The Structure and Function of Plastids

by Wise, Robert R.; Hoober, J. Kenneth

• ISBN13: 9781402040603
• ISBN10: 1402040601
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-15
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

The Structure and Function of Plastids is Volume 23 in the Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration Series. This volume provides a comprehensive look at the biology of plastids, the multifunctional biosynthetic factories that are unique to plants and algae. Fifty-nine international experts have contributed 28 chapters that cover all aspects of this large and diverse family of plant and algal organelles.

Table of Contents

From the Series Editor	v
Contents	xi
Preface	xix
A Dedication to Pioneers of Research on Chloroplast Structure	xxiii
Color Plates	xxxiv
Section I Plastid Origin and Development
The Diversity of Plastid Form and Function	3	(24)
Robert R. Wise
Summary	3	(1)
Introduction	4	(1)
The Plastid Family	5	(8)
Chloroplasts and their Specializations	13	(7)
Concluding Remarks	20	(7)
Acknowledgements	21	(1)
References	21	(6)
Chloroplast Development: Whence and Whither	27	(26)
J. Kenneth Hoober
Summary	27	(1)
Introduction	28	(1)
Brief Review of Plastid Evolution	28	(4)
Development of the Chloroplast	32	(11)
Overview of Photosynthesis	43	(10)
References	46	(7)
Protein Import Into Chloroplasts: Who, When, and How?	53	(22)
Ute C. Vothknecht
Jurgen Soll
Summary	53	(1)
Introduction	54	(2)
On the Road to the Chloroplast	56	(2)
Protein Translocation via Toc and Tic	58	(5)
Variations on Toc and Tic Translocation	63	(1)
Protein Translocation and Chloroplast Biogenesis	64	(2)
The Evolutionary Origin of Toc and Tic	66	(1)
Intraplastidal Transport	66	(3)
Protein Translocation into Complex Plastids	69	(6)
References	70	(5)
Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids	75	(28)
Naoki Sato
Summary	76	(1)
Introduction: Unification and Diversity	76	(2)
Endosymbiotic Origin of Plastids: The Major Unifying Principle	78	(7)
Origin and Evolution of Plastid Diversity	85	(12)
Conclusion: Opposing Principles in the Evolution of Plastids	97	(6)
Acknowledgements	98	(1)
References	98	(5)
The Mechanism of Plastid Division: The Structure and Origin of The Plastid Division Apparatus	103	(22)
Shin-ya Miyagishima
Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
Summary	104	(1)
Introduction	104	(1)
Regulation of Timing and Mode of Plastid Division	105	(2)
Structural and Molecular Mechanisms of Plastid Division	107	(9)
Conclusions and Future Research Directions	116	(9)
Acknowledgements	117	(1)
References	117	(8)
Section II The Plastid Genome and its Interaction with the Nuclear Genome
Expression, Prediction and Function of the Thylakoid Proteome in Higher Plants and Green Algae	125	(20)
Klaas van Wijk
Summary	125	(1)
Introduction	126	(1)
Experimental Identification and Function of the Thylakoid Proteome in Chloroplasts of Plants and Algae	126	(6)
Properties and Prediction of the Thylakoid Proteome in Higher Plants	132	(1)
Characterizing Thylakoid Protein Complexes and Protein--Protein Interactions	133	(1)
Post-Translational Modifications of the Thylakoid Proteome in Plants and Green Algae	134	(3)
Expression Analysis of the Thylakoid Proteome or Comparative Thylakoid Proteomics in Plants and Green Algae	137	(1)
Bioinformatics Resources for Plastid Proteomics Data	138	(1)
Conclusions	138	(7)
Acknowledgements	140	(1)
References	140	(5)
The Role of Nucleus- and Chloroplast-Encoded Factors in the Synthesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus	145	(22)
Jean-David Rochaix
Summary	145	(1)
Introduction	146	(1)
The Basic Chloroplast Gene Expression System	146	(2)
Genetic Approach: Role of Ancillary Factors in Chloroplast Gene Expression	148	(12)
Perspectives	160	(7)
Acknowledgements	161	(1)
References	161	(6)
Plastid Transcription: Competition, Regulation and Promotion by Plastid-and Nuclear-Encoded Polymerases	167	(16)
A. Bruce Cahoon
Yutaka Komine
David B. Stern
Summary	167	(1)
Introductory Remarks	168	(1)
Plastid-Encoded Polymerase (PEP)	169	(5)
Nuclear-Encoded Polymerase (NEP)	174	(3)
The Big Picture: Transcriptional Regulation in Chloroplasts	177	(6)
References	178	(5)
Plastid-to-Nucleus Signaling	183	(16)
Asa Strand
Tatjana Kleine
Joanne Chory
Summary	183	(1)
Introduction	184	(1)
Intracellular Communication During Chloroplast Development	184	(1)
Retrograde Communication Through ``Plastid Signals''	185	(4)
Mg-ProtoIX, a Link Between the Plastids and the Nucleus	189	(2)
Plastid-Responsive Promoter Elements in Nuclear Genes	191	(2)
Interaction Between Light- and Plastid-Signaling Pathways	193	(1)
Concluding Remarks	194	(5)
Acknowledgements	194	(1)
References	194	(5)
Trace Metal Utilization in Chloroplasts	199	(22)
Sabeeha S. Merchant
Summary	200	(1)
Introduction	200	(2)
Fe	202	(7)
Cu	209	(2)
Mn	211	(1)
Questions for Future Investigation	212	(9)
Acknowledgments	213	(1)
References	213	(8)
Section III Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids
Light/Dark Regulation of Chloroplast Metabolism	221	(16)
Shaodong Dai
Kenth Johansson
Hans Eklund
Peter Schurmann
Summary	221	(1)
Introduction	222	(1)
Ferredoxins	223	(1)
Chloroplast Thioredoxins: f and m Type Thioredoxins	224	(1)
Ferredoxin: Thioredoxin Reductase	225	(3)
Target Enzymes	228	(5)
Conclusions and Perspectives	233	(4)
Acknowledgements	233	(1)
References	233	(4)
Chlororespiratory Pathways and Their Physiological Significance	237	(16)
Peter J. Nixon
Peter R. Rich
Summary	237	(1)
Introduction	238	(1)
Analyses of Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas Genomes for Viable Candidate Components	238	(3)
Overview of Proposed Pathways	241	(6)
Physiological Role of Plastid Respiratory Enzymes	247	(1)
Conclusions and Prospects	248	(5)
Acknowledgements	248	(1)
References	248	(5)
CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms	253	(20)
Sue G. Bartlett
Mautusi Mitra
James V. Moroney
Summary	253	(1)
Introduction	254	(1)
Carbonic Anhydrases	255	(1)
Cyanobacterial Model of CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms	256	(4)
CO2 Uptake in Eukaryotic Algal Cells	260	(3)
CO2 Uptake in Higher Plants	263	(2)
The Significance of the CCM and Future Research Directions	265	(8)
Acknowledgements	267	(1)
References	267	(6)
Synthesis, Export and Partitioning of the End Products of Photosynthesis	273	(22)
Andreas P.M. Weber
Summary	274	(1)
Introduction	274	(1)
Biosynthesis of Sucrose and Transitory Starch	275	(2)
Breakdown of Transitory Starch and Export of Breakdown Products	277	(5)
Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation Cycle	282	(4)
Keeping the Balance---Partitioning of Recently Assimilated Carbon into Multiple Pathways	286	(2)
Conclusions and Further Directions	288	(7)
Aknowledgements	288	(1)
References	288	(7)
Section IV Non-Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids
Chlorophyll Synthesis	295	(20)
Robert D. Willows
Summary	295	(1)
Introduction: Overview of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis	296	(1)
Protoporphyrin IX to Chlorophyll	296	(9)
Regulation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis	305	(10)
References	307	(8)
Carotenoids	315	(20)
Abby J. Cuttriss
Joanna L. Mimica
Barry J. Pogson
Crispin A. Howitt
Summary	315	(1)
Introduction	316	(1)
Carotenoid Biosynthesis	316	(9)
Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis	325	(1)
Carotenoid Function	325	(4)
Conclusions and Future Directions	329	(6)
Acknowledgements	329	(1)
References	329	(6)
Lipid Synthesis, Metabolism and Transport	335	(20)
Peter Dormann
Summary	335	(1)
Introduction	336	(1)
Structure and Distribution of Glycerolipids in Chloroplasts	337	(1)
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids in Plastids	337	(4)
Glycerolipid Synthesis	341	(4)
Function of Chloroplast Lipids	345	(3)
Lipid Trafficking	348	(7)
Acknowledgments	350	(1)
References	350	(5)
Amino Acid Synthesis in Plastids	355	(32)
Muriel Lancien
Peter J. Lea
Ricardo A. Azevedo
Summary	355	(1)
Introduction	356	(1)
Synthesis of Glutamine	356	(3)
Synthesis of Glutamate	359	(5)
The Aspartate Pathway	364	(3)
Synthesis of Branched Chain Amino Acids	367	(3)
Synthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids	370	(17)
References	377	(10)
Sulfur Metabolism in Plastids	387	(16)
Elizabeth A.H. Pilon-Smits
Marinus Pilon
Summary	387	(1)
Introduction	387	(1)
Sulfur Compounds and Their Properties	388	(1)
Biosynthesis and Functions of S Compounds	389	(5)
Regulation of S Metabolism	394	(2)
Involvement of S Pathways in Metabolism of Other Oxyanions	396	(1)
Transgenic Approaches to Study and Manipulate S Metabolism	397	(6)
Acknowledgements	398	(1)
References	398	(5)
Regulation and Role of Calcium Fluxes in the Chloroplast	403	(16)
Carl Hirschie Johnson
Richard Shingles
William F. Ettinger
Summary	403	(1)
Introduction	404	(3)
Ca++ Fluxes Across Chloroplast Membranes	407	(3)
Light/Dark Regulation of Ca++ Fluxes in the Chloroplast	410	(3)
Concluding Remarks	413	(6)
Acknowledgements	414	(1)
References	414	(5)
Section V Plastid Differentiation and Response to Environmental Factors
The Role of Plastids in Ripening Fruits	419	(14)
Florence Bouvier
Bilal Camara
Summary	419	(1)
Introduction	419	(1)
Plastid Differentiation	420	(1)
Plastid Biogenesis and Molecular Regulation	421	(7)
Conclusions	428	(5)
References	428	(5)
Fate and Activities of Plastids During Leaf Senescence	433	(18)
Karin Krupinska
Summary	433	(1)
Introduction	434	(1)
Decline in Plastid Population of Mesophyll Cells During Senescence	435	(1)
Reversibility of Gerontoplast Differentiation and Loss of Plastid DNA	435	(1)
Senescence-Related Changes in the Ultrastructure of Plastids	436	(3)
Degradation of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids	439	(2)
Degradation and Mobilization of Proteins	441	(1)
Pigment Catabolism	442	(2)
Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Changes in Antioxidative Systems	444	(1)
Plastid Function in Relation to Senescence Signalling	444	(7)
Acknowledgements	445	(1)
References	445	(6)
The Kleptoplast	451	(24)
Mary E. Rumpho
Farahad P. Dastoor
James R. Manhart
Jungho Lee
Summary	452	(1)
Introduction	452	(1)
Evidence for Kleptoplasty	453	(6)
Selection and Uptake Processes	459	(2)
Functional Capacity of Sacoglossan Kleptoplasts	461	(3)
What Sustains the Longevity of the Elysia chlorotica/Vaucheria litorea Kleptoplast Association?	464	(5)
Concluding Remarks	469	(6)
Acknowledgements	469	(1)
References	469	(6)
The Apicoplast	475	(32)
Soledad Funes
Xochitl Perez-Martinez
Adrian Reyes-Prieto
Diego Gonzalez-Halphen
Summary	476	(1)
Introduction	477	(1)
A Brief History of the Studies on the Apicoplast	478	(2)
What is the Physiological Role of the Apicoplast?	480	(1)
Structure and Expression of the Apicoplast Genome	481	(3)
Protein Targeting to Apicoplasts	484	(5)
Metabolism and Inhibitor Drug Targeting	489	(4)
Evolutionary Origin of the Apicoplast	493	(4)
Future Studies and Prospects for Disease Control	497	(10)
Acknowledgments	498	(1)
References	498	(9)
The Role of Plastids in Gravitropism	507	(20)
Maria Palmieri
John Z. Kiss
Summary	507	(1)
Introduction	508	(1)
Gravitropism	509	(8)
Methods to Study the Role of Plastids in Gravitropism	517	(3)
Future Studies	520	(7)
Acknowledgements	522	(1)
References	522	(5)
Chloroplast Movements in Response to Environmental Signals	527	(12)
Yoshikatsu Sato
Akeo Kadota
Summary	527	(1)
Introduction	528	(1)
Light-Induced Chloroplast Movement	528	(5)
Mechanical Stress-Induced Chloroplast Movement	533	(1)
Ecological Meaning of Chloroplast Movement	534	(1)
Conclusions and Future Prospects	534	(5)
Acknowledgements	535	(1)
References	535	(4)
Oxygen Metabolism and Stress Physiology	539	(16)
Barry A. Logan
Summary	539	(1)
Introduction	539	(1)
The Size of the O2 Photoreduction ``Sink''	540	(1)
The Water-Water Cycle	541	(4)
Dissipation of Excess Absorbed Energy	545	(3)
Transgenic Manipulations of Photoprotection	548	(1)
Extra-Chloroplastic Photoprotection	549	(1)
Concluding Remarks	550	(5)
Acknowledgments	550	(1)
References	550	(5)
Subject Index	555	(14)
Species Index	569	(6)
Author Index	575