Statistics

by McClave, James T.; Sincich, Terry

• ISBN13: 9780130223296
• ISBN10: 0130223298
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This resource emphasizes statistical inference and sound decision-making through its extensive coverage of data collection and analysis. As in earlier editions, it helps develop statistical thinking and promotes inference assessment- from the vantage point of both the consumer and the producer. Includes new Three-phased Examples that contain three components: "problem," "solution," and "look back." Provides Now Work exercises that follow each example, suggesting an end-of-section exercise that is similar in style and concept to the example. Offers new Chapter Summary Notes along with end-of- chapter material. Provides new Critical Thinking Challenges. A comprehensive resource for anyone who needs to improve their understanding of statistics.

Table of Contents

Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking

The Science of Statistics

Types of Statistical Applications

Fundamental Elements of Statistics

Types of Data

Collecting Data

The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking

Methods for Describing Sets of Data

Describing Qualitative Data

Graphical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data

Summation Notation

Numerical Measures of Central Tendency

Numerical Measures of Variability

Interpreting the Standard Deviation

Numerical Measures of Relative Standing

Methods for Detecting Outliers (Optional)

Graphing Bivariate Relationships (Optional)

Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Techniques

Probability

Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability

Unions and Intersections

Complementary Events

The Additive Rule and Mutually Exclusive Events

Conditional Probability

The Multiplicative Rule and Independent Events

Random Sampling

Some Counting Rules (Optional)

Discrete Random Variables

Two Types of Random Variables

Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables

Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables

The Binomial Random Variable

The Poisson Random Variable (Optional)

The Hypergeometric Random Variable (Optional)

Continuous Random Variables

Continuous Probability Distributions

The Uniform Distribution

The Normal Distribution

Descriptive Methods for Assessing Normality

Approximating a Binomial Distribution with a Normal Distribution (Optional)

The Exponential Distribution (Optional)

Sampling Distributions

What Is a Sampling Distribution? Properties of Sampling Distributions

Unbiasedness and Minimum Variance (Optional)

The Central Limit Theorem

Inferences Based on a Single Sample: Estimation with Confidence Intervals

Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Mean

Small-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Mean

Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion

Determining the Sample Size

Inferences Based on a Single Sample: Tests of Hypotheses

The Elements of a Test of Hypothesis

Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis about a Population Mean

Observed Significance Levels: p-Values

Small-Sample Test of Hypothesis about a Population Mean

Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis about a Population Proportion

Calculating Type II Error Probabilities: More about hellip;b (Optional)

Test of Hypothesis about a Population Proportion

Inferences Based on Two Samples: Confidence Intervals and Tests of Hypotheses

Comparing Two Population Means: Independent Sampling

Comparing Two Population Means: Paired Difference Experiments

Comparing Two Population Proportions: Independent Sampling

Determining the Sample Size

Comparing Two Population Variances: Independent Sampling (Optional)

Analysis of Variance: Comparing More Than Two Means

Elements of a Designed Experiment

The Completely Randomized Design

Multiple Comparisons of Means

The Randomized Block Design

Factorial Experiments

Simple Linear Regression

Probabalistic Models

Fitting the Model: The Least Squares Approach

Model Assumptions

An Estimator of hellip;s2

Assessing the Utility of the Model: Making Inferences about the Slope hellip;b1

The Coefficient of Correlation

The Coefficient of Determination

Using the Model for Estimation and Prediction

A Complete Example

Multiple Regression and Model Building

Multiple Regression Models

The First-Order Model: Estimating and Interpreting the hellip;b Parameters

Model Assumptions

Inferences About the Individual hellip;b Parameters

Checking the Overall Utility of a Model

Using the Model for Estimation and Prediction

Model Building: Interaction Models

Model Building: Quadratic and Other Higher-Order Models

Model Building: Qualitative (Dummy) Variable Models

Model Building: Models with Both Quantitative and Qualitative Variables

Model Building: Comparing Nested Models

Model Building: Stepwise Regression

Residual Analysis: Checking the Regression Assumptions

Some Pitfalls: Estimability, Multicollinearity, and Extrapolation

Categorical Data Analysis

Categorical Data and the Multinomial Distribution

Testing Categorical Probabilities: One-Way Table

Testing Categorical Probabilities: Two-Way (Contingency) Table

A Word of Caution about Chi-Square Tests

Nonparametric Statistics

Introduction: Distribution-Free Tests

Single Population Inferences: The Sign Test

Comparing Two Populations: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Independent Samples

Comparing Two Populations: The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for the Paired Difference Experiment

The Kruskal-Wallis H-Test for a Completely Randomized Design

The Friedman F r -Test for a Randomized Block Design

Spearman''s Rank Correlation Coefficient

Tables Random Numbers

Binomial Probabilities

Poisson Probabilities

Normal Curve Areas

Exponentials

Critical Values of t

Critical Values of hellip;c2

Percentage Points of the F Distribution, hellip;a= .10

Percentage Points of the F Distribution, hellip;a=.05

Percentage Points of the F Distribution, hellip;a=.025

Percentage Points of the F Distribution, hellip;a=.01

Critical Values of T L and T U for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: Independent Samples

Critical Values of T O in the Wilcoxon Paired Difference Signed Rank Test

Critical Values of Spearman''s Rank Correlation Coefficient

Data Sets

Coronary Artery Patients'' Blood Loss Data

Car & Driver Data

Starting Salaries of USF Graduates

Sealed Milk Bids Data

Federal Trade Commission Rankings of Domestic Cigarette Brands

Calculation Formulas for Analysis of Variance

Short Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises

Index

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