Statistics A Tool for Social Research

by Healey, Joseph F.

• ISBN13: 9780534627942
• ISBN10: 0534627943
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-16
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

A comprehensive, exceptionally well-written text that instructors find to be appropriate for students with varying levels of mathematical skill, ranging from those suffering from math phobia and anxiety to those adept at math. The text provides students a first look at social statistics by illustrating the application of statistics to contemporary social issues. Students learn to read and interpret statistics in a variety of settings. Each chapter is complete with numerous practice exercises, problems, and demonstrations and applications of the latest SPSS statistical software package to reinforce chapter concepts, operations, and formulas. Students can also find demonstrations and applications using the MicroCase statistical package on the text's companion web site. The book's primary emphasis is on developing the following skills necessary for students to become "statistically literate": computational competence; appreciation of statistics; and the ability to read professional social science literature.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction	1	(22)
1.1 Why Study Statistics?	1	(1)
1.2 The Role of Statistics in Scientific Inquiry	2	(4)
1.3 The Goals of This Text	6	(1)
1.4 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	7	(2)
1.5 Discrete and Continuous Variables	9	(1)
1.6 Level of Measurement	10	(14)
Reading Statistics 1: Introduction	14	(3)
Summary	17	(1)
Glossary	17	(1)
Problems	18	(2)
Introduction to SPSS and the General Social Survey	20	(3)
Part I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	23	(124)
Chapter 2 Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Tables, Charts, and Graphs	24	(45)
2.1 Percentages and Proportions	25	(4)
Application 2.1	27	(1)
Application 2.2	28	(1)
2.2 Ratios, Rates, and Percentage Change	29	(3)
Application 2.3	30	(2)
Application 2.4	32	(1)
2.3 Frequency Distributions: Introduction	32	(2)
2.4 Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Nominal and Ordinal Levels	34	(2)
2.5 Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level	36	(6)
Application 2.5	37	(5)
2.6 Constructing Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio-Level Variables: A Review	42	(5)
Reading Statistics 2: Frequency Distributions and Charts	43	(4)
2.7 Charts and Graphs	47	(5)
2.8 Interpreting Statistics: Using Percentages, Frequency Distributions, Charts, and Graphs to Analyze Changing Patterns of Workplace Surveillance	52	(17)
Summary	56	(1)
Summary of Formulas	56	(1)
Glossary	56	(1)
Multimedia Resources	57	(1)
Problems	57	(5)
Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Frequency Distributions and Graphs	62	(7)
Chapter 3 Measures of Central Tendency	69	(26)
3.1 Introduction	70	(1)
3.2 The Mode	70	(1)
3.3 The Median	71	(2)
3.4 Other Measures of Position: Percentiles, Deciles, and Quartiles	73	(1)
3.5 The Mean	74	(1)
3.6 Some Characteristics of the Mean	75	(4)
3.7 Computing Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data	79	(3)
3.8 Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency	82	(13)
Application 3.1	83	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
Summary of Formulas	84	(1)
Glossary	84	(1)
Multimedia Resources	85	(1)
Problems	85	(5)
Using SPSS for Windows for Measures of Central Tendency and Percentiles	90	(5)
Chapter 4 Measures of Dispersion	95	(28)
4.1 Introduction	96	(1)
4.2 The Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV)	97	(2)
4.3 The Range (R) and Interquartile Range (Q)	99	(1)
4.4 Computing the Range and Interquartile Range	100	(1)
4.5 The Standard Deviation	101	(3)
4.6 Computing the Standard Deviation: An Additional Example	104	(1)
4.7 Computing the Standard Deviation from Grouped Data	105	(2)
4.8 Interpreting the Standard Deviation	107	(1)
Application 4.1	108	(1)
4.9 Interpreting Statistics: The Central Tendency and Dispersion of Income in the United States	108	(15)
Application 4.2	109	(1)
Reading Statistics 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion	110	(4)
Summary	114	(1)
Summary of Formulas	114	(1)
Glossary	114	(1)
Multimedia Resources	115	(1)
Problems	115	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Measures of Dispersion	119	(4)
Chapter 5 The Normal Curve	123	(20)
5.1 Introduction	124	(2)
5.2 Computing Z Scores	126	(1)
5.3 The Normal Curve Table	127	(2)
5.4 Finding Total Area Above and Below a Score	129	(2)
5.5 Finding Areas Between Two Scores	131	(2)
Application 5.1	133	(1)
5.6 Using the Normal Curve to Estimate Probabilities	133	(16)
Application 5.2	134	(1)
Application 5.3	135	(3)
Summary	138	(1)
Summary of Formulas	138	(1)
Glossary	138	(1)
Multimedia Resources	139	(1)
Problems	139	(2)
Using SPSS for Windows to Transform Raw Scores into Z Scores	141	(2)
Part I Cumulative Exercises	143	(4)
Part II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	147	(168)
Chapter 6 Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and the Sampling Distribution	149	(16)
6.1 Introduction	149	(1)
6.2 Techniques for Probability Sampling	150	(1)
6.3 EPSEM Sampling Techniques	151	(3)
6.4 The Sampling Distribution	154	(4)
6.5 The Sampling Distribution: An Additional Example	158	(2)
6.6 Symbols and Terminology	160	(5)
Summary	161	(1)
Glossary	161	(1)
Multimedia Resources	162	(1)
Problems	162	(1)
Using SPSS for Windows to Draw Random Samples	163	(2)
Chapter 7 Estimation Procedures	165	(26)
7.1 Introduction	165	(1)
7.2 Bias and Efficiency	166	(3)
7.3 Estimation Procedures: Introduction	169	(2)
7.4 Interval Estimation Procedures for Sample Means (Large Samples)	171	(3)
Application 7.1	173	(1)
7.5 Interval Estimation Procedures for Sample Proportions (Large Samples)	174	(1)
Application 7.2	175	(1)
7.6 A Summary of the Computation of Confidence Intervals	175	(1)
7.7 Controlling the Width of Interval Estimates	175	(4)
Application 7.3	177	(2)
7.8 Interpreting Statistics: Predicting the Election of the President and Judging His Performance	179	(12)
Reading Statistics 4: Public-Opinion Polls	180	(4)
Reading Statistics 5: Using Representative Samples to Track National Trends	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Summary of Formulas	185	(1)
Glossary	186	(1)
Multimedia Resources	186	(1)
Problems	186	(3)
Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Confidence Intervals	189	(2)
Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing I: The One-Sample Case	191	(32)
8.1 Introduction	192	(1)
8.2 An Overview of Hypothesis Testing	193	(5)
8.3 The Five-Step Model for Hypothesis Testing	198	(5)
Application 8.1	202	(1)
8.4 One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests of Hypothesis	203	(5)
8.5 Selecting an Alpha Level	208	(2)
8.6 The Student's t Distribution	210	(3)
8.7 Tests of Hypotheses for Single-Sample Proportions (Large Samples)	213	(10)
Application 8.2	216	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
Summary of Formulas	218	(1)
Glossary	218	(1)
Multimedia Resources	219	(1)
Problems	219	(4)
Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing II: The Two-Sample Case	223	(27)
9.1 Introduction	223	(1)
9.2 Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Large Samples)	224	(5)
Application 9.1	228	(1)
9.3 Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Small Samples)	229	(2)
9.4 Hypothesis Testing with Sample Proportions (Large Samples)	231	(2)
9.5 The Limitations of Hypothesis Testing: Significance Versus Importance	233	(3)
Application 9.2	234	(2)
9.6 Interpreting Statistics: Are There Significant Differences in Income Between Men and Women?	236	(14)
Reading Statistics 6: Hypothesis Testing	237	(3)
Application 9.3	240	(1)
Summary	241	(1)
Summary of Formulas	241	(1)
Glossary	242	(1)
Multimedia Resources	242	(1)
Problems	242	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows to Test the Significance of the Difference Between Two Means	246	(4)
Chapter 10 Hypothesis Testing III: The Analysis of Variance	250	(30)
10.1 Introduction	250	(1)
10.2 The Logic of the Analysis of Variance	251	(2)
10.3 The Computation of ANOVA	253	(2)
10.4 A Computational Shortcut	255	(1)
10.5 A Computational Example	255	(2)
10.6 A Test of Significance for ANOVA	257	(5)
Application 10.1	258	(2)
Application 10.2	260	(2)
10.7 An Additional Example for Computing and Testing the Analysis of Variance	262	(2)
10.8 The Limitations of the Test	264	(1)
10.9 Interpreting Statistics: Does Sexual Activity Vary by Marital Status?	265	(15)
Reading Statistics 7: Investigating Perceptions of Disabled Workers	266	(4)
Summary	270	(1)
Summary of Formulas	270	(1)
Glossary	271	(1)
Multimedia Resources	271	(1)
Problems	271	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows to Conduct Analysis of Variance	275	(5)
Chapter 11 Hypothesis Testing IV: Chi Square	280	(32)
11.1 Introduction	280	(1)
11.2 Bivariate Tables	281	(1)
11.3 The Logic of Chi Square	282	(2)
11.4 The Computation of Chi Square	284	(2)
11.5 The Chi Square Test for Independence	286	(3)
11.6 The Chi Square Test: An Example	289	(2)
11.7 An Additional Application of the Chi Square Test: The Goodness-of-Fit Test	291	(4)
Application 11.1	292	(3)
11.8 The Limitations of the Chi Square Test	295	(2)
Reading Statistics 8: Another look at Income and Gender	296	(1)
11.9 Interpreting Statistics: Family Values and Social Class	297	(20)
Application 11.2	301	(1)
Summary	302	(1)
Summary of Formulas	302	(1)
Glossary	302	(1)
Multimedia Resources	303	(1)
Problems	303	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows to Conduct the Chi Square Test	307	(5)
Part II Cumulative Exercises	312	(3)
Part III BIVARIATE MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION	315	(114)
Chapter 12 Bivariate Association: Introduction and Basic Concepts	317	(23)
12.1 Statistical Significance and Theoretical Importance	317	(2)
12.2 Association Between Variables and the Bivariate Table	319	(1)
12.3 Three Characteristics of Bivariate Associations	320	(20)
Application 12.1	322	(2)
Application 12.2	324	(2)
Reading Statistics 9: Bivariate Tables	326	(3)
Summary	329	(1)
Glossary	330	(1)
Multimedia Resources	331	(1)
Problems	331	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows to Analyze Bivariate Association	335	(5)
Chapter 13 Association Between Variables Measured at the Nominal Level	340	(21)
13.1 Introduction	340	(1)
13.2 Chi Square-Based Measures of Association	341	(5)
Reading Statistics 10: The Importance of Percentages	344	(2)
13.3 Proportional Reduction in Error (PRE)	346	(1)
13.4 A PRE Measure for Nominal-Level Variables: Lambda	347	(2)
Application 13.1	349	(1)
13.5 The Computation of Lambda	349	(3)
Application 13.2	350	(2)
13.6 The Limitations of Lambda	352	(9)
Summary	353	(1)
Summary of Formulas	353	(1)
Glossary	353	(1)
Multimedia Resources	354	(1)
Problems	354	(3)
Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Nominal-Level Measures of Association	357	(4)
Chapter 14 Association Between Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level	361	(32)
14.1 Introduction	361	(1)
14.2 Proportional Reduction in Error (PRE)	362	(1)
14.3 The Computation of Gamma	363	(6)
Application 14.1	364	(3)
Application 14.2	367	(2)
14.4 Determining the Direction of Relationships	369	(2)
14.5 Interpreting Association with Bivariate Tables: What Are the Sources of Civic Engagement in U.S. Society?	371	(5)
Reading Statistics 11: Bivariate Tables and Associated Statistics	372	(4)
14.6 Spearman's Rho (r,)	376	(4)
Application 14.3	378	(2)
14.7 Testing the Null Hypothesis of "No Association" with Gamma and Spearman's Rho	380	(13)
Summary	383	(1)
Summary of Formulas	383	(1)
Glossary	383	(1)
Multimedia Resources	384	(1)
Problems	384	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Ordinal-Level Measures of Association	388	(5)
Chapter 15 Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level	393	(32)
15.1 Introduction	394	(1)
15.2 Scattergrams	394	(3)
15.3 Regression and Prediction	397	(3)
15.4 The Computation of a and b	400	(3)
15.5 The Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r)	403	(1)
15.6 Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient: r2	404	(4)
Application 15.1	405	(3)
15.7 The Correlation Matrix	408	(4)
Application 15.2	410	(2)
15.8 Testing Pearson's r for Significance	412	(1)
15.9 Interpreting Statistics: The Correlates of Crime	413	(18)
Summary	416	(1)
Summary of Formulas	417	(1)
Glossary	417	(1)
Multimedia Resources	418	(1)
Problems	418	(3)
Using SPSS for Windows to Produce Pearson's r	421	(4)
Part III Cumulative Exercises	425	(4)
Part IV MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES	429	(64)
Chapter 16 Elaborating Bivariate Tables	431	(30)
16.1 Introduction	432	(1)
16.2 Controlling for a Third Variable	432	(3)
16.3 Interpreting Partial Tables	435	(8)
Application 16.1	437	(5)
Application 16.2	442	(1)
16.4 Partial Gamma (GI)	443	(2)
16.5 Where Do Control Variables Come From?	445	(1)
16.6 The Limitations of Elaborating Bivariate Tables	446	(1)
16.7 Interpreting Statistics: Analyzing Civic Engagement	447	(14)
Summary	451	(1)
Summary of Formulas	451	(1)
Glossary	451	(1)
Multimedia Resources	452	(1)
Problems	452	(6)
Using SPSS for Windows to Elaborate Bivariate Tables	458	(3)
Chapter 17 Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation	461	(30)
17.1 Introduction	462	(1)
17.2 Partial Correlation	462	(4)
17.3 Multiple Regression: Predicting the Dependent Variable	466	(3)
17.4 Multiple Regression: Assessing the Effects of the Independent Variables	469	(5)
Application 17.1	470	(2)
Application 17.2	472	(2)
17.5 Multiple Correlation	474	(2)
17.6 Interpreting Statistics: Another Look at the Correlates of Crime	476	(5)
Reading Statistics 12: Regression and Correlation	478	(3)
17.7 The Limitations of Multiple Regression and Correlation	481	(10)
Summary	482	(1)
Summary of Formulas	482	(1)
Glossary	483	(1)
Multimedia Resources	483	(1)
Problems	483	(4)
Using SPSS for Windows for Regression Analysis	487	(4)
Part IV Cumulative Exercises	491	(2)
Appendix A Area Under the Normal Curve	493	(4)
Appendix B Distribution of t	497	(1)
Appendix C Distribution of Chi Square	498	(1)
Appendix D Distribution of F	499	(2)
Appendix E Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects	501	(6)
Appendix F An Introduction to SPSS for Windows	507	(8)
Appendix G Code Book for the General Social Survey, 2002	515	(8)
Appendix H Basic Mathematics Review	523	(9)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Computational Problems	532	(12)
Glossary	544	(6)
Index	550