Statistics in Psychology: An Historical Perspective

by Cowles; Michael

• ISBN13: 9780805835090
• ISBN10: 0805835091
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: Psychology Pres

Summary

This book presents an historical overview of the field--from its development to the present--at an accessible mathematical level. This edition features two new chapters--one on factor analysis and the other on the rise of ANOVA usage in psychological research. Written for psychology, as well as other social science students, this book introduces the major personalities and their roles in the development of the field. It provides insight into the disciplines of statistics and experimental design through the examination of the character of its founders and the nature of their views, which were sometimes personal and ideological, rather than objective and scientific. It motivates further study by illustrating the human component of this field, adding dimension to an area that is typically very technical. Intended for advanced undergraduate and/or graduate students in psychology and other social sciences, this book will also be of interest to instructors and/or researchers interested in the origins of this omnipresent discipline.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
The Development of Statistics	1	(20)
Evolution, Biometrics, and Eugenics	1	(5)
The Definition of Statistics	6	(1)
Probability	7	(5)
The Normal Distribution	12	(2)
Biometrics	14	(4)
Statistical Criticism	18	(3)
Science, Psychology, and Statistics	21	(15)
Determinism	21	(5)
Probabilistic and Deterministic Models	26	(1)
Science and Induction	27	(4)
Inference	31	(2)
Statistics in Psychology	33	(3)
Measurement	36	(11)
In Respect of Measurement	36	(3)
Some Fundamentals	39	(5)
Error in Measurement	44	(3)
The Organization of Data	47	(9)
The Early Inventories	47	(1)
Political Arithmetic	48	(2)
Vital Statistics	50	(3)
Graphical Methods	53	(3)
Probability	56	(12)
The Early Beginnings	56	(1)
The Beginnings	57	(3)
The Meaning of Probability	60	(6)
Formal Probability Theory	66	(2)
Distributions	68	(9)
The Binomial Distribution	68	(2)
The Poisson Distribution	70	(2)
The Normal Distribution	72	(5)
Practical Inference	77	(8)
Inverse Probability and the Foundations of Inference	77	(4)
Fisherian Inference	81	(2)
Bayes of p ≤ .05?	83	(2)
Sampling and Estimation	85	(20)
Randomness and Random Numbers	85	(3)
Combining Observations	88	(7)
Sampling in Theory and in Practice	95	(3)
The Theory of Estimation	98	(3)
The Battle for Randomization	101	(4)
Sampling Distributions	105	(22)
The Chi-Square Distribution	105	(9)
The t Distribution	114	(7)
The F Distribution	121	(3)
The Central Limit Theorem	124	(3)
Comparisons, Correlations, and Predictions	127	(27)
Comparing Measurements	127	(2)
Galton's Discovery of Regression	129	(9)
Galton's Measure of Co-relation	138	(3)
The Coefficient of Correlation	141	(5)
Correlation - Controversies and Character	146	(8)
Factor Analysis	154	(17)
Factors	154	(2)
The Beginnings	156	(6)
Rewriting the Beginnings	162	(2)
The Practitioners	164	(7)
The Design of Experiments	171	(15)
The Problem of Control	171	(2)
Methods of Inquiry	173	(3)
The Concept of Statistical Control	176	(5)
The Linear Model	181	(1)
The Design of Experiments	182	(4)
Assessing Differences and Having Confidence	186	(19)
Fisherian Statistics	186	(1)
The Analysis of Variance	187	(8)
Multiple Comparison Procedures	195	(4)
Confidence Intervals and Significance Tests	199	(4)
A Note on `One-Tail' and `Two-Tail' Tests	203	(2)
Treatments and Effects: The Rise of ANOVA	205	(11)
The Beginnings	205	(1)
The Experimental Texts	205	(2)
The Journals and the Papers	207	(5)
The Statistical Texts	212	(1)
Expected Means Squares	213	(3)
The Statistical Hotpot	216	(20)
Times of Change	216	(1)
Neyman and Pearson	217	(7)
Statistics and Invective	224	(4)
Fisher versus Neyman and Pearson	228	(5)
Practical Statistics	233	(3)
References	236	(18)
Author Index	254	(4)
Subject Index	258