Street Legal

by A Guide to Pre-Trial Criminal Procedure

• ISBN13: 9781590318225
• ISBN10: 1590318226
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-03-01
• Publisher: Natl Book Network

Summary

This 396-page book provides specific guidance on pre-trial criminal procedure of all sorts, and explains in understandable terms what you can do and what you can't do under 4th Amendment search and seizure law. From traffic checkpoints and forceful felony arrest, from Miranda warnings to inmate and cell searches, it's all covered in this concise reference. In addition, numerous charts and guides are included throughout the book to make this as practical a guide as possible.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	p. xi
Note Concerning Citations	p. xiii
About the Author	p. xv
Investigative Detention	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Voluntary Encounters	p. 2
Street contacts	p. 2
Community Caretaking	p. 4
Investigative Detention	p. 4
Reasonable suspicion	p. 4
What constitutes a "seizure"?	p. 4
What does "reasonable suspicion" mean?	p. 6
Can an officer demand that a person identify himself?	p. 7
How long may a reasonable suspicion detention last?	p. 9
Sources of reasonable suspicion	p. 9
Homeland security detentions	p. 12
Informant issues	p. 14
Detentions for Identification	p. 16
Distinguishing detention basis from frisk basis	p. 17
Terry v. Ohio	p. 18
Plain touch in the course of a Terry frisk	p. 21
Use of force to detain and to frisk	p. 22
Traffic Detentions	p. 25
Introduction	p. 26
Initial Detention	p. 26
Reasonable suspicion of a violation	p. 25
Length and scope of detention	p. 30
Pretextual Detentions	p. 34
United States v. Whren	p. 34
Tension between pretext stops and profiling stops	p. 35
Stops based on drug courier profiles	p. 36
Stops based on terrorist profiles	p. 37
Stops based on anonymous tips of impaired driving or other violations	p. 37
After the Initial Detention	p. 38
Questioning about non-traffic matters	p. 38
Asking about drugs and alcohol	p. 40
Drug interdiction indicators	p. 41
Seeking consent to search	p. 45
Ordering driver and occupants out of the car or to remain in the car	p. 48
Stopping passengers from walking away from a traffic detention	p. 49
Identification and warrant checks for passengers	p. 50
Vehicle "frisks"	p. 52
Canine sniffs	p. 54
Roadblocks	p. 55
Michigan v. Sitz	p. 55
Investigative roadblocks	p. 56
Administrative traffic checkpoints	p. 57
Avoiding a checkpoint as a basis for detention	p. 59
Public housing checkpoints	p. 60
Roadblock ruse operations	p. 60
"Hand-off" or "wall stops"	p. 61
Arrest	p. 63
Introduction	p. 64
Making an Arrest	p. 64
Defining an arrest and when an arrest is considered to have been effected	p. 64
Defining probable cause	p. 67
Sources of probable cause to arrest	p. 68
Constructive possession and probable cause to arrest	p. 69
Misdemeanor arrests	p. 71
Felony arrests	p. 74
Use and preparation of arrest warrants	p. 74
Place of arrest	p. 75
Exceptions to the rule of Payton and Steagald: Consent, exigency, and hot pursuit	p. 77
Fresh pursuit and peace officer authority	p. 80
Vienna Convention arrest and detention issues	p. 81
Diplomatic immunity	p. 83
Fingerprinting and photographing	p. 84
Use of Force	p. 85
Force to make a felony arrest	p. 86
Excessive force	p. 87
Force to make a misdemeanor arrest	p. 87
Force to maintain order or gain compliance	p. 87
Force in an officer's self-defense	p. 88
Resisting arrest	p. 89
Deadly force against a stun gun or pepper spray	p. 90
Measuring the appropriate application of force	p. 91
Force to enter a suspect's home	p. 93
Force to enter a third party's home	p. 95
Specialized applications of force	p. 96
Alternative force tools	p. 97
Use of force to obtain evidence	p. 99
Use of force in correctional facilities	p. 101
Reporting use of force	p. 102
Consequences of improper use of force	p. 102
Interview and Interrogation	p. 105
The Fifth Amendment and Miranda	p. 106
Voluntariness of the confession	p. 106
Custody	p. 111
Interrogation	p. 114
"Question first, Miranda second"	p. 117
Form of warnings	p. 119
What constitutes an effective waiver of Miranda rights	p. 119
Voluntariness of waiver of Miranda rights	p. 120
Equivocal answers and requests for counsel	p. 121
Repeated attempts at interrogation	p. 122
When warnings are not essential	p. 124
Jailhouse informants	p. 126
Miranda for incarcerated persons suspected of new crimes	p. 127
Miranda issues for probationers/parolees	p. 128
Speaking with a formally charged and/or represented suspect	p. 129
Non-testimonial evidence	p. 130
Exclusionary rule applied to Miranda violation	p. 131
Use of statements taken without Miranda warnings	p. 131
Interrogation Flow Chart	p. 132
Search and Seizure	p. 133
Constitutional Parameters of Warrants and Warrantless Searches	p. 134
What constitutes a "search" under the Fourth Amendment?	p. 134
Activities considered not to be searches	p. 135
Abandoned property	p. 135
Canine sniff	p. 137
Open field	p. 138
Aerial surveillance	p. 140
Plain view	p. 141
Plain smell	p. 143
Plain hearing	p. 144
Private citizen search	p. 145
Field test	p. 146
Overview of Warrant Clause Exceptions	p. 146
Consent	p. 146
Automobile	p. 151
Plain touch	p. 154
Search incident to a lawful arrest	p. 155
Administrative searches	p. 157
Administrative searches of personal effects, desks, and lockers	p. 158
Administrative security screening	p. 160
Inventory and community care-taking	p. 162
Exigent circumstances	p. 163
Evanescent evidence	p. 167
Special government needs	p. 169
Probation and parole searches	p. 170
Inmate and cell searches	p. 171
Visitor searches	p. 172
Miscellaneous exceptions	p. 173
Interrogation Flow Chart	p. 174
Search Warrants	p. 179
Search warrant terminology	p. 181
Burden of proof for warrantless searches versus warrant searches	p. 181
Defendant's burden to show material false statements or reckless disregard for the truth by the officer	p. 181
Challenges to the warrant	p. 182
The Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule	p. 183
The "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule	p. 183
Constitutional definition of probable cause	p. 184
Sources of probable cause information and reliability	p. 185
Staleness of information	p. 189
Basis of knowledge for the information	p. 191
Physical evidence	p. 192
Anticipatory Search Warrants	p. 192
Particularity Requirements in Drafting Warrants	p. 193
"Particularly describing the place to be searched"	p. 193
Harmony of affidavit and warrant	p. 195
Use of diagrams and photographs	p. 196
Obtaining a description without committing criminal trespass	p. 196
Special concerns of rural addresses, apartments, multi-story buildings, businesses, automobiles	p. 196
Search Warrant for "All Persons Present"	p. 197
"Particularly describing the persons or things to be seized"	p. 198
Targets: Evidence, Contraband, Instrumentalities, and Fruits	p. 200
Concerns with documentary evidence	p. 200
The Affidavit	p. 201
The affiant's professional resume	p. 201
Describing the crime and connecting the crime to the items sought	p. 202
A short course in grammar and power writing	p. 203
Execution Concerns	p. 206
Scope of the search warrant defining the warrant search	p. 206
The area of the search	p. 207
The extent of the search	p. 208
Nighttime warrants	p. 210
Notice and no-knock warrants	p. 211
Remotely communicated warrant procedure	p. 214
Protective sweep of the premises	p. 216
Searches of persons present, leaving and arriving	p. 217
Plain view discoveries during execution	p. 219
Strip-searches and body cavity searches	p. 219
Computer searches	p. 220
Surreptitious entry warrants	p. 225
Who may assist in executing the warrant	p. 225
Service of the warrant document	p. 227
Receipt required for all seized goods	p. 227
Return of service	p. 227
Search Warrant Flow Chart	p. 229
Electronic Media Concerns	p. 231
Wiretap requirements	p. 233
Minimization	p. 235
Pen registers	p. 236
Stored voice mail and e-mail	p. 237
One-party consensual monitoring	p. 238
Computer keyboard key logging	p. 238
Silent video monitoring	p. 239
Interception of cellular phone calls	p. 239
Viewing pager and cell phone memories	p. 240
Body wires and video cameras	p. 240
Undisclosed audiotaping while sitting in a patrol car	p. 241
Bumper beepers	p. 241
Global positioning satellite tracking devices	p. 241
Parcel-tracking devices	p. 242
Cell phone tracking	p. 242
Pole cameras	p. 244
Canine Search and Seizure	p. 245
Probable cause on a silver platter	p. 246
A sniff is not a search	p. 246
Vehicle sniffs	p. 248
Vehicle searches	p. 248
Impounded vehicles	p. 249
Roadblocks	p. 249
Bus interdiction	p. 250
Public parking lots and cars parked on public streets	p. 250
School property and parking lots	p. 251
School lockers	p. 251
Package interdiction	p. 252
Vehicle sniffs	p. 253
Currency sniffs	p. 253
Homes	p. 254
Jail and prison sniffs	p. 255
Boat interdiction	p. 255
Storage lockers	p. 255
Sniffs of persons	p. 256
Detaining a vehicle to wait for a detector dog	p. 256
Establishing reliability of the detector dog	p. 257
Tracking dog evidence	p. 259
Arson-detector dog evidence	p. 259
Canine Use of Force	p. 261
Find and bite, or find and bark?	p. 262
Liability for a service dog bite	p. 263
Are police service dogs equal to deadly force?	p. 264
Misdemeanors	p. 265
Felonies	p. 268
Warnings	p. 269
Unintended bites	p. 270
Liability protection	p. 271
Appendices	p. 273
Homicide and Violent Assault First Responder Checklist	p. 273
Officer-Involved Fatality Checklist	p. 278
In-Custody Death Checklist	p. 283
Asset Forfeiture Investigation	p. 289
Basic Spanish	p. 294
VCCR Mandatory Notification Nations	p. 311
State Department Contact Information	p. 314
Sample Descriptions and Nexus Paragraphs	p. 315
Telephonic Warrant Form	p. 321
Affiant Training and Experience Resume Guide	p. 324
Location Description Guides	p. 325
Quick Checklist for Search Warrant Affidavit	p. 327
Table of Cases	p. 329
Index	p. 377
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