Statistics: The Art And Science of Learning from Data

by Agresti, Alan; Franklin, Christine

• ISBN13: 9780130083692
• ISBN10: 0130083690
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For algebra-based Introductory Statistics Courses. The overarching goal of this text is to empower students to be statistical thinkers Alan Agresti and Chris Franklin have merged their research expertise, as well as their extensive real-world and teaching experience, to develop a new introductory statistics text that makes students statistically literate, while encouraging them to ask and answer interesting statistical questions. The authors have successfully crafted a text that takes the ideas that have turned statistics into a central science in modern life and makes them accessible and engaging to students without compromising necessary rigor. The varied and data-rich examples and exercises place heavy emphasis on thinking about and understanding statistical concepts. The applications are topical and current and successfully illustrate the relevance of statistics. The authors understand that most of the real-world data that students encounter outside the class room are categorical data. Unlike many texts at this level, Agresti/Franklin incorporates categorical data where appropriate and draws distinctions between theory and practical application of statistical ideas and methods. The text was written, from the ground up, to embrace and support the 6 recommendations of the ASA endorsed GAISE (Guidelines for Assessment for Instruction in Statistical Education) Report - http://www.amstat.org/education/gaise/GAISECollege.htm : Emphasize statistical literacy and develop statistical thinking. Use real data. Stress conceptual understanding rather than mere knowledge of procedures. Foster active learning in the classroom. Use technology for developing concepts and analyzing data. Use assessment to evaluate and improve student learning. Comes with a CD containing data sets, additional activities, and applets. The CD with the IE, furthermore, includes Instructor-to-Instructor videos which further detail, by chapter, the authors approach and provides suggestions on how to present concepts. These Instructor-to-Instructor videos are very complimentary to the IE chapter introductions.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data	02	(22)
How Can You Investigate Using Data?	04	(5)
We Learn about Populations Using Samples	09	(7)
What Role do Computers Play in Statistics?	16	(8)
Chapter Summary	21	(1)
Chapter Problems	21	(3)
Exploring Data with Graphs and Numerical Summaries	24	(64)
What Are the Types of Data?	26	(4)
How Can We Describe Data Using Graphical Summaries?	30	(18)
How Can We Describe the Center of Quantitative Data?	48	(8)
How Can We Describe the Spread of Quantitative Data?	56	(8)
How Can Measures of Position Describe Spread?	64	(10)
How Are Descriptive Summaries Misused?	74	(14)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	79	(1)
Chapter Summary	80	(1)
Chapter Problems	81	(7)
Association: Contingency, Correlation, and Regression	88	(58)
How Can We Explore the Association between Two Categorical Variables?	90	(7)
How Can We Explore the Association between Two Quantitative Variables?	97	(12)
How Can We Predict the Outcome of a Variable?	109	(13)
What Are Some Cautions in Analyzing Associations?	122	(24)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	138	(1)
Chapter Summary	139	(1)
Chapter Problems	139	(7)
Gathering Data	146	(46)
Should We Experiment or Should We Merely Observe?	148	(7)
What Are Good Ways and Poor Ways to Sample?	155	(12)
What Are Good Ways and Poor Ways to Experiment?	167	(6)
What Are Other Ways to Perform Experimental and Observational Studies?	173	(19)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	184	(1)
Chapter Summary	184	(1)
Chapter Problems	184	(8)
Probability in Our Daily Lives	192	(52)
How Can Probability Quantify Randomness?	194	(7)
How Can We Find Probabilities?	201	(13)
Conditional Probability: What's the Probability of A, Given B?	214	(10)
Applying the Probability Rules	224	(20)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	237	(1)
Chapter Summary	237	(1)
Chapter Problems	238	(6)
Probability Distributions	244	(70)
How Can We Summarize Possible Outcomes and Their Probabilities?	246	(11)
How Can We Find Probabilities for Bell-Shaped Distributions?	257	(11)
How Can We Find Probabilities When Each Observation Has Two Possible Outcomes	268	(10)
How Likely Are the Possible Values of a Statistic? The Sampling Distribution	278	(10)
How Close Are Sample Means to Population Means	288	(9)
How Can We Make Inferences About a Population?	297	(17)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	304	(1)
Chapter Summary	304	(1)
Chapter Problems	305	(9)
Statistical Inference: Confidence Intervals	314	(52)
What Are Point and Interval Estimates of Population Parameters?	316	(6)
How Can We Construct a Confidence Interval to Estimate a Population Proportion?	322	(11)
How Can We Construct a Confidence Interval to Estimate a Population Mean?	333	(12)
How Do We Choose the Sample Size for a Study?	345	(9)
How Do Computers Make New Estimation Methods Possible?	354	(12)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	358	(1)
Chapter Summary	358	(1)
Chapter Problems	359	(7)
Statistical Inference: Significance Tests About Hypotheses	366	(58)
What Are the Steps for Performing a Significance Test?	368	(4)
Significance Tests About Proportions	372	(16)
Significance Tests About Means	388	(12)
Decisions and Types of Errors in Significance Tests	400	(4)
Limitations of Significance Tests	404	(7)
How Likely Is a Type II Error (Not Rejecting H0, Even though It's False)?	411	(13)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	417	(1)
Chapter Summary	417	(2)
Chapter Problems	419	(5)
Comparing Two Groups	424	(60)
Categorical Response: How Can We Compare Two Proportions?	427	(12)
Quantitative Response: How Can We Compare Two Means?	439	(12)
Other Ways of Comparing Means and Comparing Proportions	451	(7)
How Can We Analyze Dependent Samples?	458	(11)
How Can We Adjust for Effects of Other Variables?	469	(15)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	475	(1)
Chapter Summary	475	(1)
Chapter Problems	476	(8)
Analyzing the Association Between Categorical Variables	484	(40)
What Is Independence and What Is Association?	486	(4)
How Can We Test Whether Categorical Variables are Independent?	490	(13)
How Strong Is the Association?	503	(7)
How Can Residuals Reveal the Pattern of Association?	510	(4)
What if the Sample Size Is Small? Fisher's Exact Test	514	(10)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	518	(1)
Chapter Summary	519	(1)
Chapter Problems	519	(5)
Analyzing Association Between Quantitative Variables: Regression Analysis	524	(52)
How Can We ``Model'' How Two Variables Are Related?	526	(8)
How Can We Describe Strength of Association?	534	(12)
How Can We Make Inferences About the Association?	546	(7)
What Do We Learn from How the Data Vary Around the Regression Line?	553	(10)
Exponential Regression: A Model for Nonlinearity	563	(13)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	568	(1)
Chapter Summary	569	(1)
Chapter Problems	570	(6)
Multiple Regression	576	(48)
How Can We Use Several Variables to Predict a Response?	578	(5)
Extending the Correlation and R-Squared for Multiple Regression	583	(5)
How Can We Use Multiple Regression to Make Inferences?	588	(11)
Checking a Regression Model Using Residual Plots	599	(5)
How Can Regression Include Categorical Predictors?	604	(6)
How Can We Model a Categorical Response?	610	(14)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	618	(1)
Chapter Summary	619	(1)
Chapter Problems	619	(5)
Comparing Groups: Analysis of Variance Methods	624	(42)
How Can We Compare Several Means?: One-Way ANOVA	626	(10)
How Should We Follow Up an ANOVA F Test	636	(9)
What if There Are Two Factors?: Two-Way ANOVA	645	(21)
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	659	(1)
Chapter Summary	659	(1)
Chapter Problems	660	(6)
Nonparametric Statistics	666
How Can We Compare Two Groups by Ranking?	668	(11)
Nonparametric Methods for Several Groups and for Matched Pairs	679
Answers to Chapter Figure Questions	689	(1)
Chapter Summary	690	(1)
Chapter Problems	690
Appendices	1	(1)
Tables	1	(6)
Selected Answers	7
Index	1	(1)
Photo Credits	1