Statistics for Environmental Science and Management

by Manly, Bryan F. J.

• ISBN13: 9781584880295
• ISBN10: 1584880295
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-09-21
• Publisher: Chapman & Hall/
• More Book Details
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Summary

Using a non-mathematical approach, the author describes techniques such as: environmental monitoring, impact assessment, assessing site reclamation, censored data, and Monte Carlo risk assessment, as well as the key topics of time series and spatial data. The book shows the strengths of different types of conclusions available from statistical analyses. It contains internet sources of information that give readers access to the latest information on specific topics.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
The Role of Statistics in Environmental Science	1	(22)
Introduction	1	(1)
Some Exampels	1	(20)
The Importance of Statistics in the Examples	21	(1)
Chapter Summary	21	(2)
Environmental Sampling	23	(41)
Introduction	23	(1)
Simple Random Sampling	24	(2)
Estimation of Population Means	26	(4)
Estimation of Population Totals	30	(1)
Estimation of Proportions	31	(2)
Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors	33	(1)
Stratified Random Sampling	34	(4)
Post-Stratification	38	(3)
Systematic Sampling	41	(5)
Other Design Strategies	46	(4)
Ration Estimation	50	(4)
Double Sampling	54	(1)
Choosing Sample Sizes	55	(3)
Unequal Probability Sampling	58	(1)
The Data Quality Objectives Process	59	(2)
Chapter Summary	61	(3)
Models for Data	64	(39)
Statistical Models	64	(1)
Discrete Statistical Distributions	64	(4)
Continuous Statistical Distributions	68	(4)
The Linear Regression Model	72	(8)
Factorial Analysis of Variance	80	(12)
Generalized Linear Models	92	(9)
Chapter Summary	101	(2)
Drawing Conclusions from Data	103	(30)
Introduction	103	(1)
Observational and Experimental Studies	103	(2)
True Experiments and Quasi-Experiments	105	(2)
Design-Based and Model-Based Inference	107	(3)
Tests of Significance and Confidence Intervals	110	(2)
Randomization Tests	112	(3)
Bootstrapping	115	(4)
Pseudoreplication	119	(1)
Multiple Testing	120	(3)
Meta-Analysis	123	(5)
Bayesian Inference	128	(2)
Chapter Summary	130	(3)
Environmental Monitoring	133	(30)
Introduction	133	(1)
Purposely Chosen Monitoring Sites	134	(1)
Two Special Monitoring Designs	134	(4)
Designs Based on Optimization	138	(1)
Monitoring Designs Typically Used	138	(1)
Detection of Changes by Analysis of Variance	138	(3)
Detection of Changes Using Control Charts	141	(9)
Detection of Changes Using CUSUM Charts	150	(6)
Chi-Squared Tests for a Change in a Distribution	156	(5)
Chapter Summary	161	(2)
Impact Assessment	163	(16)
Introduction	163	(3)
The Simple Difference Analysis with BACI Designs	166	(2)
Matched Pairs with a BACI Design	168	(5)
Impact-Control Designs	173	(1)
Before-After Designs	174	(1)
Impact-Gradient Designs	175	(1)
Inferences from Impact Assessment Studies	175	(2)
Chapter Summary	177	(2)
Assessing Site Reclamation	179	(13)
Introduction	179	(1)
Problems with Tests of Significance	179	(2)
The Concepts of Bioequivalence	181	(3)
Two-Sided Tests of Bioequivalence	184	(7)
Chapter Summary	191	(1)
Time Series Analysis	192	(31)
Introduction	192	(1)
Components of Time Series	193	(3)
Serial Correlation	196	(4)
Tests for Randomness	200	(5)
Detection of Change Points and Trends	205	(5)
More Complicated Time Series Models	210	(9)
Frequency Domain Analysis	219	(1)
Forecasting	219	(2)
Chapter Summary	221	(2)
Spatial Data Analysis	223	(31)
Introduction	223	(1)
Types of Spatial Data	223	(4)
Spatial Patterns in Quadrat Counts	227	(7)
Correlation Between Quadrat Counts	234	(3)
Randomness of Point Patterns	237	(2)
Correlation Between Point Patterns	239	(1)
Mantel Tests for Autocorrelation	240	(3)
The Variogram	243	(5)
Kriging	248	(2)
Correlation Between Variables in Space	250	(2)
Chapter Summary	252	(2)
Censored Data	254	(14)
Introduction	254	(1)
Single Sample Estimation	254	(8)
Estimation of Quantiles	262	(1)
Comparing the Means of Two or More Samples	262	(4)
Regression with Consored Data	266	(1)
Chapter Summary	266	(2)
Monte Carlo Risk Assessment	268	(8)
Introduction	268	(1)
Principles for Monte Carlo Risk Assessment	269	(1)
Risk Analysis Using a Spreadsheet Add-On	270	(4)
Further Information	274	(1)
Chapter Summary	275	(1)
Final Remarks	276	(1)
Appendix A Some Basic Statistical Methods	277	(19)
A1 Introduction	277	(1)
A2 Distributions for Sample Data	277	(6)
A3 Distributions of Sample Statistics	283	(3)
A4 Tests of Significance	286	(6)
A5 Confidence Intervals	292	(2)
A6 Covariance and Correlation	294	(2)
Appendix B Statistical Tables	296	(7)
B1 The Standard Normal Distribution	297	(1)
B2 Critical Values for the t-Distribution	298	(1)
B3 Critical Values for the Chi-Squared Distribution	299	(1)
B4 Critical Values for the F-Distribution	300	(2)
B5 Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Statistic	302	(1)
References	303	(12)
Author Index	315	(6)
Subject Index	321