Statistical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data and Risk Assessment

by McBean, Edward A.; Rovers, Frank

• ISBN13: 9780136750185
• ISBN10: 0136750184
• Edition: Disk
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR

Summary

Appropriate for upper-level undergraduate and graduate level Engineering and Environmental Science courses in Probability and Statistics. Carefully explains various statistical analysis procedures and techniques in clear, straightforward language. The book provides a foundation for statistically analyzing and interpreting environmental data for air quality, surface water quality, groundwater quality, and soil contamination.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	XIII
CHAPTER 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY DATA	1	(11)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Characteristics of Environmental Quality Data	2	(5)
1.2.1 INDICATIONS OF THE SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL DATA	3	(1)
1.2.2 INDEPENDENCE OF SUCCESSIVE DATA VALUES	4	(1)
1.2.3 UNCERTAINTIES AND ERRORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY DATA	5	(2)
1.2.4 ISO CONSIDERATIONS	7	(1)
1.3 Some Summary Indications of Approaches for Statistical Analyses	7	(2)
1.4 References	9	(3)
PART I STATISTICAL MEASURES AND DISTRIBUTIONS	12	(86)
CHAPTER 2 STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF DATA	12	(28)
2.1 Introduction	12	(1)
2.2 Samples and Populations	13	(1)
2.3 Probability and Statistics	13	(1)
2.4 Graphical Data Descriptors	13	(7)
2.4.1 HISTOGRAMS OF DATA	14	(3)
2.4.2 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS	17	(2)
2.4.3 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS	19	(1)
2.5 Summary Measures of the Distribution of Data	20	(11)
2.5.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY	21	(3)
2.5.2 MEASURES OF THE DISPERSION OF DATA; VARIANCE, STANDARD DEVIATION, AND RANGE	24	(3)
2.5.3 SKEWNESS	27	(2)
2.5.4 KURTOSIS	29	(2)
2.5.5 SOME SUMMARY COMMENTS	31	(1)
2.6 Further Summary Measures of the Distribution of Data	31	(4)
2.6.1 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION	32	(1)
2.6.2 STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN	33	(2)
2.6.3 STANDARD ERRORS	35	(1)
2.6.4 SUMMARY DESCRIPTORS	35	(1)
2.7 Summary	35	(1)
2.8 References	36	(1)
2.9 Problems	36	(4)
CHAPTER 3 THE NORMAL OR GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION	40	(31)
3.1 Introduction	40	(2)
3.2 The Mathematics of the Normal Distribution	42	(3)
3.3 Tests for Normality	45	(22)
3.3.1 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION TEST FOR NORMALITY	46	(2)
3.3.2 SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS COEFFICIENT TESTS FOR NORMALITY	48	(2)
3.3.3 PROBABILITY PLOTS	50	(9)
3.3.4 THE CHI-SQUARE GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST	59	(1)
3.3.5 THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST	60	(2)
3.3.6 THE SHAPIRO-WILK TEST	62	(2)
3.3.7 THE SHAPIRO-FRANCIA TEST	64	(2)
3.3.8 DATA TRANSFORMATIONS	66	(1)
3.3.9 SUMMARY OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS	67	(1)
3.4 The t-Distribution	67	(1)
3.5 Extent of Use of the Normal Distribution	68	(1)
3.6 Summary Comments	68	(1)
3.7 References	69	(1)
3.8 Problems	70	(1)
CHAPTER 4 THE LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION	71	(12)
4.1 Introduction	71	(1)
4.2 Important Features of the Lognormal Distribution	72	(7)
4.2.1 THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM	72	(1)
4.2.2 THE MATHEMATICS OF THE LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION	73	(3)
4.2.3 PROBABILITY PAPER	76	(3)
4.3 Tests for Lognormality	79	(1)
4.4 Generation of Lognormal Concentration Data	80	(1)
4.5 References	81	(1)
4.6 Problems	82	(1)
CHAPTER 5 ADDITIONAL USEFUL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR CHARACTERIZING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY DATA	83	(15)
5.1 Introduction	83	(1)
5.2 The Binomial Distribution	84	(1)
5.3 The Poisson Distribution	85	(3)
5.4 Extreme Value Distributions	88	(6)
5.4.1 THE GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION	88	(2)
5.4.2 LOG PEARSON TYPE III DISTRIBUTION	90	(4)
5.5 References	94	(1)
5.6 Problems	95	(3)
PART II IDENTIFYING SYSTEM CHANGES	98	(64)
CHAPTER 6 IDENTIFICATION OF SYSTEM CHANGES AND OUTLIERS USING CONTROL CHARTS AND SIMPLE PROCEDURES	98	(31)
6.1 Introduction	98	(1)
6.2 Tolerance Intervals	99	(8)
6.3 Confidence Intervals	107	(4)
6.3.1 CONFIDENCE LIMITS USING THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (AND THE t-DISTRIBUTION)	108	(3)
6.3.2 CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR LOGNORMALLY DISTRIBUTED DATA	111	(1)
6.3.3 DISTRIBUTION-FREE OR NONPARAMETRIC CONFIDENCE LIMITS	111	(1)
6.4 Prediction Interval Characterizations	111	(5)
6.4.1 THE t-DISTRIBUTION PREDICTION INTERVALS	111	(3)
6.4.2 POISSON PREDICTION INTERVALS	114	(2)
6.5 Detection of Data Outliers	116	(9)
6.6 Summary of Approaches for Identifying Data Outliers	125	(1)
6.7 References	126	(1)
6.8 Problems	126	(3)
CHAPTER 7 CHARACTERIZING COINCIDENT BEHAVIOR--REGRESSION AND CORRELATION	129	(33)
7.1 Introduction	129	(2)
7.2 The Correlation Coefficient	131	(12)
7.3 Regression Analyses	143	(12)
7.3.1 CURVE FITTING	143	(8)
7.3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT	151	(2)
7.3.3 REGRESSION ANALYSIS	153	(1)
7.3.4 INDEPENDENCE VERSUS DEPENDENCE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF SAMPLING RESULTS	153	(2)
7.4 Interparameter Correlation	155	(1)
7.5 Multiple Variables: Multiple Regression	155	(2)
7.6 References	157	(1)
7.7 Problems	158	(4)
PART III HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY	162	(98)
CHAPTER 8 TESTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONITORING RECORDS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO LOCATIONS FOR SINGLE CONSTITUENTS	162	(42)
8.1 Introduction	162	(3)
8.2 Details of Hypothesis Testing	165	(2)
8.3 Steps for Significance Testing	167	(1)
8.4 Student's t-Test	168	(17)
8.4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EQUATIONS	168	(8)
8.4.2 EFFECT OF UNEQUAL VARIANCES	176	(3)
8.4.3 EFFECT OF NONNORMALITY ON THE HYPOTHESIS TEST	179	(3)
8.4.4 ASSUMPTION OF INDEPENDENCE	182	(1)
8.4.5 EXAMPLES OF t-TEST APPLICATIONS	183	(2)
8.5 Acceptance and Rejection Regions	185	(2)
8.6 Power of the Discrimination Tests	187	(4)
8.7 Extensions of the t-Test	191	(10)
8.7.1 SATTERTHWAITE'S MODIFIED T-TEST	192	(1)
8.7.2 COCHRAN'S APPROXIMATION TO THE BEHRENS-FISHER t-TEST	192	(3)
8.7.3 PAIRED t-TEST	195	(5)
8.7.4 SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVE TESTS	200	(1)
8.8 References	201	(1)
8.9 Problems	202	(2)
CHAPTER 9 MULTIPLE COMPARISONS USING PARAMETRIC ANALYSES	204	(18)
9.1 Introduction	204	(2)
9.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	206	(1)
9.2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NULL HYPOTHESIS	206	(1)
9.2.2 MULTIPLE COMPARISONS AND STATISTICAL POWER	206	(1)
9.2.3 ONE-WAY ANOVA AND TWO-WAY TESTS OF ANOVA	207	(1)
9.3 Testing for Homogeneity of Variance	207	(5)
9.3.1 BOX PLOTS	207	(1)
9.3.2 LEVENE'S TEST	208	(1)
9.3.3 BARTLETT'S TEST	209	(3)
9.4 ANOVA Procedure	212	(5)
9.5 Two-Way ANOVA	217	(1)
9.6 Iterations and Data Transformations	218	(1)
9.7 Concerns with Multiple Comparisons	218	(1)
9.8 Summary	219	(1)
9.9 References	219	(1)
9.10 Problems	220	(2)
CHAPTER 10 TESTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONITORING RECORDS WHEN CENSORED DATA RECORDS EXIST	222	(21)
10.1 Introduction	222	(2)
10.2 Alternative Types of Censoring	224	(2)
10.3 Alternative Procedures for Statistical Analysis of Environmental Quality Data Sets	226	(14)
10.3.1 SIMPLE SUBSTITUTION METHODS	227	(2)
10.3.2 TEST OF PROPORTIONS	229	(2)
10.3.3 PLOTTING POSITION PROCEDURE	231	(2)
10.3.4 COHEN'S TEST	233	(3)
10.3.5 AITCHISON'S METHOD	236	(2)
10.3.6 MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD PROCEDURE	238	(1)
10.3.7 POISSON MODEL	239	(1)
10.3.8 USE OF AN INDICATOR PARAMETER	239	(1)
10.4 Multiple Detection Limits	240	(1)
10.5 References	240	(2)
10.6 Problems	242	(1)
CHAPTER 11 NONPARAMETRIC PROCEDURES	243	(17)
11.1 Introduction	243	(2)
11.2 Single-Comparison Procedures	245	(4)
11.2.1 MANN-WHITNEY TEST	245	(2)
11.2.2 SPEARMAN'S RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT	247	(1)
11.2.3 SIGN TEST FOR PAIRED OBSERVATIONS	248	(1)
11.3 Multiple-Comparison Procedures	249	(8)
11.3.1 KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST (OR NONPARAMETRIC ANOVA)	249	(4)
11.3.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST	253	(4)
11.4 References	257	(1)
11.5 Problems	257	(3)
PART IV RISK	260	(23)
CHAPTER 12 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DATA MANAGEMENT	260	(23)
12.1 Risk Exposure form Environmental Causes	260	(2)
12.2 Estimation of Exposure Risks	262	(9)
12.2.1 EXPOSURE RISKS IN EVERYDAY LIVING AND LEVELS NOW CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE	262	(1)
12.2.2 UNCERTAINTY OF THE IMPACTS ARISING FROM EXPOSURE RISK TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS	263	(2)
12.2.3 ESTIMATION OF RISK (VIA MIGRATION)	265	(6)
12.3 Alternative Methods for Generating the Distribution of Risk	271	(9)
12.3.1 MONTE CARLO ANALYSES	272	(2)
12.3.2 LATIN-HYPERCUBE PROCEDURE	274	(1)
12.3.3 EXAMPLES OF USE OF THE TWO PROCEDURES	274	(6)
12.4 References	280	(3)
APPENDIX	283	(24)
INDEX	307