Stable Isotope Geochemistry

by Hoefs, Jochen

• ISBN13: 9783540707035
• ISBN10: 3540707034
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-01
• Publisher: Textstream

Summary

Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: theoretical and experimental principles; fractionation processes of light and heavy elements; the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the application of stable isotopes to earth sciences has grown in the last few years, a new edition appears necessary. Recent progress in analysing the rare isotopes of certain elements for instance allow the distinction between mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionations. Special emphasis has been given to the growing field of "heavy" elements. Many new references have been added, which will enable quick access to recent literature. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary source of information with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.

Author Biography

Jochen Hoefs, born 1939 in Cammin; Pommern, studied mineralogy/geochemistry at the University of Goumlet;uingen from 1959 - 1964. Since 1965, he has been working in the field of stable isotope geochemistry of the elements hydrogen, lithium, carbon, oxygen and sulfur. His main scientific interest include the stable isotope geochemistry of the mantle and lower crust, the genesis of basaltic and granitic magmas, water/rock interactions under hydrothermal conditions, the history of the ocean and the atmosphere and the application of stable isotopes to environmental problems. He has published about 150 sceintific papers, mostly in international journals.

Table of Contents

Theoretical and Experimental Principles	p. 1
General Characteristics of Isotopes	p. 1
Isotope Effects	p. 4
Isotope Fractionation Processes	p. 5
Isotope Exchange	p. 6
Kinetic Effects	p. 11
Mass Dependent and Mass Independent Isotope Effects	p. 12
Multiply Substituted Isotopologues	p. 13
Diffusion	p. 15
Other Factors Influencing Isotopic Fractionations	p. 17
Isotope Geothermometers	p. 19
Basic Principles of Mass Spectrometry	p. 23
Continuous Flow: Isotope Ratio Monitoring Mass Spectrometers	p. 26
Standards	p. 27
General Remarks on Sample Preparation Methods for Gases	p. 29
Microanalytical Techniques	p. 31
Laser Microprobe	p. 31
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry	p. 31
Stable Isotope Variations of Heavy Elements	p. 32
Isotope Fractionation Processes of Selected Elements	p. 35
Hydrogen	p. 36
Preparation Techniques and Mass Spectrometric Measurements	p. 36
Standards	p. 37
Fractionation Processes	p. 38
Lithium	p. 42
Boron	p. 45
Carbon	p. 48
Preparation Techniques	p. 48
Standards	p. 49
Fractionation Processes	p. 49
Interactions between the Carbonate-Carbon Reservoir and Organic Carbon Reservoir	p. 53
Nitrogen	p. 54
Oxygen	p. 58
Preparation Techniques	p. 58
Standards	p. 60
Fractionation Processes	p. 61
Fluid-Rock Interactions	p. 66
Magnesium	p. 68
Silicon	p. 70
Sulfur	p. 71
Preparation Techniques	p. 72
Fractionation Mechanisms	p. 73
Chlorine	p. 78
Methods	p. 79
Characteristic Features of CI Isotope Geochemistry	p. 79
Chlorine Isotopes in the Environment	p. 80
Calcium	p. 81
Chromium	p. 83
Iron	p. 83
Copper	p. 86
Zinc	p. 87
Germanium	p. 88
Selenium	p. 88
Molybdenum	p. 89
Mercury	p. 90
Thallium	p. 92
Variations of Stable Isotope Ratios in Nature	p. 93
Extraterrestrial Materials	p. 93
Chondrites	p. 94
Evolved Extraterrestrial Materials	p. 99
The Isotopic Composition of the Earth's Upper Mantle	p. 103
Oxygen	p. 104
Hydrogen	p. 105
Carbon	p. 107
Nitrogen	p. 108
Sulfur	p. 109
Lithium and Boron	p. 110
Magmatic Rocks	p. 111
Fractional Crystallization	p. 111
Differences between Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks	p. 112
Low-Temperature Alteration Processes	p. 112
Assimilation of Crustal Rocks	p. 112
Basaltic Rocks from Different Tectonic Settings	p. 113
Ocean Water/Basaltic Crust Interactions	p. 115
Granitic Rocks	p. 115
Volatiles in Magmatic Systems	p. 117
Glasses	p. 118
Volcanic Gases and Hot Springs	p. 120
Isotope Thermometers in Geothermal Systems	p. 123
Ore Deposits and Hydrothermal Systems	p. 123
Origin of Ore Fluids	p. 125
Wall-Rock Alteration	p. 128
Fossil Hydrothermal Systems	p. 128
Hydrothermal Carbonates	p. 129
Sulfur Isotope Composition of Ore Deposits	p. 130
Metal Isotopes	p. 136
Hydrosphere	p. 136
Meteoric Water: General Considerations	p. 137
Ice Cores	p. 141
Groundwater	p. 142
Isotope Fractionations during Evaporation	p. 143
Ocean Water	p. 144
Pore Waters	p. 146
Formation Water	p. 147
Water in Hydrated Salt Minerals	p. 149
The Isotopic Composition of Dissolved and Particulate Compounds in Ocean and Fresh Waters	p. 149
Carbon Species in Water	p. 150
Nitrogen	p. 154
Oxygen	p. 155
Sulfate	p. 155
Isotopic Composition of the Ocean during Geologic History	p. 157
Oxygen	p. 157
Carbon	p. 159
Sulfur	p. 161
Iron	p. 162
Atmosphere	p. 163
Atmospheric Water Vapor	p. 164
Nitrogen	p. 164
Oxygen	p. 166
Carbon Dioxide	p. 167
Carbon Monoxide	p. 172
Methane	p. 173
Hydrogen	p. 174
Sulfur	p. 174
Mass-Independent Isotope Effects in Atmospheric Compounds	p. 175
Biosphere	p. 177
Living Organic Matter	p. 177
Indicators of Diet and Metabolism	p. 182
Tracing Anthropogenic Organic Contaminant Sources	p. 183
Fossil Organic Matter	p. 183
Marine vs. Terrestrial Organic Matter	p. 184
Oil	p. 185
Coal	p. 187
Natural Gas	p. 187
Sedimentary Rocks	p. 191
Clay Minerals	p. 191
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks	p. 193
Biogenic Silica and Cherts	p. 195
Marine Carbonates	p. 196
Diagenesis	p. 201
Limestones	p. 202
Dolomites	p. 202
Freshwater Carbonates	p. 203
Phosphates	p. 205
Iron Oxides	p. 206
Sedimentary Sulfur	p. 207
Palaeoclimatology	p. 208
Continental Records	p. 209
Marine Records	p. 214
Metamorphic Rocks	p. 217
Contact Metamorphism	p. 221
Regional Metamorphism	p. 222
Lower Crustal Rocks	p. 224
Thermometry	p. 224
References	p. 229
Index	p. 281
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