
How to Obtain a Scatterplot	148	(15)
Obtaining a Simple Scatterplot	149	(1)
Obtaining an Overlay Scatterplot	150	(1)
Obtaining a Scatterplot Matrix	151	(1)
Obtaining a 3-D Scatterplot	152	(1)
Scatterplot Options	153	(3)
Case Identification	156	(2)
Rotating a 3-D Scatterplot	158	(1)
Exercises	159	(4)
Part 3 Testing Hypotheses
Evaluating Results from Samples	163	(14)
From Sample to Population	164	(10)
A Computer Model	164	(5)
The Effect of Sample Size	169	(2)
The Binomial Test	171	(3)
Summary	174	(1)
What's Next?	174	(3)
Exercises	175	(2)
The Normal Distribution	177	(20)
The Normal Distribution	177	(12)
Samples from a Normal Distribution	181	(1)
Means from a Normal Population	182	(2)
Are the Sample Results Unlikely?	184	(2)
Testing a Hypothesis	186	(1)
Means from Non-Normal Distributions	186	(1)
Means from a Uniform Distribution	187	(2)
Summary	189	(1)
What's Next?	189	(8)
Exercises	190	(7)
Testing a Hypothesis about a Single Mean	197	(20)
The Mythical Work Week	198	(2)
Examining the Data	198	(2)
The T Distribution	200	(3)
Calculating the T Statistic	202	(1)
Confidence Intervals	203	(5)
Other Confidence Levels	207	(1)
Confidence Interval and Difference	207	(1)
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests	208	(1)
Null Hypotheses and Alternative Hypotheses	208	(3)
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis	210	(1)
Summary	211	(1)
What's Next?	211	(1)
How to Obtain a One-Sample T Test	212	(5)
Options: Confidence Level and Missing Data	212	(1)
Exercises	213	(4)
Testing a Hypothesis about Two Related Means	217	(16)
Marathon Runners in Paired Designs	218	(5)
Looking at Differences	219	(2)
Is the Mean Difference Zero?	221	(1)
Two Approaches	221	(2)
The Paired-Samples T Test	223	(4)
Are You Positive?	224	(1)
Some Possible Problems	225	(1)
Examining Normality	225	(2)
Summary	227	(1)
What's Next?	228	(1)
How to Obtain a Paired-Samples T Test	228	(5)
Options: Confidence Level and Missing Data	229	(1)
Exercises	230	(3)
Testing a Hypothesis about Two Independent Means	233	(26)
Looking at Age Differences	234	(7)
Descriptive Statistics	235	(1)
Distribution of Differences	235	(1)
Standard Error of the Mean Difference	236	(1)
Computing the T Statistic	236	(1)
Output from the Two Independent-Samples T Test	237	(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Mean Difference	238	(2)
Testing the Equality of Variances	240	(1)
Comparing Education	241	(8)
Can You Prove the Null Hypothesis?	243	(1)
Interpreting the Observed Significance Level	244	(1)
Power	245	(1)
Monitoring Death Rates	246	(3)
Does Significant Mean Important?	249	(1)
Summary	249	(1)
What's Next?	249	(1)
How to Obtain an Independent-Samples T Test	250	(9)
Define Groups: Specifying the Subgroups	251	(1)
Options: Confidence Level and Missing Data	252	(1)
Exercises	253	(6)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	259	(22)
Hours in a Work Week	260	(10)
Describing the Data	260	(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Group Means	261	(1)
Testing the Null Hypothesis	262	(1)
Assumptions Needed for Analysis of Variance	263	(1)
Analyzing the Variability	264	(2)
Comparing the Two Estimates of Variability	266	(1)
The Analysis-of-Variance Table	267	(3)
Multiple Comparison Procedures	270	(4)
Summary	274	(1)
What's Next?	274	(1)
How to Obtain a One-Way Analysis of Variance	274	(7)
Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons: Finding the Difference	276	(1)
Statistics and Missing Data	276	(1)
Exercises	277	(4)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance	281	(28)
The Design	282	(14)
Examining the Data	283	(2)
Testing Hypotheses	285	(4)
Degree and Gender Interaction	289	(1)
Necessary Assumptions	290	(1)
Analysis-of-Variance Table	291	(1)
Testing the Degree-by-Gender Interaction	292	(1)
Testing the Main Effects	293	(1)
Removing the Interaction Effect	294	(2)
Where Are the Differences?	296	(1)
Multiple Comparison Results	296	(3)
Checking Assumptions	297	(2)
Extensions	299	(1)
Summary	300	(1)
What's Next?	300	(1)
How to Obtain a GLM Univariate Analysis	301	(8)
GLM Univariate: Model	302	(1)
GLM Univariate: Plots	303	(1)
GLM Univariate: Post Hoc	304	(1)
GLM Univariate: Options	304	(1)
GLM Univariate: Save	305	(1)
Exercises	306	(3)
Comparing Observed and Expected Counts	309	(16)
Education and Anomia	309	(6)
Observed and Expected Counts	310	(2)
The Chi-Square Statistic	312	(3)
College Degrees and Perception of Life	315	(3)
A Larger Table	316	(2)
A One-Sample Chi-Square Test	318	(2)
Power Concerns	320	(1)
Summary	321	(1)
What's Next?	321	(4)
Exercises	322	(3)
Nonparametric Tests	325	(24)
Nonparametric Tests for Paired Data	326	(6)
Sign Test	326	(2)
McNemar's Test	328	(2)
Wilcoxon Test	330	(2)
Mann-Whitney Test	332	(2)
Kruskal-Wallis Test	334	(1)
Runs Test	335	(2)
Summary	337	(1)
How to Obtain Nonparametric Tests	337	(12)
Chi-Square Test	337	(2)
Binomial Test	339	(1)
Runs Test	340	(1)
Two-Independent-Samples Tests	341	(1)
Several-Independent-Samples Tests	342	(1)
Two-Related-Samples Tests	343	(2)
Options: Descriptive Statistics and Missing Values	345	(1)
Exercises	346	(3)
Part 4 Examining Relationships
Measuring Association	349	(24)
The Strength of a Relationship	350	(2)
Measures of Association	351	(1)
Measures of Association for Nominal Variables	352	(8)
Measures Based on Chi-Square	352	(2)
Proportional Reduction in Error	354	(6)
Measures of Association for Ordinal Variables	360	(8)
Concordant and Discordant Pairs	361	(1)
Measures Based on Concordant and Discordant Pairs	362	(3)
Correlation-Based Measures	365	(1)
Measuring Agreement	366	(2)
Summary	368	(1)
What's Next?	368	(5)
Exercises	369	(4)
Linear Regression and Correlation	373	(34)
Life Expectancy and Birthrate	374	(6)
Choosing the ``Best'' Line	375	(5)
Calculating the Least-Squares Line	380	(11)
Calculating Predicted Values and Residuals	382	(1)
Determining How Well the Line Fits	383	(4)
Explaining Variability	387	(2)
Some Warnings	389	(2)
Summary	391	(1)
What's Next?	391	(1)
How to Obtain a Linear Regression	392	(15)
Statistics: Further Information on the Model	393	(1)
Residual Plots: Basic Residual Analysis	394	(2)
Linear Regression Save: Creating New Variables	396	(2)
Linear Regression Options	398	(1)
Exercises	399	(8)
Testing Regression Hypotheses	407	(24)
The Population Regression Line	407	(2)
Assumptions Needed for Testing Hypotheses	408	(1)
Testing Hypotheses	409	(3)
Testing that the Slope Is Zero	410	(2)
Confidence Intervals for the Slope and Intercept	412	(1)
Predicting Life Expectancy	412	(7)
Predicting Means and Individual Observations	413	(1)
Standard Error of the Predicted Mean	414	(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Predicted Means	415	(2)
Prediction Intervals for Individual Cases	417	(2)
Summary	419	(1)
What's Next?	419	(1)
How to Obtain a Bivariate Correlation	419	(3)
Options: Additional Statistics and Missing Data	421	(1)
How to Obtain a Partial Correlation	422	(9)
Options: Additional Statistics and Missing Data	423	(1)
Exercises	424	(7)
Analyzing Residuals	431	(24)
Residuals	432	(11)
Standardized Residuals	433	(1)
Studentized Residuals	434	(1)
Checking for Normality	435	(3)
Checking for Constant Variance	438	(2)
Checking Linearity	440	(3)
Checking Independence	443	(1)
A Final Comment on Assumptions	444	(1)
Looking for Influential Points	445	(3)
Studentized Deleted Residuals	447	(1)
Summary	448	(1)
What's Next?	448	(7)
Exercises	449	(6)
Building Multiple Regression Models	455	(34)
Predicting Life Expectancy	456	(13)
The Model	456	(1)
Assumptions for Multiple Regression	457	(1)
Examining the Variables	458	(2)
Looking at How Well the Model Fits	460	(2)
Examining the Coefficients	462	(2)
Interpreting the Partial Regression Coefficients	464	(1)
Changing the Model	465	(1)
Partial Correlation Coefficients	466	(1)
Tolerance and Multicollinearity	467	(1)
Beta Coefficients	468	(1)
Building a Regression Model	469	(9)
Methods for Selecting Variables	470	(8)
Summary	478	(1)
What's Next?	478	(1)
How to Obtain a Multiple Linear Regression	479	(10)
Options: Variable Selection Criteria	480	(2)
Exercises	482	(7)
Multiple Regression Diagnostics	489	(78)
Examining Normality	490	(2)
Scatterplots of Residuals	492	(3)
Leverage	495	(1)
Changes in the Coefficients	496	(1)
Cook's Distance	497	(1)
Plots against Independent Variables	498	(4)
Partial Regression Plot	501	(1)
Why Bother?	502	(1)
Summary	502	(7)
Exercises	503	(6)
Appendixes
A Obtaining Charts in SPSS	509	(16)
Overview	509	(1)
Creating Clustered Bar Charts	510	(1)
Creating a Chart Comparing Groups of Cases	510	(2)
Data Summary Options	512	(1)
Creating a Chart Comparing Several Variables	513	(1)
Creating a Chart Comparing Cases	514	(2)
Changing the Summary Statistic	516	(1)
Options in Creating Charts	517	(1)
Modifying Charts	518	(1)
Modifying Chart Options	518	(1)
Hints on Editing Charts	519	(1)
Saving Chart Files	520	(1)
Charts Used in This Book	520	(1)
Bar Charts	520	(1)
Line and Area Charts	521	(1)
Pie Charts	522	(1)
Boxplots	522	(1)
Error Bar Charts	523	(1)
Histograms	523	(1)
Normal Probability Plots	524	(1)
B Transforming and Selecting Data	525	(21)
Data Transformations	525	(1)
Transformations at a Glance	526	(1)
Saving Changes	527	(1)
Delaying Processing of Transformations	527	(1)
Recoding Values	528	(4)
Computing Variables	532	(1)
The Calculator Pad	533	(4)
Automatic Recoding	537	(1)
Conditional Transformations	538	(4)
Case Selection	542	(1)
Temporary or Permanent Selection	543	(2)
Other Selection Methods	545	(1)
C The T Distribution	546	(2)
D Areas under the Normal Curve	548	(3)
E Descriptions of Data Files	551	(2)
F Answers to Selected Exercises	553	(14)
Bibliography	567	(2)
Index	569