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Contributors | p. xiii |
Esotropic Deviations | p. 1 |
Infantile Esotropia | p. 2 |
Associated Findings | p. 3 |
Nonsurgical Treatment | p. 3 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 5 |
Differential Diagnosis | p. 8 |
Acquired Esotropia | p. 10 |
Refractive Esotropia | p. 10 |
Accommodative Non-refractive Esotropia | p. 12 |
Acquired Non-refractive Esotropia | p. 14 |
Acute Comitant Esotropia | p. 14 |
Divergence Paralysis or Insufficiency | p. 14 |
Suggested Readings | p. 16 |
Exotropic Deviations | p. 17 |
Intermittent Exotropia | p. 18 |
Clinical Characteristics | p. 18 |
Clinical Evaluation | p. 20 |
Nonsurgical Treatment | p. 24 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 25 |
Management of Surgical Overcorrection | p. 27 |
Management of Surgical Undercorrection | p. 29 |
Congenital Exotropia | p. 29 |
Sensory Exotropia | p. 30 |
Convergence Insufficiency | p. 30 |
Exotropic Duane Syndrome | p. 31 |
Suggested Readings | p. 32 |
Oblique Muscle Dysfunction | p. 35 |
Causes of Oblique Muscle Overaction | p. 36 |
Muscle Anomaly | p. 36 |
Orbit Abnormality | p. 36 |
Adduction Deficiency | p. 37 |
Innervation Anomaly | p. 38 |
Contralateral Restriction | p. 40 |
Inferior Oblique Overaction | p. 40 |
Diagnosis | p. 41 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 41 |
Inferior Oblique Underaction | p. 45 |
Palsy | p. 45 |
Brown Syndrome | p. 47 |
Superior Oblique Overaction | p. 52 |
Unilateral Overaction | p. 52 |
Bilateral Overaction | p. 52 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 53 |
Superior Oblique Underaction, or Palsy | p. 54 |
Congenital Fourth Nerve Palsy, or Superior Oblique Paresis | p. 55 |
Acquired Palsy | p. 55 |
Signs and Symptoms | p. 55 |
Diagnosis | p. 58 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 60 |
Suggested Readings | p. 68 |
Dissociated Deviations | p. 69 |
Terminology of Dissociated Strabismus Complex | p. 69 |
Theories of Causation | p. 70 |
Incidence of the Complex | p. 73 |
Ocular Manifestations of the Complex | p. 74 |
Treatment for Dissociated Vertical Deviation | p. 76 |
Treatment for Dissociated Horizontal Deviation | p. 80 |
Suggested Readings | p. 81 |
Paralytic Strabismus | p. 83 |
Surgical Principles | p. 84 |
Factors in Surgical Planning | p. 84 |
Surgical Considerations | p. 86 |
Fadenoperation (Posterior Fixation Suture) | p. 86 |
Transposition Procedures | p. 87 |
Sixth Nerve Palsy | p. 89 |
Nonsurgical Treatment | p. 91 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 92 |
Third Nerve Palsies | p. 97 |
Nonsurgical Treatment | p. 98 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 98 |
Double Elevator Palsy, or Monocular Elevation Deficiency | p. 106 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 106 |
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia | p. 109 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 110 |
Ocular Myasthenia | p. 111 |
Nonsurgical Treatment | p. 112 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 113 |
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia | p. 114 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 115 |
Suggested Readings | p. 116 |
Restrictive Strabismus | p. 117 |
Patient Evaluation | p. 117 |
Forced Duction Test | p. 117 |
Forced Generation Test | p. 119 |
Inspection of Surrounding Tissue | p. 119 |
Surgical Concepts | p. 120 |
Relieving the Restriction | p. 120 |
Creating a Matching Limitation | p. 120 |
Combined Restriction and Paresis | p. 121 |
Surgical Techniques | p. 122 |
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy | p. 123 |
Ocular Findings | p. 123 |
Diagnosis | p. 124 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 125 |
Orbital Wall Fractures | p. 132 |
Clinical Presentation | p. 132 |
Diagnosis | p. 134 |
Neuroimaging | p. 135 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 135 |
Retinal Detachment Surgery | p. 138 |
Diagnosis | p. 140 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 140 |
Cataract Surgery | p. 147 |
Diagnosis | p. 147 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 148 |
Congenital Fibrosis Syndrome | p. 148 |
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | p. 150 |
Differential Diagnosis | p. 151 |
Surgical Treatment | p. 152 |
Suggested Readings | p. 153 |
Nystagmus Surgery | p. 155 |
Indications for Surgery | p. 155 |
Patient Evaluation | p. 156 |
Behavioral Interventions | p. 157 |
Optical and Pharmacologic Interventions | p. 157 |
Botulinum Toxin | p. 157 |
Surgery for Anomalous Head Postures | p. 158 |
Horizontal Anomalous Head Posture | p. 159 |
Vertical Anomalous Head Posture | p. 163 |
Surgery for Head Tilt | p. 164 |
Surgery for Visual Acuity | p. 166 |
Complications of Nystagmus Surgery | p. 166 |
Suggested Readings | p. 167 |
Reoperation Strategies | p. 169 |
Reoperation Principles | p. 169 |
Reoperation for Residual or Consecutive Horizontal Strabismus | p. 170 |
Residual Esotropia After Esotropia Surgery | p. 170 |
Consecutive Exotropia After Esotropia Surgery | p. 170 |
Residual Exotropia After Exotropia Surgery | p. 173 |
Consecutive Esotropia After Exotropia Surgery | p. 173 |
Reoperation for New Vertical Deviation | p. 174 |
Inferior Oblique Inclusion | p. 174 |
Inferior Oblique Adherence, or Fat Adherence | p. 176 |
Reoperation for Residual or Consecutive Vertical Strabismus | p. 176 |
Reoperation on the Inferior Oblique | p. 176 |
Reoperation on the Superior Oblique | p. 181 |
Suggested Readings | p. 183 |
Index | p. 185 |
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The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.