Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis, Second Edition

by Taylor; John K.

• ISBN13: 9781584883852
• ISBN10: 1584883855
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-14
• Publisher: Chapman & Hall/

Summary

While intended for self-study, the book can also be used as a text for a short course introducing statistical analysis or as a supplement for undergraduate and graduate majors in physical sciences and engineering.

Author Biography

The late John K. Taylor had a long and distinguished career at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland Cheryl Cihon is a biostatistician with Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, West Haven, Connecticut

Table of Contents

Preface	v
CHAPTER 1. What Are Data?	1	(9)
Definition of Data	1	(1)
Kinds of Data	2	(2)
Natural Data	2	(1)
Experimental Data	3	(8)
Counting Data and Enumeration	3	(1)
Discrete Data	4	(1)
Continuous Data	4	(1)
Variability	4	(1)
Populations and Samples	5	(1)
Importance of Reliability	5	(1)
Metrology	6	(1)
Computer Assisted Statistical Analyses	7	(1)
Exercises	8	(1)
References	8	(2)
CHAPTER 2. Obtaining Meaningful Data	10	(9)
Data Production Must Be Planned	10	(1)
The Experimental Method	11	(2)
What Data Are Needed	12	(1)
Amount of Data	13	(1)
Quality Considerations	13	(1)
Data Quality Indicators	13	(2)
Data Quality Objectives	15	(1)
Systematic Measurement	15	(1)
Quality Assurance	15	(1)
Importance of Peer Review	16	(1)
Exercises	17	(1)
References	17	(2)
CHAPTER 3. General Principles	19	(28)
Introduction	19	(1)
Kinds of Statistics	20	(1)
Decisions	21	(1)
Error and Uncertainty	22	(1)
Kinds of Data	22	(1)
Accuracy, Precision, and Bias	22	(3)
Statistical Control	25	(2)
Data Descriptors	25	(2)
Distributions	27	(3)
Tests for Normality	30	(6)
Basic Requirements for Statistical Analysis Validity	36	(3)
MINITAB	39	(5)
Introduction to MINITAB	39	(3)
MINITAB Example	42	(2)
Exercises	44	(1)
References	45	(2)
CHAPTER 4. Statistical Calculations	47	(25)
Introduction	47	(1)
The Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation	48	(4)
Degrees of Freedom	52	(1)
Using Duplicate Measurements to Estimate a Standard Deviation	52	(2)
Using the Range to Estimate the Standard Deviation	54	(1)
Pooled Statistical Estimates	55	(1)
Simple Analysis of Variance	56	(8)
Log Normal Statistics	64	(1)
Minimum Reporting Statistics	65	(1)
Computations	66	(2)
One Last Thing to Remember	68	(1)
Exercises	68	(3)
References	71	(1)
CHAPTER 5. Data Analysis Techniques	72	(28)
Introduction	72	(1)
One Sample Topics	73	(14)
Means	73	(5)
Confidence Intervals for One Sample	73	(4)
Does a Mean Differ Significantly from a Measured or Specified Value	77	(1)
MINITAB Example	78	(2)
Standard Deviations	80	(2)
Confidence Intervals for One Sample	80	(1)
Does a Standard Deviation Differ Significantly from a Measured or Specified Value	81	(1)
MINITAB Example	82	(1)
Statistical Tolerance Intervals	82	(3)
Combining Confidence Intervals and Tolerance Intervals	85	(2)
Two Sample Topics	87	(7)
Means	87	(3)
Do Two Means Differ Significantly	87	(3)
MINITAB Example	90	(1)
Standard Deviations	91	(2)
Do Two Standard Deviations Differ Significantly	91	(2)
MINITAB Example	93	(1)
Propagation of Error in a Derived or Calculated Value	94	(2)
Exercises	96	(3)
References	99	(1)
CHAPTER 6. Managing Sets of Data	100	(22)
Introduction	100	(1)
Outliers	100	(9)
The Rule of the Huge Error	101	(1)
The Dixon Test	102	(2)
The Grubbs Test	104	(1)
Youden Test for Outlying Laboratories	105	(2)
Cochran Test for Extreme Values of Variance	107	(1)
MINITAB Example	108	(1)
Combining Data Sets	109	(3)
Statistics of Interlaboratory Collaborative Testing	112	(2)
Validation of a Method of Test	112	(1)
Proficiency Testing	113	(1)
Testing to Determine Consensus Values of Materials	114	(1)
Random Numbers	114	(4)
MINITAB Example	115	(3)
Exercises	118	(2)
References	120	(2)
CHAPTER 7. Presenting Data	122	(25)
Tables	122	(1)
Charts	123	(3)
Pie Charts	123	(1)
Bar Charts	123	(3)
Graphs	126	(5)
Linear Graphs	126	(1)
Nonlinear Graphs	127	(1)
Nomographs	128	(1)
MINITAB Example	128	(3)
Mathematical Expressions	131	(13)
Theoretical Relationships	131	(1)
Empirical Relationships	132	(1)
Linear Empirical Relationships	132	(1)
Nonlinear Empirical Relationships	133	(1)
Other Empirical Relationships	133	(1)
Fitting Data	133	(7)
Method of Selected Points	133	(1)
Method of Averages	134	(3)
Method of Least Squares	137	(3)
MINITAB Example	140	(3)
Summary	143	(1)
Exercises	144	(1)
References	145	(2)
CHAPTER 8. Proportions, Survival Data and Time Series Data	147	(38)
Introduction	147	(1)
Proportions	148	(11)
Introduction	148	(1)
One Sample Topics	148	(5)
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for One Sample	149	(1)
MINITAB Example	150	(1)
One-Sided Confidence Intervals for One Sample	150	(1)
MINITAB Example	151	(1)
Sample Sizes for Proportions-One Sample	152	(1)
MINITAB Example	153	(1)
Two Sample Topics	153	(6)
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for Two Samples	154	(1)
MINITAB Example	154	(1)
Chi-Square Tests of Association	155	(1)
MINITAB Example	156	(1)
One-Sided Confidence Intervals for Two Samples	157	(1)
Sample Sizes for Proportions-Two Samples	157	(1)
MINITAB Example	158	(1)
Survival Data	159	(15)
Introduction	159	(1)
Censoring	159	(1)
One Sample Topics	160	(5)
Product Limit/Kaplan Meier Survival Estimate	161	(1)
MINITAB Example	162	(3)
Two Sample Topics	165	(9)
Proportional Hazards	165	(1)
Log Rank Test	165	(4)
MINITAB Example	169	(1)
Distribution Based Survival Analyses	170	(1)
MINITAB Example	170	(4)
Summary	174	(1)
Time Series Data	174	(8)
Introduction	174	(1)
Data Presentation	175	(6)
Time Series Plots	176	(1)
MINITAB Example	176	(1)
Smoothing	177	(1)
MINITAB Example	178	(2)
Moving Averages	180	(1)
MINITAB Example	181	(1)
Summary	181	(1)
Exercises	182	(2)
References	184	(1)
CHAPTER 9. Selected Topics	185	(46)
Basic Probability Concepts	185	(2)
Measures of Location	187	(2)
Mean, Median, and Midrange	187	(1)
Trimmed Means	188	(1)
Average Deviation	188	(1)
Tests for Nonrandomness	189	(5)
Runs	190	(1)
Runs in a Data Set	190	(1)
Runs in Residuals from a Fitted Line	191	(1)
Trends/Slopes	191	(1)
Mean Square of Successive Differences	192	(2)
Comparing Several Averages	194	(1)
Type I Errors, Type II Errors and Statistical Power	195	(5)
The Sign of the Difference is Not Important	197	(1)
The Sign of the Difference is Important	198	(1)
Use of Relative Values	199	(1)
The Ratio of Standard Deviation to Difference	199	(1)
Critical Values and P Values	200	(6)
MINITAB Example	201	(5)
Correlation Coefficient	206	(3)
MINITAB Example	209	(1)
The Best Two Out of Three	209	(1)
Comparing a Frequency Distribution with a Normal Distribution	210	(1)
Confidence for a Fitted Line	211	(4)
MINITAB Example	215	(1)
Joint Confidence Region for the Constants of a Fitted Line	215	(1)
Shortcut Procedures	216	(1)
Nonparametric Tests	217	(3)
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	217	(4)
MINITAB Example	220	(1)
Extreme Value Data	220	(1)
Statistics of Control Charts	221	(3)
Property Control Charts	221	(2)
Precision Control Charts	223	(1)
Systematic Trends in Control Charts	224	(1)
Simulation and Macros	224	(2)
MINITAB Example	225	(1)
Exercises	226	(3)
References	229	(2)
CHAPTER 10. Conclusion	231	(2)
Summary	231	(2)
Appendix A. Statistical Tables	233	(11)
Appendix B. Glossary	244	(10)
Appendix C. Answers to Numerical Exercises	254	(15)
Index	269