Structural Steel Design : LRFD Method

by McCormac, Jack C.

• ISBN13: 9780130479594
• ISBN10: 0130479594
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This well-known book has been fully updated to conform to the 1999 Load and Resistance Factor (LRFD) Design Specification and to the 2002 edition of the LRFD Manual of Steel Construction. A problem-solving software package, included with each book, contains practical applications and enables users to better understand the relationship between analysis and design. chapter topics include specifications, loads, and methods of design; analysis and design of tension members; introduction to axially loaded compression members; design of axially loaded columns; design of beams for moments; bending and axial force; bolted connections; eccentrically loaded bolted connections and historical notes on rivets; welded connections; building connections; composite beams; composite columns; built-up beams, built-up wide-flange sections, and plate girders; design of steel buildings; and systems design. For practicing engineers originally trained to use the ASD procedure—this book will assist them in the transition to the LRFD method.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Introduction to Structural Steel Design	1	(35)
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material	1	(2)
Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material	3	(1)
Early Uses of Iron and Steel	4	(2)
Steel Sections	6	(4)
Metric Units	10	(1)
Cold-Formed Light-Gage Steel Shapes	11	(1)
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel	12	(4)
Modern Structural Steels	16	(6)
Uses of High-Strength Steels	22	(1)
Measurement of Toughness	23	(1)
Jumbo Sections	24	(1)
Lamellar Tearing	25	(1)
Furnishing of Structural Steel	25	(3)
The Work of the Structural Designer	28	(1)
Responsibilities of the Structural Designer	28	(1)
Economical Design of Steel Members	29	(4)
Failure of Structures	33	(1)
Handling and Shipping Structural Steel	34	(1)
Calculation Accuracy	34	(1)
Computers and Structural Steel Design	34	(1)
Computer-Aided Design in this Text	35	(1)
Specifications, Loads, and Methods of Design	36	(25)
Specifications and Building Codes	36	(2)
Loads	38	(1)
Dead Loads	38	(1)
Live Loads	39	(3)
Environmental Loads	42	(6)
Load and Resistance-Factor Design	48	(1)
Load Factors	49	(4)
Resistance Factors	53	(1)
Discussion of Sizes of Load and Resistance Factors	54	(1)
Reliability and the LRFD Specification	54	(3)
Advantages of LRFD	57	(1)
Computer Example	58	(3)
Problems	61	(1)
Analysis of Tension Members	61	(37)
Introduction	61	(3)
Design Strength of Tension Members	64	(1)
Net Areas	65	(3)
Effect of Staggered Holes	68	(5)
Effective Net Areas	73	(7)
Connecting Elements for Tension Members	80	(1)
Block Shear	81	(6)
Computer Example	87	(11)
Problems	88	(10)
Design of Tension Members	98	(24)
Selection of Sections	98	(6)
Built-Up Tension Members	104	(4)
Rods and Bars	108	(4)
Pin-Connected Members	112	(3)
Design for Fatigue Loads	115	(2)
Computer Example	117	(5)
Problems	118	(4)
Introduction to Axially Loaded Compression Members	122	(32)
General	122	(3)
Residual Stresses	125	(1)
Sections Used for Columns	126	(4)
Development of Column Formulas	130	(1)
The Euler Formula	131	(1)
End Restraint and Effective Lengths of Columns	132	(4)
Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements	136	(4)
Long, Short, and Intermediate Columns	140	(1)
Column Formulas	140	(2)
Maximum Slenderness Ratios	142	(1)
Example Problems	142	(5)
Computer Example	147	(7)
Problems	148	(6)
Design of Axially Loaded Columns	154	(28)
Introduction	154	(3)
LRFD Design Tables	157	(4)
Column Splices	161	(3)
Built-Up Columns	164	(1)
Built-Up Columns with Components in Contact with Each Other	164	(2)
Connection Requirements for Built-Up Columns whose Components are in Contact with Each Other	166	(5)
Built-Up Columns with Components not in Contact with Each Other	171	(5)
Introductory Remarks Concerning Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Compression Members	176	(1)
Single-Angle Compression Members	177	(1)
Computer Example	177	(5)
Problems	178	(4)
Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members, Continued	182	(33)
Further Discussion of Effective Lengths	182	(5)
Frames Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions	187	(2)
Frames not Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions as to Joint Rotations	189	(3)
Stiffness-Reduction Factors	192	(3)
Columns Leaning on Each Other for In-Plane Design	195	(4)
Base Plates for Concentrically Loaded Columns	199	(10)
Computer Example	209	(6)
Problems	211	(4)
Introduction to Beams	215	(26)
Types of Beams	215	(1)
Sections Used as Beams	215	(1)
Bending Stresses	216	(1)
Plastic Hinges	217	(1)
Elastic Design	218	(1)
The Plastic Modulus	218	(3)
Theory of Plastic Analysis	221	(1)
The Collapse Mechanism	222	(1)
The Virtual-Work Method	223	(4)
Location of Plastic Hinge for Uniform Loadings	227	(1)
Continuous Beams	228	(2)
Building Frames	230	(11)
Problems	232	(9)
Design of Beams for Moments	241	(33)
Introduction	241	(3)
Yielding Behavior-Full Plastic Moment, Zone 1	244	(2)
Design of Beams, Zone 1	246	(7)
Lateral Support of Beams	253	(2)
Introduction to Inelastic Buckling, Zone 2	255	(3)
Moment Capacities, Zone 2	258	(1)
Elastic Buckling, Zone 3	259	(3)
Design Charts	262	(3)
Noncompact Sections	265	(2)
Computer Example	267	(7)
Problems	268	(6)
Design of Beams-Miscellaneous Topics	274	(42)
Design of Continuous Beams	274	(2)
Shear	276	(6)
Deflections	282	(5)
Webs and Flanges with Concentrated Loads	287	(7)
Unsymmetrical Bending	294	(2)
Design of Purlins	296	(4)
The Shear Center	300	(5)
Beam Bearing Plates	305	(3)
Computer Example	308	(8)
Problems	309	(7)
Bending and Axial Force	316	(33)
Occurence	316	(1)
Members Subject to Bending and Axial Tension	317	(3)
Computer Examples for Members Subject to Bending and Axial Tension	320	(2)
First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members Subject to Axial Compression and Bending	322	(1)
Magnification Factors	323	(2)
Moment Magnification or Cm Factors	325	(4)
Review of Beam-Columns in Braced Frames	329	(5)
Review of Beam-Columns in Unbraced Frames	334	(2)
Design of Beam-Columns-Braced or Unbraced	336	(7)
Computer Examples for Members Subject to Bending and Axial Compression	343	(6)
Problems	345	(4)
Bolted Connections	349	(41)
Introduction	349	(1)
Types of Bolts	349	(1)
History of High-Strength Bolts	350	(1)
Advantages of High-Strength Bolts	351	(1)
Snug-Tight, Pretensioned, and Slip-Critical Bolts	351	(3)
Methods for Fully Tensioning High-Strength Bolts	354	(3)
Slip-Resistant Connections and Bearing-Type Connections	357	(1)
Mixed Joints	358	(1)
Sizes of Bolt Holes	359	(1)
Load Transfer and Types of Joints	360	(3)
Failure of Bolted Joints	363	(1)
Spacing and Edge Distances of Bolts	363	(4)
Bearing-Type Connections-Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections	367	(9)
Slip-Critical Connections-Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections	376	(6)
Computer Example	382	(8)
Problems	383	(7)
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections and Historical Notes on Rivets	390	(39)
Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Shear	390	(13)
Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension	403	(3)
Tension Loads on Bolted Joints	406	(2)
Prying Action	408	(5)
Historical Notes on Rivets	413	(1)
Types of Rivets	414	(1)
Strength of Riveted Connections-Rivets in Shear	415	(3)
Computer Example	418	(11)
Problems	419	(10)
Welded Connections	429	(57)
General	429	(1)
Advantages of Welding	430	(1)
American Welding Society	431	(1)
Types of Welding	431	(4)
Prequalified Welding	435	(1)
Welding Inspection	435	(2)
Classification of Welds	437	(3)
Welding Symbols	440	(1)
Groove Welds	440	(3)
Fillet Welds	443	(2)
Strength of Welds	445	(1)
LRFD Requirements	445	(5)
Design of Simple Fillet Welds	450	(5)
Design of Fillet Welds for Truss Members	455	(5)
Shear and Torsion	460	(7)
Shear and Bending	467	(2)
Design of Moment-Resisting Connections	469	(2)
Full-Penetration and Partial-Penetration Groove Welds	471	(3)
Computer Examples	474	(12)
Problems	475	(11)
Building Connections	486	(30)
Selection of Type of Fastener	486	(1)
Type of Beam Connections	487	(6)
Standard Bolted Beam Connections	493	(4)
LRFD Manual Standard Connection Tables	497	(1)
Designs of Standard Bolted Framed Connections	498	(2)
Designs of Standard Welded Framed Connections	500	(2)
Single-Plate or Shear Tab Framing Connections	502	(3)
End-Plate Shear Connections	505	(1)
Designs of Welded Seated Beam Connections	505	(3)
Stiffened Seated Beam Connections	508	(1)
Design of Moment-Resisting Connections	509	(1)
Column Web Stiffeners	510	(3)
Connection Design Aids-Handbooks and Computer Programs	513	(3)
Problems	514	(2)
Composite Beams	516	(34)
Composite Construction	516	(2)
Advantages of Composite Construction	518	(1)
Discussion of Shoring	518	(2)
Effective Flange Widths	520	(1)
Shear Transfer	521	(2)
Partially Composite Beams	523	(1)
Strength of Shear Connections	524	(1)
Number, Spacing, and Cover Requirements for Shear Connections	525	(2)
Moment Capacity of Composite Sections	527	(5)
Deflections	532	(1)
Design of Composite Sections	533	(8)
Continuous Composite Sections	541	(1)
Design of Concrete-Encased Sections	542	(8)
Problems	545	(5)
Composite Columns	550	(18)
Introduction	550	(1)
Advantages of Composite Columns	551	(2)
Disadvantages of Composite Columns	553	(1)
Lateral Bracing	553	(1)
Specifications for Composite Columns	554	(1)
Axial Design Strengths of Composite Columns	555	(3)
LRFD Tables	558	(4)
Flexural Design Strengths of Composite Columns	562	(1)
Axial Load and Bending Equation	562	(1)
Design of Composite Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending	563	(2)
Load Transfer at Footings and Other Connections	565	(3)
Problems	565	(3)
Built-Up Beams, Built-Up Wide-Flange Sections, and Plate Girders	568	(33)
Cover-Plated Beams	568	(2)
Built-Up Wide Flange Sections	570	(5)
Introduction to Plate Girders	575	(2)
Plate Girder Proportions	577	(3)
Detailed Proportions of Webs	580	(2)
Design of Plate Girders with Slender Webs, but with Full Lateral Bracing for their Compact Compression Flanges	582	(3)
Design of Plate Girders with Noncompact Flanges and without Full Lateral Bracing for Compression Flanges	585	(5)
Design of Stiffeners	590	(4)
Flexure-Shear Interaction	594	(7)
Problems	600	(1)
Design of Steel Buildings	601	(40)
Introduction to Low-Rise Buildings	601	(1)
Types of Steel Frames Used for Buildings	601	(4)
Common Types of Floor Construction	605	(1)
Concrete Slabs on Open-Web Steel Joists	606	(3)
One-Way and Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs	609	(2)
Composite Floors	611	(1)
Concrete-Pan Floors	612	(2)
Steel-Decking Floors	614	(1)
Flat Slabs	614	(1)
Precast Concrete Floors	615	(2)
Types of Roof Construction	617	(1)
Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions	618	(1)
Fireproofing of Structural Steel	619	(1)
Introduction to High-Rise Buildings	620	(1)
Discussion of Lateral Forces	621	(2)
Types of Lateral Bracing	623	(5)
Analysis of Buildings with Diagonal Wind Bracing for Lateral Forces	628	(2)
Moment-Resisting Joints	630	(2)
Analysis of Buildings with Moment-Resisting Joints for Lateral Loads	632	(4)
Analysis of Buildings for Gravity Loads	636	(3)
Design of Members	639	(2)
Design of Steel Building Systems	641	(20)
Introduction	641	(5)
Design of Structural Steel Building	646	(2)
Loads Acting on the Structural Frame	648	(5)
Preliminary Design and Analysis	653	(2)
Review of the Results and Design Changes	655	(1)
The Design Sketches	656	(1)
Concluding Comments	657	(4)
Problems	658	(3)
Appendix A Allowable Stress Design	661	(17)
Appendix B Derivation of the Euler Formula	678	(2)
Appendix C Slender Compression Elements	680	(3)
Appendix D Flexural Torsional Buckling of Compression Members	683	(6)
Appendix E Moment-Resisting Column Base Plates	689	(8)
Appendix F Ponding	697	(4)
Glossary	701	(6)
Index	707

Excerpts

The authors' major objective in preparing this new edition was to update the text to conform to both the 1999 Load and Resistance Factor (LRFD) Design Specification and the 2002 edition of the LRFD Manual of Steel Construction. Among the several changes made in the new specification and included in the steel manual are the following: The inclusion of data and equations in both U.S. customary units and metric units. The introduction of two new important ASTM steels, A913 and A992. A few revisions in bolt criteria. Revised design procedure for fatigue loadings. A new section concerning the evaluation of existing structures. In addition to the revisions in the Specification, several changes and additions have been made in the text concerning the enclosed computer programs. First, the program previously named INSTEP has been updated to the new specifications and has been changed from a DOS format to a Windows format. It is now named INSTEP32. Though the program was written specifically to solve many of the textbook-type problems presented in this book, it has often been used by professional engineers in their design practices. Despite the practical applications of INSTEP32 and its value in teaching steel design, the authors feel that many professors would like their students to have some experience with at least one of the major commercial steel-design programs on the market today, in hopes that such experience would enable students to cross the bridge more quickly between the classroom and actual design practice. As a result, a student version of SAP 2000 has been included with INSTEP32 on the enclosed disk and presented herein. Use of this software will also enable the student to better understand the relationship between analysis and design. Chapter 20, a new chapter in the text, presents an introduction to the subject of systems design. In this regard, recent requirements for "capstone" courses in our engineering schools have made the subject of "open-ended" problems a serious component of design studies. Therefore, the topic of systems design along with "open-ended" problems and an introduction to SAP 2000 are included in Chapter 20. The authors wish to thank the following persons who reviewed this edition: Robert Abendroth, Daniel G. Linzell, Rolla Idriss, W. H. Walker, and Ahmad M. Itani. They also thank the reviewers and users of the previous editions of this book for their suggestions, corrections, and criticisms. They are always grateful to anyone who takes the time to contact them concerning any part of their book. Jack C. McCormac James K. Nelson