On the surface, stoicism and emotion seem like contradictory terms. Yet the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome were deeply interested in the emotions, which they understood as complex judgments about what we regard as valuable in our surroundings, Stoicism and Emotion shows that they did not simply advocate a suppression of feeling, as "stoicism" implies in today's English, but instead conducted a searching examination of these powerful psychological responses, seeking to understand what attitude toward them expresses the deepest respect for human potential.

Margaret Graver is professor of classics at Dartmouth College.

Acknowledgments	p. ix
Introduction: Emotion and Norms for Emotion	p. 1
A Science of the Mind	p. 15
The Psychic Material
The Central Directive Faculty
Thought, Belief, and Action
Affective Events
The Pathetic Syllogism	p. 35
Emotions and Ascriptions of Value
Appropriateness
Evaluations and Their Objects
The Stoic Ethical Stance
Eupathic Responses
Classification by Genus
Classification by Species
Some Remaining Questions
Vigor and Responsibility	p. 61
Rollability
Overriding Impulses
Medea and Odysseus
Plato and Platonists
The Posidonian Objections
Freedom
Feelings without Assent	p. 85
Beginnings and "Bitings" at Athens
The Senecan Account
"A Requirement of the Human Condition"
Alexandrian Propatheiai
A Stoic Essential
Brutishness and Insanity	p. 109
Orestes and the Phantastikon
Melancholic Loss of Virtue
Fluttery Ignorance
Emotions as Causes
Brutishness
Seneca's Three Movements
Traits of Character	p. 133
Scalar Conditions of Mind
Fondnesses and Aversions
Proclivities
Habitudes of the Wise
The Development of Character	p. 149
Empiricism and Corruption
The Twofold Cause
Cicero's Hall of Mirrors
The Establishment of Traits
Autonomy and Luck
City of Friends and Lovers	p. 173
Concern for Others
Proper Friendship and the Wise Community
Friendship and Self-Sufficiency
Optimistic Love
Ordinary Affections
The Tears of Alcibiades	p. 191
Wisdom and Remorse
Strategies for Consolation
The Status of Premise 2
Progressor-Pain and Moral Shame
Apatheia Revisited
The Status of Confidence in Stoic Classifications	p. 213
List of Abbreviations	p. 222
Notes	p. 223
Bibliography	p. 257
Index Locorum	p. 269
General Index	p. 279
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