Heinz P. Bloch is a consulting engineer. Before retiring from Exxon in 1986 after over two decades of service, Mr. Bloch's professional career included long-term assignments as Exxon Chemical's Regional Machinery Specialist for the United States. He has also held machinery-oriented staff and line positions with Exxon affiliates in the United States, Italy, Spain, England, The Netherlands and Japan. He has conducted over 500 public and in-plant courses in the United States and at international locations.
..Dr. Murari P. Singh is Consulting Engineer / Probabilistic Lifing Leader of GE Oil And Gas for all products in Chief Engineers' Office. Murari has been involved in the design, development and analysis of industrial turbomachinery for more than thirty years with Turbodyne Corporation, Dresser Industries, Dresser-Rand Company and, most recently, with Safe Technical Solutions Inc., where he served as Director of Engineering Technology. Dr. Singh has extensive knowledge and experience with fatigue and fracture mechanics, stress and vibration of structures, reliability, life analysis, and probabilistic analysis. His practical application experience includes a variety of rotating equipment including warm gas and FCC expanders, steam turbines, and centrifugal compressors. He developed the widely used SAFE diagram for reliability evaluation of turbine blades. Dr. Singh has authored more than 35 technical papers on topics relating to turbomachinery.
...Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Why Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines Are Applied | p. 1 |
Overview of Steam Turbine Fundamentals | p. 2 |
Steam turbine staging can vary | p. 5 |
Modern impulse design | p. 5 |
Single-valve vs. multivalve construction | p. 5 |
Steam balance considerations | p. 9 |
Overview of Steam Turbine Types and Controls | p. 9 |
Straight noncondensing | p. 14 |
Automatic extraction noncondensing | p. 15 |
Automatic extraction condensing | p. 15 |
Basic steam control considerations | p. 18 |
Automatic extraction condensing controls | p. 21 |
Geared and direct-drive types | p. 21 |
Modular design concepts | p. 23 |
Turbine Casing and Major Stationary Components | p. 29 |
Casing Design | p. 29 |
Steam Admission Sections | p. 33 |
Steam Turbine Diaphragms and Labyrinth Packing | p. 36 |
Bearings for Mechanical Drive Turbines | p. 51 |
Journal Bearings for Industrial Turbomachinery | p. 51 |
Fixed-geometry journal bearing stability | p. 52 |
Tilting-pad journal bearings | p. 56 |
Advanced tilting-pad journal bearings | p. 61 |
Lubrication-starved tilting-pad bearings | p. 65 |
Key Design Parameters | p. 68 |
Thrust Bearings for Turbomachinery | p. 69 |
Active Magnetic Bearings | p. 75 |
Rotors for Impulse Turbines | p. 81 |
Long-Term Operating Experience | p. 81 |
Pitch Diameter and Speed | p. 82 |
Steam Temperature | p. 83 |
Built-Up Construction | p. 84 |
Solid Construction | p. 89 |
Shaft Ends | p. 90 |
Turbine Rotor Balance Methods | p. 91 |
At-speed rotor balancing | p. 92 |
Balance Tolerance | p. 94 |
Rotors for Reaction Turbines | p. 95 |
Solid Rotors | p. 95 |
Materials for Solid Rotors | p. 99 |
Welded Rotor Design | p. 100 |
Welded Rotor Materials | p. 105 |
Turbine Blade Design Overview | p. 109 |
Blade Materials | p. 111 |
Blade Root Attachments | p. 111 |
Types of Airfoils and Blading Capabilities | p. 113 |
Guide Blades for Reaction Turbines | p. 114 |
Low-Pressure Final Stage Blading | p. 120 |
Turbine Auxiliaries | p. 125 |
Lube Systems | p. 125 |
Barring or Turning Gears | p. 128 |
Trip-Throttle or Main Stop Valves | p. 129 |
Overspeed Trip Devices | p. 132 |
Gland Seal Systems | p. 135 |
Lube Oil Purifiers | p. 135 |
Governors and Control Systems | p. 137 |
General | p. 137 |
Governor System Terminology | p. 140 |
Speed regulation | p. 140 |
Speed variation | p. 141 |
Dead band | p. 141 |
Stability | p. 141 |
Speed rise | p. 141 |
NEMA Classifications | p. 143 |
Valves | p. 144 |
Single-valve turbines | p. 144 |
Multivalve turbines | p. 145 |
PG Governors | p. 145 |
Electronic Governors | p. 148 |
Governor Systems | p. 150 |
General | p. 150 |
Extraction control | p. 150 |
Couplings and Coupling Considerations | p. 157 |
Power Transmission | p. 157 |
Shaft Alignment | p. 160 |
Maintenance | p. 162 |
Influence on the Critical Speeds | p. 162 |
Differential Expansions | p. 162 |
Axial Thrusts | p. 163 |
Limits of Application | p. 163 |
Rotor Dynamics Technology | p. 165 |
Rotor Model | p. 165 |
Dynamic Stiffness | p. 166 |
Effects of Damping on Critical Speed Prediction | p. 169 |
Bearing-Related Developments | p. 170 |
Refinements | p. 172 |
Bearing Support Considerations | p. 173 |
Foundations | p. 174 |
Impedance | p. 174 |
Partial Arc Forces | p. 178 |
Design Procedure | p. 179 |
Rotor Response | p. 180 |
Instability Mechanisms | p. 180 |
Subsynchronous Vibration | p. 180 |
Service Examples | p. 183 |
Labyrinth and Cover Seal Forces | p. 185 |
Rotor Stability Criteria | p. 187 |
Experimental Verification | p. 187 |
Campbell, Goodman, and SAFE Diagrams for Steam Turbine Blades | p. 189 |
Goodman Diagram | p. 189 |
Goodman-Soderberg Diagram | p. 190 |
Campbell Diagram | p. 191 |
Exciting frequencies | p. 195 |
SAFE Diagram-Evaluation Tool for Packeted Bladed Disk Assembly | p. 197 |
Definition of resonance | p. 198 |
Mode shape | p. 198 |
Fluctuating forces | p. 200 |
SAFE Diagram for Bladed Disk Assembly | p. 203 |
Mode Shapes of a Packeted Bladed Disk | p. 209 |
Interference Diagram Beyond N/2 Limit | p. 211 |
Explaining Published Data by the Use of Dresser-Rand's SAFE Diagram | p. 214 |
Summary | p. 217 |
Reaction vs. Impulse Type Steam Turbines | p. 219 |
Introduction | p. 219 |
Impulse and Reaction Turbines Compared | p. 220 |
Efficiency | p. 220 |
Design | p. 223 |
Rotor | p. 223 |
Blading | p. 224 |
Erosion | p. 230 |
Axial Thrust | p. 232 |
Maintenance | p. 233 |
Design Features of Modern Reaction Turbines | p. 233 |
Deposit Formation and Turbine Water Washing | p. 235 |
Transmission Elements for High-Speed Turbomachinery | p. 243 |
Spur Gear Units | p. 243 |
Epicyclic Gears | p. 245 |
Clutches | p. 246 |
Hydroviscous Drives | p. 253 |
Hydrodynamic Converters and Geared Variable-Speed Turbo Couplings | p. 257 |
Function of the multistage variable-speed drive | p. 261 |
Design and operating details | p. 261 |
Working oil and lube oil circuits | p. 264 |
Lubricating system | p. 264 |
Lubricant oil containment on gear and vriable-speed units | p. 265 |
Shortcut Graphical Methods of Turbine Selection | p. 267 |
Mollier Chart Instructions | p. 267 |
Estimating Steam Rates | p. 271 |
Quick Reference Information to Estimate Steam Rates of Multivalve, Multistage Steam Turbines | p. 303 |
Elliott Shortcut Selection Method for Multivalve, Multistage Steam Turbines | p. 309 |
Approximate Steam Rates | p. 309 |
Stage Performance Determination | p. 313 |
Extraction Turbine Performance | p. 320 |
Rerates, Upgrades, and Modifications | p. 329 |
Performance and Efficiency Upgrade | p. 331 |
Brush seals and labyrinth seals | p. 332 |
Wavy face dry seals | p. 336 |
Buckets | p. 348 |
Reliability Upgrade | p. 352 |
Electronic controls | p. 352 |
Monitoring systems | p. 356 |
Life Extension | p. 356 |
Modification and Reapplication | p. 358 |
Casing | p. 359 |
Flange sizing | p. 360 |
Nozzle ring capacity | p. 362 |
Steam path analysis | p. 362 |
Rotor blade loading | p. 363 |
Thrust bearing loading | p. 363 |
Governor valve capacity | p. 364 |
Rotor | p. 364 |
Shaft end reliability assessment | p. 364 |
Speed range changes | p. 366 |
Auxiliary equipment review | p. 366 |
Oil mist lubrication for general-purpose steam turbines | p. 367 |
Problem solving | p. 376 |
Summary | p. 376 |
Glossary | p. 377 |
Units of Measurement | p. 385 |
Bibliography and List of Contributors | p. 399 |
Index | p. 407 |
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