Structural Geology : Principles Concepts and Problems

by Hatcher, Robert D.

• ISBN13: 9780023557132
• ISBN10: 0023557133
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

This state of the art text offers readers balanced coverage of the full range of topics supported by a wealth of outstanding illustrations and photographs. The title opens with an overview of basic geologic principles that pave the way for a better understanding of structural geology.

Table of Contents

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION	vii	(2)
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION	ix
PART ONE INTRODUCTION	1	(46)
1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW	2	(21)
Fundamental Concepts	5	(5)
Plate Tectonics	10	(2)
Geochronology	12	(3)
Equilibrium	15	(2)
ESSAY Capability of Tectonic Structures	17	(3)
Geologic Cycles	20	(1)
Questions	21	(1)
Further Reading	22	(1)
2 NONTECTONIC STRUCTURES	23	(24)
Primary Sedimentary Structures	24	(7)
Sedimentary Facies	31	(1)
Unconformities	31	(2)
ESSAY Deciphering a Major Structure in the Southern Highlands of Scotland	33	(2)
Primary Igneous Structures	35	(3)
Gravity-Related Features	38	(5)
Impact Structures	43	(2)
Questions	45	(1)
Further Reading	46	(1)
PART TWO ROCK MECHANICS	47	(90)
3 STRESS	48	(17)
Definitions	49	(2)
Stress on a Plane	51	(3)
Stress at a Point	54	(1)
Stress Ellipsoid	55	(1)
Mohr Construction	56	(1)
Amonton's Law and the Coulomb-Mohr Hypothesis	57	(2)
ESSAY Measuring Present-Day Stress in the Earth	59	(4)
Questions	63	(1)
Further Reading	64	(1)
4 STRAIN	65	(11)
Definitions	66	(1)
Measures of Strain	66	(3)
Strain Ellipsoid	69	(1)
Mohr Circles for Strain	70	(1)
Simple and Pure Shear	71	(2)
ESSAY Daubree and Mead Experiment	73	(1)
Questions	74	(1)
Further Reading	75	(1)
5 STRAIN MEASUREMENT	76	(20)
Kinds of Strain	76	(2)
Strain Markers	78	(2)
Flinn Diagram	80	(2)
Strain-Measurement Techniques	82	(6)
Fibers as Strain Indicators	88	(2)
Determination of Pressure-Solution Strain	90	(1)
Questions	90	(1)
ESSAY PROBLEM Finite Strain from Deformed Pebbles	91	(4)
Further Reading	95	(1)
6 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ROCK MATERIALS	96	(15)
Definitions	97	(1)
Elastic (Hookean) Behavior	98	(2)
Permanent Deformation--Ductility	100	(3)
Controlling Factors	103	(1)
Behavior of Crustal Rocks	103	(2)
Strain Partitioning	105	(2)
ESSAY Silly Putty(TM) and the Behavior of Mantle Rocks	107	(1)
Questions	108	(1)
Further Reading	109	(2)
7 MICROSTRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION MECHANISMS	111	(26)
Lattice Defects and Dislocations	112	(5)
Deformation Mechanisms	117	(8)
Unrecovered Strain, Recovery, and Recrystallization	125	(3)
Laboratory Models of Deformation Processes	128	(1)
Discussion	129	(2)
ESSAY Cataclasites, Mylonites, and Metamorphic Rocks	131	(3)
Questions	134	(1)
Further Reading	134	(3)
PART THREE FRACTURES AND FAULTS	137	(134)
8 JOINTS AND SHEAR FRACTURES	138	(24)
Fracture Analysis	142	(3)
Formation of Fractures: Griffith Theory	145	(3)
Joints and Fracture Mechanics	148	(6)
Joints in Plutons	154	(1)
Nontectonic and Quasitectonic Fractures	155	(3)
ESSAY Mesozoic Fracturing of Eastern North American Crust--Product of Extension or Shear?	158	(2)
Questions	160	(1)
Further Reading	161	(1)
9 FAULT CLASSIFICATION AND TERMINOLOGY	162	(13)
Anatomy of Faults	163	(2)
Andersonian Classification	165	(1)
Criteria for Faulting	166	(4)
ESSAY Existence and Displacement Sense of Large Faults	170	(4)
Questions	174	(1)
Further Reading	174	(1)
10 FAULT MECHANICS	175	(25)
Anderson's Fundamental Assumptions	176	(1)
Anderson's Fault Types	177	(1)
Role of Fluids	178	(2)
Frictional Sliding Mechanisms	180	(1)
Movement Mechanisms	180	(3)
Shear (Frictional) Heating in Fault Zones	183	(1)
Brittle and Ductile Faults	184	(2)
Shear Zones	186	(2)
ESSAY Artificial Earthquakes	188	(1)
Shear-Sense Indicators	189	(5)
Shear-Zone Kinematics	194	(4)
ESSAY Differences in Behavior of Crustal Faults	198	(1)
Questions	198	(1)
Further Reading	199	(1)
11 THRUST FAULTS	200	(36)
Nature of Thrust Faults	204	(3)
Detachment Within a Sedimentary Sequence	207	(5)
Contraction (Wedge) and Extension Faults	212	(1)
Propagation and Termination of Thrusts	213	(2)
Features Produced by Erosion	215	(3)
Crystalline Thrusts	218	(2)
ESSAY The Paradox of Large Overthrust Faults	220	(2)
Thrust Mechanics	222	(3)
Gravity Versus Compression	225	(2)
Mechanics of Crystalline Thrusts	227	(1)
ESSAY Natural Model Gravity Foldbelt	228	(2)
The Room Problem and Cross-Section Construction	230	(1)
Discussion	231	(3)
Questions	234	(1)
Further Reading	234	(2)
12 STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS	236	(13)
Properties and Geometry	236	(1)
Environments of Strike-Slip Faulting	237	(1)
Nature of Fault Zones	237	(2)
Mechanics of Strike-Slip Faulting	239	(1)
Fault Geometry Related to Other Fault Types	240	(1)
Terminations of Strike-Slip Faults	241	(1)
Transforms	241	(5)
ESSAY Rigid Indenters and Escape Tectonics	246	(2)
Questions	248	(1)
Further Reading	248	(1)
13 NORMAL FAULTS	249	(22)
Properties and Geometry	250	(2)
Environments and Mechanics	252	(13)
ESSAY Inverted Faults and Tectonic Inheritance	265	(4)
Questions	269	(1)
Further Reading	269	(2)
PART FOUR FOLDS AND FOLDING	271	(78)
14 FOLD GEOMETRY AND CLASSIFICATIONS	272	(27)
Descriptive Anatomy of Simple Folds	273	(10)
Map-Scale Parallel Folds and Similar Folds	283	(3)
Fold Classifications	286	(10)
ESSAY Folds in the Development of the Petroleum Industry	296	(1)
Questions	297	(1)
Further Reading	298	(1)
15 FOLD MECHANICS	299	(33)
Fold Mechanisms and Accompanying Phenomena	300	(16)
Deformation Mechanisms and Strain	316	(1)
Discussion	317	(6)
ESSAY Fold Mechanisms, Space, Time, and Orogenic Belts	323	(4)
ESSAY Deciphering the Fold Mechanisms of Two Small Folds	327	(3)
Questions	330	(1)
Further Reading	330	(2)
16 COMPLEX FOLDS	332	(17)
Occurrence and Recognition	333	(1)
Fold-Interference Patterns	333	(2)
Recognition of Multiple Fold Phases	335	(1)
Noncylindrical and Sheath Folds	335	(2)
Formation of Complex Folds	337	(2)
Mechanical Implications of Complex Folding	339	(4)
ESSAY The Value of Rosetta Stones	343	(3)
Questions	346	(2)
Further Reading	348	(1)
PART FIVE FABRICS, PLUTONS, AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS	349	(84)
17 CLEAVAGE AND FOLIATIONS	350	(29)
Definitions	350	(5)
Cleavage-Bedding Relationships	355	(1)
Cleavage Refraction	355	(4)
Early Ideas on the Origin of Slaty Cleavage	359	(3)
Mechanics of Slaty Cleavage Formation	362	(7)
Crenulation Cleavage	369	(2)
Cleavage Fans and Transecting Cleavages	371	(1)
Transposition	372	(3)
ESSAY Cleavage Formation and the Identification of Elephants	375	(2)
Questions	377	(1)
Further Reading	377	(2)
18 LINEAR STRUCTURES	379	(14)
Definitions	379	(6)
Lineations as Shear-Sense Indicators	385	(1)
Folds and Lineations	385	(1)
Deformed Lineations	386	(1)
Interpretation of Linear Structures	387	(1)
ESSAY Pitfalls in Interpreting Linear Structures	388	(3)
Questions	391	(1)
Further Reading	392	(1)
19 TECTONIC STRUCTURES IN PLUTONS	393	(20)
Distinguishing Magmatic From Tectonic Structures	394	(1)
Emplacement of Tabular Plutons	394	(5)
Emplacement of Stocks and Batholiths	399	(7)
ESSAY A Tale of Two Plutons	406	(5)
Questions	411	(1)
Further Reading	412	(1)
20 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS	413	(20)
Definitions	414	(1)
Resolving Structures in Multiply Deformed Rocks	414	(4)
Mesoscopic Analysis	418	(2)
Symmetry of Fabrics	420	(1)
Structural-Analysis Procedures	421	(4)
ESSAY Structural Analysis at Woodall Shoals	425	(6)
Questions	431	(1)
Further Reading	431	(2)
PART SIX GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES IN STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY	433	(26)
21 GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES	434	(25)
Potential Field Methods	434	(14)
Seismic Reflection	448	(5)
Seismic Refraction	453	(1)
Electrical Methods	453	(2)
ESSAY Enhancing Structural Interpretation with Geophysical Data	455	(2)
Questions	457	(1)
Further Reading	458	(1)
APPENDICES	459	(22)
APPENDIX 1 FABRIC DIAGRAMS	460	(8)
How to Begin	460	(1)
Planar Structures	460	(1)
Lines	461	(2)
Locating Fold Axes Using Equal-Area Plots: Beta and (XXX) Diagrams	463	(1)
Contouring Data	464	(4)
APPENDIX 2 STRUCTURAL MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS	468	(6)
Orientation of Planes: Strike and Dip	468	(2)
Orientation of Lines: Trend and Plunge; Rake	470	(1)
Shear-Sense Indicators	470	(1)
Recording Data	471	(3)
APPENDIX 3 COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY	474	(3)
APPENDIX 4 WOODALL SHOALS FABRIC DATA	477	(4)
GLOSSARY	481	(16)
REFERENCES CITED	497	(15)
AUTHOR INDEX	512	(4)
SUBJECT INDEX	516