STEP Project Management: Guide for Science, Technology, and Engineering Projects

by Badiru; Adedeji B.

• ISBN13: 9781420072358
• ISBN10: 1420072358
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781040171394
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-04-15
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Presenting a step-by-step approach to managing projects in science, technology, and engineering, this volume uses the time-tested concepts of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK(R)). The book combines managerial, organizational, and quantitative techniques into a logical sequence of project implementation steps, discussing the management of scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communications, risk, and procurement. Using a compelling case study that profiles the errors leading to the 1986 "Challenger" disaster, the book examines how flaws in decision-making, failure to consider all factors, lack of communication, and inappropriate priorities can lead to catastrophe.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgment	p. xvii
Author	p. xix
Science, Technology, and Engineering Project Methodology	p. 1
Introduction to STEP Methodology	p. 2
Importance of General Project Management Knowledge	p. 2
Large Projects (Large Budget: Has High Visibility and External Consequences)	p. 3
Midsize Projects (Medium Budget: Has Average Visibility)	p. 3
Small Projects (No Formal Budget: Focused on an Internal Goal)	p. 4
Systems Engineering and Program Management	p. 4
Systems Architecture for Project Management	p. 5
Guide to Using This Book	p. 6
Building Blocks for STEP Methodology	p. 7
Engineering Challenges for Twenty-First Century	p. 8
STEM Initiatives and Project Conceptions	p. 8
Emergence of Project Management for STEP	p. 10
Project Definitions	p. 12
Project Management Knowledge Areas	p. 14
Components of the Knowledge Areas	p. 14
Project Management Processes	p. 16
Projects and Operations	p. 20
Factors of STEP Success or Failure	p. 21
Work Breakdown Structure	p. 22
Project Organization Structures	p. 23
Traditional Formal Organization Structures	p. 24
Functional Organization	p. 25
Projectized Organization	p. 26
Matrix Organization Structure	p. 28
Elements of a Project Plan	p. 30
General Applicability of Project Management	p. 31
Documenting Project Lessons Learned	p. 32
Marvels of STEPs	p. 33
Advancement of Society on the Back of STE	p. 35
Levels of Project Execution	p. 35
Categories of Project Outputs	p. 37
Unique Aspects of STEPs	p. 37
Integrated Systems Approach to STEPs	p. 38
STEP Project Management Steps	p. 39
Managing Project Requirements	p. 39
STEP Integration	p. 43
Project Integration: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 44
Developing Project Charter	p. 47
Definition of Inputs to Step 1	p. 52
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 1	p. 53
Definition of Output of Step 1	p. 54
Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement	p. 54
Definition of Inputs to Step 2	p. 54
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 2	p. 54
Definition of Output of Step 2	p. 55
Develop Project Management Plan	p. 55
Definition of Inputs to Step 3	p. 56
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 3	p. 56
Definition of Output of Step 3	p. 56
Direct and Manage Project Execution	p. 57
Definition of Inputs to Step 4	p. 57
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 4	p. 58
Definition of Output of Step 4	p. 58
Monitor and Control Project Work	p. 58
Definition of Inputs to Step 5	p. 58
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 5	p. 59
Definition of Output of Step 5	p. 59
Integrated Change Control	p. 59
Definition of Inputs to Step 6	p. 60
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 6	p. 60
Definition of Outputs of Step 6	p. 61
Close Project	p. 61
Definition of Inputs to Step 7	p. 61
Definition of Tools and Techniques for Step 7	p. 61
Definition of Outputs of Step 7	p. 62
Application of CMMI and Carpé Futurum	p. 62
Project OPR	p. 64
Project Sustainability	p. 64
STEP Scope Management	p. 67
Scope Definitions	p. 67
Scope Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 68
Use of DMAIC for Scope Management	p. 72
Use of SIPOC Diagram for Scope Management	p. 74
Scope Feasibility Analysis	p. 76
Dimensions of Scope Feasibility	p. 77
Industry Conversion for Project Scoping	p. 78
Assessment of Local Resources and Work Force	p. 79
Developing Scope-Based Project Proposal	p. 79
Proposal Preparation Scope	p. 81
Technical Section of Project Proposal	p. 81
Management Section of Project Proposal	p. 82
Scope Budget Planning	p. 82
Scoping Top-Down	p. 83
Scoping Bottom-Up	p. 83
Zero-Base Scoping	p. 84
Project Scoping with WBS	p. 84
Project Scope Selection Criteria	p. 84
Criteria for Project Review	p. 85
Hierarchy of Selection	p. 85
Sizing of Projects	p. 86
Planning Levels	p. 86
Hammersmith's Project Alert Scale: Red, Yellow, Green Convention	p. 86
Product Assurance Concept for Industrial Projects	p. 86
STEP Time Management	p. 89
Time Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 89
CPM Network Scheduling	p. 95
Working with Activity Precedence Relationships	p. 100
Example of CPM Analysis	p. 101
CPM Forward Pass	p. 102
CPM Backward Pass	p. 103
Determination of Critical Activities	p. 104
Subcritical Paths	p. 106
Schedule Templates	p. 107
Gantt Charts	p. 107
Project Crashing	p. 109
Critical Chain Analysis	p. 112
STEP Cost Management	p. 115
Cost Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 115
STEP Portfolio Management	p. 116
Project Cost Elements	p. 118
Basic Cash Flow Analysis	p. 121
Time Value of Money Calculations	p. 121
Calculations with Compound Amount Factor	p. 121
Calculations with Present Value Factor	p. 122
Calculations with Uniform Series Present Worth Factor	p. 122
Calculations with Uniform Series Capital Recovery Factor	p. 123
Calculations with Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor	p. 124
Calculations with Uniform Series Sinking Fund Factor	p. 125
Calculations with Capitalized Cost Formula	p. 125
Arithmetic Gradient Series	p. 126
Internal Rate of Return	p. 127
Benefit-Cost Ratio Analysis	p. 128
Simple Payback Period	p. 129
Discounted Payback Period	p. 129
Time Required to Double Investment	p. 130
Effects of Inflation on Project Costing	p. 131
Breakeven Analysis	p. 136
Profit Ratio Analysis	p. 138
Project Cost Estimation	p. 141
Optimistic and Pessimistic Cost Estimates	p. 142
Project Budget Allocation	p. 142
Top-Down Budgeting	p. 142
Bottom-Up Budgeting	p. 143
Budgeting and Risk Allocation for Types of Contract	p. 144
Cost Monitoring	p. 145
Project Balance Technique	p. 146
Cost and Schedule Control Systems Criteria	p. 146
Elements of Cost Control	p. 150
Contemporary Earned Value Technique	p. 150
Activity-Based Costing	p. 153
STEP Quality Management	p. 157
Quality Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 157
Six Sigma and Quality Management	p. 157
Taguchi Loss Function	p. 160
Identification and Elimination of Sources of Defects	p. 161
Roles and Responsibilities for Six Sigma	p. 162
Statistical Techniques for Six Sigma	p. 162
Control Charts	p. 163
Types of Data for Control Charts	p. 163
X-Bar and Range Charts	p. 164
Data Collection Strategies	p. 164
Subgroup Sample Size	p. 164
Frequency of Sampling	p. 165
Stable Process	p. 165
Out-of-Control Patterns	p. 166
Calculation of Control Limits	p. 166
Plotting Control Charts for Range and Average Charts	p. 168
Plotting Control Charts for Moving Range and Individual Control Charts	p. 169
Case Example: Plotting of Control Chart	p. 169
Calculations	p. 170
Trend Analysis	p. 172
Process Capability Analysis for Six Sigma	p. 177
Capable Process (Cp)	p. 177
Capability Index (Cpk)	p. 178
Possible Applications of Process Capability Index	p. 181
Potential Abuse of Cp and Cpk	p. 181
Lean Principles and Applications	p. 182
Applying Kaizen to a Process	p. 182
Lean Task Value Rating System	p. 183
Lean-Six Sigma within Project Management	p. 185
STEP Human Resource Management	p. 187
Aging Workforce in Science, Technology, and Engineering	p. 188
Knowledge Workers in STE Work Environment	p. 189
Elements of Human Resource Management	p. 189
Human Resource Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 198
Managing Human Resource Performance	p. 199
Quantitative Modeling of Worker Assignment	p. 202
Resource Work Rate Analysis	p. 204
Model for Technical Human Resource Training	p. 208
A Conceptual Approach	p. 210
Extended Training Model	p. 210
STEP Communications Management	p. 219
Communications Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 219
Complexity of Multiperson Communication	p. 221
Communicating through Triple C Model	p. 224
Typical Triple C Questions	p. 226
Triple C Communication	p. 227
SMART Communication	p. 230
Triple C Cooperation	p. 232
Triple C Coordination	p. 234
Conflict Resolution Using Triple C Approach	p. 235
Application of Triple C to STEPS	p. 236
DMAIC and Triple C	p. 237
STEP Risk Management	p. 239
Risk Definition	p. 239
Risk Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 241
Project Decisions under Risk and Uncertainty	p. 242
Cost Uncertainties	p. 244
Schedule Uncertainties	p. 245
Performance Uncertainties	p. 246
Risk and Decision Trees	p. 246
STEP Procurement Management	p. 253
Procurement Management: Step-by-Step Implementation	p. 254
Completion and Term Contracts	p. 260
Procurement Management Plan	p. 260
Contractor Statement of Work	p. 261
Organization Process Assets	p. 261
Contract Feasibility Analysis	p. 261
Contents of Project Proposal	p. 263
Technical Section of Project Proposal	p. 264
Management Section of Project Proposal	p. 264
Contract Teamwork and Cooperation	p. 265
Vendor Rating System	p. 266
Rating Procedure	p. 267
Requirements	p. 267
Computation Steps	p. 267
Multicriteria Vendor Selection technique	p. 268
Wadhwa-Ravindran Vendor Selection Technique	p. 269
Weighted Objective Method	p. 271
Goal Programming	p. 271
Compromise Programming	p. 273
Inventory Analysis and Procurement	p. 274
Economic Order Quantity Model	p. 274
Quantity Discount	p. 276
Calculation of Total Relevant Cost	p. 277
Evaluation of the Discount Option	p. 277
Sensitivity Analysis	p. 279
STEP Case Study: Space Shuttle Challenger	p. 281
Case Background	p. 282
Foundation for Lessons Learned	p. 283
Space Shuttle Mission Background and Authorization	p. 283
Space Shuttle Design Decisions	p. 284
Shuttle Development Process	p. 285
Chronology of Developments	p. 285
The Challenger Mission	p. 287
Launch Delays	p. 287
Launch Problems	p. 287
The Accident	p. 288
The Investigation	p. 289
Flaws in the Decision Process	p. 289
Testimonies	p. 292
McDonald's Testimony	p. 299
Mulloy's Testimony	p. 300
Presidential Commission Findings	p. 315
Management Decision Ambiguities	p. 315
Additional Commission Findings	p. 320
Post-Investigation Developments	p. 321
Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster	p. 322
Technical and Organizational Issues	p. 323
Shuttle Flight Risk Management	p. 323
Concluding Remarks	p. 324
Satellite Project Failure: Another STEP Case Example	p. 325
Death of a Spy Satellite	p. 325
Response to Soviet Threat	p. 327
A Company Trying to Diversify	p. 329
Multiple Design Challenges	p. 330
Winning Bid Is Announced	p. 331
Signs of a Project in Trouble	p. 333
Search for Lessons	p. 334
Appendix A	p. 337
Appendix B	p. 343
Appendix C	p. 349
Index	p. 393
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