Statistical Analysis of Geographic Information with ArcView GIS And ArcGIS

by Wong, David W. S.; Lee, Jay

• ISBN13: 9780471468998
• ISBN10: 0471468991
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-10-20
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Geographic Information with ArcView GIS is an update to Lee and Wong's Statistical Analysis with ArcView GIS, featuring expanded coverage of classical statistical methods, probability and statistical testing, new student exercises to facilitate classroom use, new exercises featuring interactive ArcView Avenue scripts, and a new overview of compatible spatial analytical functions in ArcGIS 9.0.

Author Biography

David W. S. Wong, PhD, is Professor and Chair of the Earth Systems and GeoInformation Sciences Program at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia.

Jay Lee, PhD, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xvii
Introduction	1	(44)
Why Statistics and Sampling?	1	(5)
What Are Special about Spatial Data?	6	(5)
MAUP---The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem	7	(2)
Spatial Autocorrelation	9	(2)
Spatial Data and the Need for Spatial Analysis/Statistics	11	(2)
Fundamentals of Spatial Analysis and Statistics	13	(15)
Scales of Measurement	13	(9)
Mathematical Notations	22	(3)
Scale, Extent, and Projection	25	(3)
ArcView Notes---Data Model and Examples	28	(17)
Data Model Used in ArcView GIS	30	(1)
Random Sampling---the Generic Way	30	(5)
Random and Systematic Point Sampling---an Extended Function	35	(6)
References	41	(1)
Exercises	42	(3)
PART I CLASSICAL STATISTICS	45	(138)
Distribution Descriptors: One Variable (Univariate)	47	(46)
Measures of Central Tendency	47	(9)
Mode	48	(2)
Median	50	(2)
Mean	52	(3)
Grouped or Weighted Mean	55	(1)
Measures of Dispersion	56	(9)
Range, Minimum, Maximum, and Percentiles	57	(1)
Mean Deviation	58	(2)
Variance and Standard Deviation	60	(3)
Weighted Variance and Weighted Standard Deviation	63	(2)
Coefficient of Variation	65	(1)
ArcView Examples	65	(4)
Descriptive Statistics	66	(3)
Higher Moment Statistics	69	(5)
Skewness and Kurtosis	69	(5)
ArcView Examples	74	(10)
Additional Statistics	81	(3)
Application Example	84	(7)
Summary	91	(2)
References	91	(1)
Exercises	91	(2)
Relationship Descriptors: Two Variables (Bivariate)	93	(34)
Correlation Analysis	94	(3)
Correlation: Nominal Scale	97	(6)
Nominal Scale and Binary: Phi Coefficient	97	(3)
Nominal Scale and Polychotomous: Chi-Square Statistic	100	(3)
Correlation: Ordinal Scale	103	(2)
Correlation: Interval/Ratio Scale	105	(3)
Trend Analysis	108	(7)
Simple Linear Regression Models	108	(3)
Coefficient of Determination	111	(1)
Empirical Examples	112	(3)
ArcView Notes	115	(7)
Application Examples	122	(5)
Reference	124	(1)
Exercises	124	(3)
Hypothesis Testers	127	(56)
Probability Concepts	128	(2)
Probability Functions	130	(11)
Binomial Distribution	131	(2)
Poisson Distribution	133	(3)
Normal Distribution	136	(4)
ArcView Notes	140	(1)
Central Limit Theorem and Confidence Intervals	141	(2)
Hypothesis Testing	143	(3)
ArcView Notes	146	(1)
Types of Error	146	(1)
Parametric Test Statistics	146	(7)
Difference in Variances	147	(1)
ArcView Note	148	(5)
Difference in Means	153	(10)
Small Sample Size	153	(3)
Large Sample Size	156	(1)
ArcView Note	157	(6)
Difference Between a Mean and a Fixed Value	163	(1)
ArcView Note	164	(1)
Significance of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient	164	(4)
ArcView Note	165	(3)
Significance of Regression Parameters	168	(4)
ArcView Note	169	(3)
Testing Nonparametric Statistics	172	(6)
Chi-Square Statistic	172	(1)
ArcView Note	173	(2)
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient	175	(1)
ArcView Note	176	(1)
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test	176	(2)
ArcView Note	178	(1)
Summary	178	(5)
References	179	(1)
Exercises	179	(4)
PART II SPATIAL STATISTICS	183	(236)
Point Pattern Descriptors	185	(33)
The Nature of Point Features	185	(2)
Central Tendency of Point Distributions	187	(10)
Mean Center	189	(3)
Weighted Mean Center	192	(3)
Median Center	195	(2)
Dispersion and Orientation of Point Distributions	197	(11)
Standard Distance	198	(5)
Standard Deviational Ellipses	203	(5)
ArcView Notes	208	(6)
Application Examples	214	(4)
References	215	(1)
Exercises	216	(2)
Point Pattern Analyzers	218	(62)
Scale and Extent	219	(2)
Quadrat Analysis	221	(16)
General Concepts in Quadrat Analysis	222	(4)
Comparing Observed and Expected Distributions Using the K-S test	226	(6)
Comparing Observed and Expected Patterns Using the Variance-Mean Ratio	232	(5)
Ordered Neighbor Analysis	237	(16)
Nearest Neighbor Statistic	239	(4)
Testing for Pattern Using the Nearest Neighbor Statistic	243	(3)
Higher-Order Neighbor Statistics	246	(2)
Boundary Adjustments of the Nearest Neighbor Statistics	248	(5)
K-Function	253	(7)
Spatial Autocorrelation of Points	260	(10)
Measures for Spatial Autocorrelation	261	(3)
Significance Testing of Spatial Autocorrelation Measures	264	(6)
Application Examples	270	(10)
References	275	(2)
Exercises	277	(3)
Line Pattern Analyzers	280	(47)
The Nature of Linear Features: Vectors and Networks	280	(3)
Characteristics and Attributes of Linear Features	283	(6)
Geometric Characteristics of Linear Features	283	(1)
Spatial Attributes of Linear Features: Length	284	(2)
Spatial Attributes of Linear Features: Orientation and Direction	286	(1)
ArcView Example: Linear Attributes	287	(2)
Directional Statistics	289	(15)
Exploring Statistics for Liner Features	290	(4)
Directional Mean	294	(5)
Circular Variance	299	(3)
ArcView Example: Directional Statistics	302	(2)
Network Analysis	304	(10)
Spatial Attribute of Network Features: Connectivity or Topology	304	(2)
Assessing Connectivity Level	306	(3)
Evaluating Accessibility	309	(3)
ArcView Example: Network Analysis	312	(2)
Application Examples	314	(13)
Length Attribute Analysis of Linear Features	315	(2)
Application Example for Directional Statistics	317	(2)
Application Example for Network Analysis	319	(5)
References	324	(1)
Exercises	324	(3)
Polygon Pattern Analyzers	327	(92)
Introduction	327	(1)
Spatial Relationships	328	(2)
Spatial Dependency	330	(4)
Spatial Weights Matrices	334	(15)
Neighborhood Definitions	335	(1)
Binary Connectivity Matrix	336	(3)
Stochastic or Row-Standardized Weights Matrix	339	(2)
Centroid Distances	341	(2)
Nearest Distances	343	(2)
ArcView Example: Spatial Weights Matrices	345	(4)
Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics and Notations	349	(4)
Joint Count Statistics	353	(14)
Free Sampling	355	(6)
Randomization Sampling	361	(6)
Spatial Autocorrelation Global Statistics	367	(20)
Moran's I	367	(6)
Geary's Ratio	373	(3)
General G-Statistic	376	(6)
ArcView Example: Global Statistics for Spatial Autocorrelation	382	(5)
Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics	387	(8)
Local Indicators of Spatial Association	388	(5)
Local G-Statistic	393	(2)
Moran Scatterplot	395	(10)
ArcView Example: Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics and Moran Scatterplot	399	(6)
Bivariate Spatial Autocorrelation	405	(4)
Application Examples	409	(3)
Summary	412	(7)
References	415	(1)
Exercises	416	(3)
Appendix ArcGIS Spatial Statistics Tools	419	(12)
About the CD-ROM	431	(2)
Index	433