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9780199547449

Standards of Investment Protection

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780199547449

  • ISBN10:

    0199547440

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2008-11-15
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press

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Summary

This volume examines the standards of treatment demanded from host states that form the basis of contemporary international investment protection. It analysis the core standards commonly contained in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties, including 'fair and equitable treatment', 'full protection and security', expropriation, and the non-discrimination standards.

Author Biography


August Reinisch is Professor of Public International Law and EC Law at the University of Vienna

Table of Contents

Notes on Contributorsp. xv
Table of Casesp. xvii
Table of Treatiesp. xxvii
Introduction: Interrelationship of Standardsp. 1
Admission and Establishment in the Context of Investment Protectionp. 9
Introductionp. 9
Approaches to Admission in IIAsp. 10
Entry of Foreign Investmentp. 10
Admission Modelp. 11
MFN Treatment Onlyp. 12
Pre-establishment Modelp. 13
Admitting Investment in Accordance with the Laws and Regulations of the Host State: Case Studiesp. 16
Salini v Moroccop. 20
Tokios Tokelės v Ukrainep. 21
Bayindir v Pakistanp. 22
Aguas del Tunari v Boliviap. 22
Inceysa v El Salvadorp. 24
Fraport v Philippinesp. 25
Ioannis Kardassopoulos v Georgiap. 26
Conclusionsp. 26
National Treatmentp. 29
Introductionp. 29
Background and Treaty Practicep. 30
Investment Case Lawp. 37
Like Circumstancesp. 38
Less Favourable Treatmentp. 48
Treatment 'No Less Favourable' v 'Best' or 'Most Favourable' Treatmentp. 54
Burden of Proofp. 56
Conclusionsp. 58
Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) Treatmentp. 59
Introductionp. 59
Historical Developments and Theoretical Foundations of the MFN Clausep. 60
Typical Examplesp. 60
Historical Developmentsp. 61
Main Types and Economic Foundations of MFN Treatmentp. 64
Important Investment Arbitration Awards relating to MFNp. 67
Asian Agricultural Products Ltd (AAPL) v Sri Lankap. 67
Pope and Talbot v Canadap. 67
Maffezini v Spainp. 68
ADF v USAp. 68
The Loewen Group, Inc, Raymond L. Loewen v The United States of Americap. 68
Young Chi Oo (YCO) Trading Pte Ltd v Myanmarp. 69
Tecmed v Mexicop. 69
MTD v Chilep. 69
Siemens v Argentinap. 70
Salini v Jordanp. 70
Lucchetti v Perup. 70
Plama v Bulgariap. 71
CMS v Argentinap. 71
Impregilo S.p.A. v Pakistanp. 71
Camuzzi v Argentinap. 71
Gas Natural v Argentinap. 72
Bayindir v Pakistanp. 72
Continental Casualty v Argentinap. 73
National Grid Transco plc v Argentinap. 73
Telenor v Hungaryp. 73
Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v Argentina and AWG Group Ltd v Argentinap. 73
Berschader v Russiap. 74
Specific Issues Addressed in Investor-State Arbitrationp. 74
The Ejusdem Generis Principlep. 74
Explicit Descriptions of the Scopep. 75
General and Explicit Exceptions from MFN Treatmentp. 79
Specifically Negotiated Provisionsp. 83
Relevance for Procedural Provisionp. 84
Outlookp. 86
Arbitrary and Unreasonable Measuresp. 87
Introductionp. 87
Non-impairment Standard: Three Perspectivesp. 89
The Perspective of 'Judicial Economy'p. 91
'Methodological' Perspectivep. 93
'Substantive' Perspectivep. 101
'I know it when I see it'p. 101
Due process approachp. 103
The non-impairment standard and customary international lawp. 106
Conclusionp. 109
Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard: Recent Developmentsp. 111
Introductionp. 111
Does the Standard belong to a Specific Legal Order or is it an Autonomous Standard?p. 113
What is the Normative Content of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard as it has been Formulated by Arbitral Tribunals?p. 118
Obligation of Vigilance and Protectionp. 118
Denial of Justice, Due Processp. 119
Lack of Arbitrariness and Non-discriminationp. 120
Transparency and Stabilityp. 121
Legitimate Expectationsp. 124
Proportionalityp. 126
Conclusionp. 129
Full Protection and Securityp. 131
Introductionp. 131
The Sourcesp. 132
Overview of the Different Formulationsp. 133
Importance of the Formulationsp. 134
International Standardp. 136
International Law as a Ceilingp. 136
International Law as a Floorp. 136
International Law as a Equivalentp. 137
Physical Safetyp. 138
Causalityp. 138
Forms of Behaviourp. 139
Due diligencep. 139
Subjective or objective standard?p. 140
Sovereign appreciationp. 141
Application beyond Physical Safetyp. 142
Scope of Application Restricted to Physical Safetyp. 143
Scope of Application beyond Physical Safetyp. 144
Availability of the Legal systemp. 144
Legal security as an independent standardp. 144
Overlap with other Standardsp. 146
Fair and equitable treatmentp. 146
Action in combatp. 149
Conclusionp. 150
Indirect Expropriationp. 151
Introductionp. 151
The Current State of Affairs Regarding the Doctrine of Indirect Expropriationp. 152
The Criteria Used to Define Indirect Expropriationsp. 156
The substantiality of the interference: the 'sole effect doctrine'p. 156
The Durational Aspectp. 159
Interference by Actions and Omissionsp. 160
The Enrichment of the Host Statep. 160
The intentions of the Statep. 161
Investment-backed expectations of the investorp. 162
The requirement of proportionalityp. 163
Indirect Expropriation and the State's Right to Regulatep. 165
Recent Developmentsp. 166
Concluding Considerationsp. 167
Legality of Expropriationsp. 171
Introductionp. 171
Legality Requirements under General International Lawp. 173
Legality Requirements in International Investment Agreementsp. 176
The Interpretation Given to the Legality Requirements in the Practice of Investment Arbitrationp. 178
Public Purposep. 178
Non-discriminationp. 186
Due Processp. 191
Compensationp. 194
Implications of the Legality/Illegality of an Expropriation for Remediesp. 199
Conclusionsp. 204
Capital Transfer Restrictions under Modern Investment Treatiesp. 205
Introductionp. 205
The Development of International Law on Foreign Exchange Regulationp. 206
Treatment of Capital Transfer Restrictions under Modern Investment Treatiesp. 213
Application of the Doctrine of Necessity under International Law to Exchange Restriction Measuresp. 217
Exchange Restrictions and Indirect Expropriationp. 227
Other Investment Obligations, in Particular, Fair and Equitable Treatmentp. 233
Transparency and the Protection of Legitimate Expectationsp. 235
Freedom from Coercion or Harassmentp. 236
Procedural Proprietyp. 237
Protection against Arbitrariness; Discrimination and 'National Treatment'p. 238
Good Faithp. 239
Remedies and Compensationp. 240
Conclusionp. 242
Bibliographyp. 245
Indexp. 257
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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