Standard and Microscale Experiments in General Chemistry

by Bishop, Carl B.; Bishop, Muriel B.; Whitten, Kenneth W.

• ISBN13: 9780534424572
• ISBN10: 0534424570
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-05-08
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This comprehensive lab manual contains a wide array of experiments without sacrificing organizational clarity and includes categories on Energy, Kinetics, and Equilibrium. All experiments have undergone significant testing before being finalized, and many microscale experiments have been added to allow for more efficient and cost-effective means of conducting experiments.

Table of Contents

Preface	i
To the Laboratory Instructor	v
To the Student	vii
Acknowledgments	ix
Table of Contents	xi
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES	1	(28)
Handling Chemicals	1	(2)
Solids	1	(1)
Liquids	1	(2)
Determination of Mass and Weight	3	(2)
Triple-Beam and Platform Balances	3	(1)
Toploading Balances	3	(2)
Volumetric Techniques---The Measurement of Volume	5	(5)
Macroscale Techniques	5	(1)
Graduated Cylinders	5	(1)
Volumetric Pipets	6	(2)
Burets and Titration Procedures	8	(1)
Volumetric Flasks	8	(1)
Microscale methods	8	(1)
Construction of Stretch Stem Micropipets	8	(2)
Laboratory Gas Burner	10	(1)
Heating and Evaporating Liquids	11	(1)
Separation Techniques	11	(3)
Gravity Filtration	11	(2)
Vacuum Filtration	13	(1)
Use of Centrifuges	14	(1)
Ignition of Crucible and Precipitates	14	(1)
Working and Handling Glass	15	(3)
Cutting Glass	15	(1)
Fire Polishing Glass	15	(1)
Bending Glass	16	(1)
Inserting Glass Tubing, Thermometers, and Funnel Stems into Corks and Rubber Stoppers	17	(1)
Collecting Gases	18	(2)
Testing for Odor	18	(1)
Collection of Gases	19	(1)
An Improvised Fume Hood	19	(1)
Spectrophotometer	20	(1)
Calibration and Use of Spectrophotometer	20	(1)
Measurement of Sample	21	(1)
Treatment of Experimental Data	21	(1)
Significant Figures and Calculations	21	(1)
Report Average Values	21	(1)
pH Meter	22	(1)
Melting and Boiling Determination	23	(6)
Melting Point Determination	23	(1)
Boiling Point Determination	24	(1)
EQUIPMENT
Common Laboratory Safety Equipment	25	(1)
Common Glassware Equipment	26	(1)
Common Equipment	27	(2)
CHEMICAL SAFETY AND LABORATORY RULES	29	(4)
Laboratory Safety Quiz	33	(2)
EXPERIMENTS
Micro Experiments
Background: Review of Simple Mathematics (Experiment 1)	35	(10)
Density of Solids and Liquids: Mass/Volume Measurements	45	(12)
Indirect Gravimetric Determination of a Hydrated Compound in a Mixture	57	(8)
Percent Copper and Formula Weight of a Copper Compound	65	(8)
Background: Solutions, Solubility and Separation Techniques	73	(2)
Solubilities	75	(10)
Separation of the Components of a Mixture	85	(8)
Chromatography	93	(10)
Background: Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions and Syntheses	103	(4)
Hydrogen Ions, pH and Indicators	107	(10)
Identify Eight Metal Ions by Reactions with Anions	117	(14)
Identify Ten Inorganic Compounds by Their Inter-Chemical Reactions	131	(12)
The Formula of a Precipitated Compound	143	(12)
A Sequence of Chemical Reactions	155	(14)
Synthesis of a Compound (Alum) from Scrap Aluminum	169	(8)
Background: Periodic Table and Periodicity	177	(2)
Molecular Models: Lewis Dot Formulas, VSEPR Theory, and Valence Bond Theory	179	(14)
Chemical Periodicity of the Halide Ions	193	(10)
Relative Reactivity of Metals and the Activity Series	203	(12)
Background: Mole, Molecular Weight and Gas Laws	215	(2)
Indirect Determination of the Masses of Pieces of Magnesium	217	(8)
Density of Gases	225	(10)
The Molecular Weight of a Volatile Compound	235	(8)
Standard Molar Volume of a Gas	243	(8)
Colligative Properties
The Molecular Weight of a Compound by Freezing Point Depression Measurements	251	(8)
Background: Acids-Bases	259	(6)
Acid Base Titration Curves Using: I. an Indicator Color-Reference II. a Micro-pH Meter (micro-scale)	265	(22)
Acid Base Titrations: Analysis of Acid Solutions of Unknown Concentrations (Macro-scale)	287	(12)
Action of Antacid Tablets	299	(12)
Background: Reduction-Oxidation Reactions	311	(2)
Voltaic and Electrolytic Cells	313	(14)
Reduction-Oxidation Titrations (both micro & macro)	327	(14)
Background: Energy	341	(2)
Heat Energy Associated with Chemical and Physical Changes	343	(14)
Heats of Neutralization and Hess' Law	357	(18)
Background: Kinetics	375	(2)
Factors that Influence the Rates of Reaction	377	(10)
Rates of Chemical Reactions	387	(12)
Background: Equilibrium	399	(2)
Chemical Equilibrium---An Introduction	401	(14)
Spectrophotometric Determination of an Equilibrium Constant	415	(12)
The Spectrophotometric Determination of the Formula for a Complex Species	427	(14)
Solubility Products of Insoluble Salts	441	(12)
Determination of Ka from Measurements of pH	453	(18)
Background: Descriptive Chemistry	471	(2)
Oxygen and Some Oxides	473	(12)
Nitrogen and Its Compounds	485	(12)
The Anions of Sulfur	497	(10)
Background: Introduction to Organic Chemistry	507	(2)
Organic Qualitative Analysis	509	(14)
Commercial Esters---Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen	523	(10)
Polymers	533	(12)
Preparation and Properties of Soaps: Properties of Detergents	545
APPENDICES
A Logarithms and pH
B Formulas, Ionic Charges and Names for Some Common Ions
C Classification of Acids
D Classification of Bases
E Solubility Rules for Common Inorganic Compounds
F Vapor Pressure of Water Near Room Temperature
G Molecular and Ionic Chemical Equations
H Concentrations and Primary Standards
I Units of Measurement