Stem Cells

by Wobus, Anna M.; Boheler, Kenneth R.

• ISBN13: 9783540261339
• ISBN10: 3540261338
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-18
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

During the past few years, stem cell research has metamorphosed into distinct and specialized avenues of research. However, the present book presents in a single volume many novel aspects of stem cell biology with respect to scientific endeavours and future applications. Of particular note is the coverage of the pharmacological issues which have never been adequately addressed in the past.

Table of Contents

Factors Involved in Self-Renewal and Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells	1	(20)
H. Darr, N. Benvenisty
1. Introduction	2	(1)
2 Extrinsic Factors Governing Maintenance of the Undifferentiated State of ES Cells	3	(5)
2.1 Leukemia Inhibitory Factor	3	(3)
2.2 BMP4	6	(1)
2.3 bFGF	7	(1)
2.4 Other Suggested Factors	8	(1)
3 Intrinsic Factors Governing Maintenance of the Undifferentiated State of Embryonic Stem Cells	8	(5)
3.1 Oct4	8	(2)
3.2 Sox2	10	(1)
3.3 Foxd3	11	(1)
3.4 Nanog	12	(1)
3.5 miRNA	13	(1)
4 Summary	13	(1)
References	14	(7)
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Embryoid Bodies: An In Vitro Model of Eutherian Pregastrulation Development and Early Gastrulation	21	(32)
G. Weitzer
1 Introduction	21	(1)
2 The Genesis of the Embryoid Body	22	(4)
3 The Influence of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines on Embryoid Body Development	26	(3)
4 Pregastrulation-Like Development of Embryoid Bodies	29	(6)
5 Gastrulation-Like Development in Embryoid Bodies	35	(4)
6 Developmental Noise or Chaos in Embryoid Bodies	39	(1)
7 Perspectives	40	(1)
8 Conclusions	41	(1)
References	42	(11)
Embryonic Stem Cells: A Novel Tool for the Study of Antiangiogenesis and Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis	53	(20)
M. Wartenberg, F. Dönmez, Budde, H. Sauer
1 Introduction	54	(1)
2 Current Methods for Assaying Angiogenesis In Vitro	55	(1)
3 Angiogenesis in Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Embryoid Bodies	56	(2)
4 Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Embryoid Bodies as a Tool for Antiangiogenesis Research	58	(4)
5 Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Embryoid Bodies to Study Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis	62	(4)
6 Conclusions and Outlook	66	(1)
References	67	(6)
Cardiac Repair by Embryonic Stem-Derived Cells	73	(28)
M. Rubart, L.J. Field
1 Introduction	74	(1)
2 Cell Transplantation for Cardiac Repair	74	(7)
2.1 Cardiomyocytes	74	(2)
2.2 Skeletal Myoblasts	76	(5)
2.3 Adult-Derived Stem Cells	81	(1)
3 Cardiomyogenic Differentiation in Embryonic Stem Cells	81	(4)
3.1 Spontaneous Cardiomyogenic Differentiation	81	(2)
3.2 Identification of Factors That Enhance Cardiomyogenic Differentiation	83	(2)
4 Experiences with Embryonic Stem-Derived Cardiomyocyte Transplantation	85	(5)
5 Large-Scale Generation of Embryonic Stem-Derived Cardiomyocytes	90	(2)
6 Conclusions	92	(1)
References	93	(8)
Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells	101	(22)
R. Passier, C. Denning, C. Mummery
1 Introduction	101	(1)
2 Development of the Mammalian Heart	102	(7)
2.1 Differentiation and Early Morphogenesis	102	(2)
2.2 Molecular Control of Cardiac Development	104	(5)
3 Cardiomyocytes from Embryonic Stem Cells	109	(4)
3.1 In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes	109	(1)
3.2 In Vitro Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes	110	(2)
3.3 Improving Cardiomyocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells	112	(1)
4 Characteristics of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes	113	(4)
4.1 Transcriptional Profile of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes	114	(1)
4.2 A Functional Conduction System: Excitation-Contraction Coupling Machinery	115	(2)
5 Applications and Conclusions	117	(1)
References	118	(5)
Autocrine and Intracrine Signaling for Cardiogenesis in Embryonic Stem Cells: A Clue for the Development of Novel Differentiating Agents	123	(24)
C. Ventura, A. Branzi
1 Introduction	124	(2)
2 Leukemia Inhibitory Factor	126	(1)
3 The Wnt Pathway	127	(4)
4 Endorphins and Autocrine Regulation of Protein Kinase C Signaling in Cardiogenesis	131	(2)
5 Intracrine Regulation of Cell Growth and Differentiation: Role for a Nuclear Endorphinergic System in Stem Cell Cardiogenesis	133	(4)
6 Molecular Dissection of Embryonic Stem Cell Cardiogenesis: A Clue for the Development of Novel Differentiating Agents	137	(3)
References	140	(7)
Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells in Diabetes	147	(22)
E. Roche, R. Enseliat-Waser, J. A. Reig, J. Jones, T. León-Quinto, B. Soria
1 Introduction	148	(2)
1.1 Diabetes	148	(1)
1.2 Islet Transplantation and the Need for Alternative Sources of Cells	149	(1)
2 Embryonic Stem Cells	150	(9)
2.1 Spontaneous Differentiation	151	(4)
2.2 Directed Differentiation	155	(4)
2.2.1 Gating Selection Protocols	155	(2)
2.2.2 Coaxial Methods	157	(1)
2.2.3 Directional Strategies	158	(1)
3 Adult Stem Cells and Somatic Cells	159	(2)
3.1 From Endoderm-Derived Tissues	159	(1)
3.2 From Mesoderm-Derived Tissues	160	(1)
4 Pancreas Regeneration	161	(2)
References	163	(6)
The Stem Cell Continuum: A New Model of Stem Cell Regulation	169	(16)
P.J. Quesenberry, G.A. Colvin, M.S. Dooner
1 Introduction	170	(1)
2 The Hierarchy	170	(2)
3 The Continuum	172	(2)
4 Engraftment	174	(1)
5 Homing	175	(2)
6 Switch to a Progenitor Phenotype: The Progenitor/Stem Cell Inversion	177	(1)
7 Differentiation Hotspots in Cell Cycle Transit	178	(1)
8 Global Gene Expression and Other Stem Cell-Specific Gene Expression	178	(1)
9 Plasticity and Plasticity: Plasticity Squared	179	(1)
10 A Continuum Model of Hematopoiesis	179	(2)
References	181	(4)
Markers of Adult Tissue-Based Stem Cells	185	(44)
M.R. Alison, M. Brittan, M.J. Lovell, N.A. Wright
1 Introduction	186	(1)
2 Common Attributes of Stem Cells	187	(7)
2.1 Strategic Placement	188	(1)
2.2 Self-Renewal	188	(2)
2.3 Small in Number	190	(1)
2.4 Undifferentiated	190	(1)
2.5 Slowly Cycling	190	(1)
2.6 Side Populations	190	(3)
2.7 Maintenance of Genome Integrity	193	(1)
2.8 Generic Stem Cell Markers	193	(1)
3 Organ-Specific Stem Cells	194	(23)
3.1 Bone Marrow	195	(2)
3.1.1 Haematopoietic Stem Cells	195	(1)
3.1.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells	196	(1)
3.1.3 Endothelial Progenitor Cells	196	(1)
3.2 Musculoskeletal Stem Cells	197	(1)
3.2.1 Cartilage	197	(1)
3.2.2 Bone	197	(1)
3.2.3 Skeletal Muscle	198	(1)
3.3 Gastrointestinal Tract	198	(3)
3.3.1 Oesophagus	198	(1)
3.3.2 Stomach	199	(1)
3.3.3 Small and Large Intestine	200	(1)
3.4 Liver	201	(2)
3.5 Pancreas	203	(3)
3.6 Stratified Squamous Epithelia	206	(3)
3.6.1 Epidermis	206	(2)
3.6.2 Cervix	208	(1)
3.7 Mammary Glands	209	(1)
3.8 Male Gonadal and Accessory Sex Tissue	210	(1)
3.8.1 Testis	210	(1)
3.8.2 Prostate	211	(1)
3.9 Heart	211	(2)
3.10 Kidney	213	(1)
3.11 Lung	213	(1)
3.12 Brain	214	(2)
3.13 Eye	216	(1)
4 Conclusions	217	(1)
References	218	(11)
Designer Cytokines for Human Haematopoietic Progenitor Cell Expansion: Impact for Tissue Regeneration	229	(20)
S. Rose-John
1 Introduction	230	(1)
2 Cytokines and Haematopoietic Stem Cells	231	(6)
2.1 The gp130 Family of Cytokines	231	(1)
2.2 Signalling of gp130	232	(2)
2.3 The Designer Cytokine Hyper-IL-6	234	(1)
2.4 Gp130 Cytokines and Haematopoietic Stem Cells	235	(1)
2.5 Gp130 and Tissue Regeneration	236	(1)
3 Cytokines and Embryonic Stem Cells	237	(1)
4 Expansion of Haematopoietic Stem Cells	238	(3)
4.1 The Provocative Role of gp 130 Stimulation on Stem Cell Biology	238	(1)
4.2 HOXB4 Activation and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion	239	(1)
4.3 The WNT Pathway and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion	239	(1)
4.4 Bmi-1 and Self-Renewal of Haematopoietic Stem Cells	240	(1)
5 Outlook	241	(1)
References	242	(7)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Isolation, In Vitro Expansion and Characterization	249	(34)
N. Beyer Nardi, L. da Silva Meirelles
1 Introduction	250	(1)
2 The Identity of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell	251	(32)
2.1 The Colony-Forming Unit-Fibroblast	251	(1)
2.2 The Bone Marrow Stroma	252	(1)
2.3 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell	253	(1)
2.4 Other Cell Populations Related to the Mesenchymal Stem Cell	254	(1)
3 Distribution of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell	255	(1)
4 Isolation and Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells	256	(3)
5 Homing and Engraftment of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells	259	(1)
6 Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells	260	(2)
7 Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells	262	(1)
8 Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cell and Gene Therapy	263	(1)
8.1 Study of Cancer Biology	264	(1)
8.2 Cell Therapy	264	(3)
8.2.1 Fibrosis	265	(1)
8.2.2 Cardiovasculogenesis	265	(1)
8.2.3 Arteriogenic Effects	266	(1)
8.2.4 Immunosuppressive Effects	267	(1)
8.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering	267	(1)
8.4 Genetic Therapy	268	(17)
8.4.1 Correction of Genetic Disorders	269	(1)
8.4.2 Cancer Suppression	270	(1)
9 Pharmacologic Aspects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biology	271	(1)
10 Conclusions	272	(2)
References	274	(9)
Neovascularization and Cardiac Repair by Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells	283	(16)
C. Badorff, S. Dimmeler
1 Introduction	284	(1)
2 Neovascularization	284	(1)
3 Cardiac Repair	285	(8)
3.1 Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes In Vitro	286	(1)
3.2 Differentiation of Adult Stem and Progenitor Cells into Cardiomyocytes In Vitro	286	(2)
3.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiomyogenic Stem Cell Differentiation	288	(1)
3.4 Differentiation Versus Cellular Fusion	288	(2)
3.5 Differentiation of Stem and Progenitor Cells into Cardiomyocytes in Animal Models	290	(2)
3.6 No Differentiation of Stem and Progenitor Cells into Cardiomyocytes in Animal Models	292	(1)
3.7 Possible Explanations for the Divergent Experimental Results	293	(1)
4 Summary	293	(1)
References	294	(5)
The Potential Use of Myogenic Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine	299	(20)
G. Grenier, M.A. Rudnicki
1 Introduction	300	(1)
2 Muscle Regeneration	300	(3)
3 Myogenic Stem Cells	303	(9)
3.1 Muscle-Derived Myogenic Stem Cells	304	(6)
3.1.1 Satellite Cells	304	(2)
3.1.2 Muscle-Derived Side Population Cells	306	(1)
3.1.3 Muscle Resident Sca-1+CD45+ Stem Cells	307	(1)
3.1.4 Adult Muscle-Derived CD34+	308	(1)
3.1.5 Embryonic Muscle-Derived CD34+	309	(1)
3.2 Non-Muscle-Derived Myogenic Stem Cells	310	(10)
3.2.1 Bone Marrow-Derived Myogenic Stem Cells	310	(1)
3.2.2 Mesoangioblasts	311	(1)
3.2.3 Adult Fibroblasts	312	(1)
4 Conclusion	312	(1)
References	313	(6)
Neural Stem Cells: On Where They Hide, in Which Disguise, and How We May Lure Them Out	319	(42)
B. Berninger, M.A. Hack, M. Götz
1 Introductory Remarks	320	(1)
2 The Biology of the Adult Neural Stem Cell	320	(19)
2.1 What, If Anything, Is a Neural Stem Cell?	320	(2)
2.2 The "Who's Who" of Adult Neurogenesis	322	(1)
2.3 The Stem Cell Character of the Astrocyte	323	(4)
2.3.1 The Subependymal Zone Stem Cell	323	(2)
2.3.2 The Subgranular Zone Stem Cell	325	(1)
2.3.3 Searching for a Stem Cell Marker	326	(1)
2.4 The Stem Cell Niche	327	(9)
2.4.1 Creating a Niche for Neurogenesis: Ependyma, Astrocytes and Endothelial Cells	328	(1)
2.4.2 Extrinsic Factors Regulating Neurogenesis	329	(3)
2.4.3 Intrinsic Molecular Machinery Underlying Stem Cell Self-Renewal	332	(3)
2.4.4 Intrinsic Fate Determinants of Adult Neurogenesis	335	(1)
2.5 Fine Tuning of Adult Neurogenesis upon Demand	336	(1)
2.6 Incorporation of Adult-Born Neurons into the Preexisting Circuitry	337	(2)
3 The Perspectives of Cell Replacement Therapy	339	(7)
3.1 In Vitro Expanded Neural Stem Cells as a Source for Cell Replacement Therapy	339	(3)
3.2 The Alternative to the Adult Neural Stem Cell: Guided Neuronal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells	342	(3)
3.3 Recruitment of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells	345	(1)
4 When Stem Cells Turn Awry	346	(3)
References	349	(12)
Cell Transplantation for Patients with Parkinson's Disease	361	(28)
G. Paul
1 Introduction: Parkinson's Disease	362	(1)
2 Treatment of Parkinson's Disease	363	(1)
2.1 Pharmacological Treatment	363	(1)
2.2 Surgical Treatment	364	(1)
3 Animal Experiments: The Proof of Principle	364	(3)
4 Clinical Trials in Parkinson's Disease: What Cells to Graft?	367	(1)
4.1 Initial Transplantations Using Different Cell Sources	367	(1)
4.2 Transplanting Human Embryonic/Fetal Mesencephalic Tissue	367	(1)
5 The Grafting Technique	368	(1)
6 Grafting Embryonic Tissue: Does It Improve the Patient's Symptoms?	368	(5)
6.1 Open-Labeled Trials	368	(2)
6.2 Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trials	370	(1)
6.3 Problems	371	(2)
7 Alternative Cell Sources	373	(5)
7.1 Porcine Embryonic Dopaminergic Cells	374	(1)
7.2 Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells	375	(1)
7.3 Dopaminergic Cells Derived from Fetal Neural Progenitors	376	(1)
7.4 Dopaminergic Cells from Adult Stem Cells	376	(1)
7.4.1 Adult Neural Stem Cells	376	(1)
7.4.2 Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells	377	(1)
7.5 Genetic Modification of Stem Cells	377	(1)
8 Harvesting Endogenous Stem Cells: Self-Repair of the Brain?	378	(1)
9 Conclusions	379	(1)
References	380	(9)
Postmodern Biology: (Adult) (Stem) Cells Are Plastic, Stochastic, Complex, and Uncertain	389	(20)
N.D. Theise, R. Harris
1 Introduction	390	(2)
2 Pathways of Plasticity	392	(1)
3 Gene Restrictions: Irreversible Versus Reversible	393	(5)
3.1 Mechanisms of Lineage Restriction	394	(1)
3.2 Lineage Restriction by Chromatin Silencing	395	(1)
3.3 Post-Translation Modification of Histones	396	(1)
3.4 Reversibility of Gene Restrictions	397	(1)
4 Stochasticity Versus Determinism in Cell Behavior	398	(2)
5 Complexity Theory and Emergence of Cellular Phenomena	400	(2)
6 Cellular Uncertainty: Analogy or Metaphor?	402	(1)
7 Postmodern Biology	403	(2)
References	405	(4)
Subject Index	409