Structured Computer Organization

by Tanenbaum, Andrew S.

• ISBN13: 9780131485211
• ISBN10: 0131485210
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book takes a modern structured, layered approach to understanding computer systems. It's highly accessible - and it's been thoroughly updated to reflect today's most critical new technologies and the latest developments in computer organization and architecture.Tanenbaumrs"s renowned writing style and painstaking research make this one of the most accessible and accurate books available, maintaining the authorrs"s popular method of presenting a computer as a series of layers, each one built upon the ones below it, and understandable as a separate entity. A CD-ROM for assembly language programmers is available for teachers.For all computer professionals and engineers who need an overview or introduction to computer architecture.

Author Biography

Andrew S. Tanenbaum is a professor of computer science at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam where he has taught courses in computer organization, operating systems and networks for over 30 years to thousands of students

Table of Contents

Preface	xviii
Introduction	1	(50)
Structured Computer Organization	2	(11)
Languages, Levels, and Virtual Machines	2	(3)
Contemporary Multilevel Machines	5	(3)
Evolution of Multilevel Machines	8	(5)
Milestones in Computer Architecture	13	(14)
The Zeroth Generation---Mechanical Computers (1642-1945)	14	(2)
The First Generation---Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955)	16	(3)
The Second Generation---Transistors (1955-1965)	19	(3)
The Third Generation---Integrated Circuits (1965-1980)	22	(1)
The Fourth Generation---Very Large Scale Integration (1980-?)	23	(3)
The Fifth Generation---Invisible Computers	26	(1)
The Computer Zoo	27	(10)
Technological and Economic Forces	27	(2)
The Computer Spectrum	29	(1)
Disposable Computers	29	(2)
Microcontrollers	31	(2)
Game Computers	33	(1)
Personal Computers	34	(1)
Servers	34	(1)
Collections of Workstations	34	(2)
Mainframes	36	(1)
Example Computer Families	37	(9)
Introduction to the Pentium 4	37	(5)
Introduction to the UltraSPARC III	42	(2)
Introduction to the 8051	44	(2)
Metric Units	46	(1)
Outline of This Book	47	(4)
Computer Systems Organization	51	(84)
Processors	51	(18)
CPU Organization	52	(2)
Instruction Execution	54	(4)
RISC versus CISC	58	(1)
Design Principles for Modern Computers	59	(2)
Instruction-Level Parallelism	61	(4)
Processor-Level Parallelism	65	(4)
Primary Memory	69	(12)
Bits	69	(1)
Memory Addresses	70	(1)
Byte Ordering	71	(2)
Error-Correcting Codes	73	(4)
Cache Memory	77	(3)
Memory Packaging and Types	80	(1)
Secondary Memory	81	(21)
Memory Hierarchies	81	(1)
Magnetic Disks	82	(4)
Floppy Disks	86	(1)
IDE Disks	86	(2)
SCSI Disks	88	(1)
Raid	89	(4)
CD-ROMs	93	(4)
CD-Recordables	97	(2)
CD-Rewritables	99	(1)
DVD	99	(3)
Blu-Ray	102	(1)
Input/Output	102	(29)
Buses	102	(3)
Terminals	105	(5)
Mice	110	(2)
Printers	112	(5)
Telecommunications Equipment	117	(8)
Digital Cameras	125	(2)
Character Codes	127	(4)
Summary	131	(4)
The Digital Logic Level	135	(96)
Gates and Boolean Algebra	135	(11)
Gates	136	(2)
Boolean Algebra	138	(2)
Implementation of Boolean Functions	140	(1)
Circuit Equivalence	141	(5)
Basic Digital Logic Circuits	146	(13)
Integrated Circuits	146	(1)
Combinational Circuits	147	(5)
Arithmetic Circuits	152	(5)
Clocks	157	(2)
Memory	159	(14)
Latches	159	(2)
Flip-Flops	161	(2)
Registers	163	(1)
Memory Organization	164	(4)
Memory Chips	168	(3)
RAMs and ROMs	171	(2)
CPU Chips and Buses	173	(16)
CPU Chips	174	(2)
Computer Buses	176	(2)
Bus Width	178	(2)
Bus Clocking	180	(4)
Bus Arbitration	184	(3)
Bus Operations	187	(2)
Example CPU Chips	189	(13)
The Pentium 4	189	(7)
The UltraSPARC III	196	(4)
The 8051	200	(2)
Example Buses	202	(19)
The ISA Bus	203	(1)
The PCI Bus	204	(8)
PCI Express	212	(5)
The Universal Serial Bus	217	(4)
Interfacing	221	(4)
I/O Chips	221	(1)
Address Decoding	222	(3)
Summary	225	(6)
The Microarchitecture Level	231	(100)
An Example Microarchitecture	231	(15)
The Data Path	232	(7)
Microinstructions	239	(2)
Microinstruction Control: The Mic-1	241	(5)
An Example ISA: IJVM	246	(9)
Stacks	246	(2)
The IJVM Memory Model	248	(2)
The IJVM Instruction Set	250	(4)
Compiling Java to IJVM	254	(1)
An Example Implementation	255	(16)
Microinstructions and Notation	255	(5)
Implementation of IJVM Using the Mic-1	260	(11)
Design of the Microarchitecture Level	271	(21)
Speed versus Cost	271	(2)
Reducing the Execution Path Length	273	(8)
A Design with Prefetching: The Mic-2	281	(1)
A Pipelined Design: The Mic-3	281	(7)
A Seven-Stage Pipeline: The Mic-4	288	(4)
Improving Performance	292	(19)
Cache Memory	293	(6)
Branch Prediction	299	(5)
Out-of-Order Execution and Register Renaming	304	(5)
Speculative Execution	309	(2)
Examples of the Microarchitecture Level	311	(14)
The Microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 CPU	312	(5)
The Microarchitecture of the UltraSPARC-III Cu CPU	317	(6)
The Microarchitecture of the 8051 CPU	323	(2)
Comparison of the Pentium, Ultrasparc, and 8051	325	(1)
Summary	326	(5)
The Instruction Set Architecture Level	331	(96)
Overview of the ISA Level	333	(15)
Properties of the ISA Level	333	(2)
Memory Models	335	(2)
Registers	337	(2)
Instructions	339	(1)
Overview of the Pentium 4 ISA Level	339	(2)
Overview of the UltraSPARC III ISA Level	341	(4)
Overview of the 8051 ISA Level	345	(3)
Data Types	348	(3)
Numeric Data Types	348	(1)
Nonnumeric Data Types	349	(1)
Data Types on the Pentium 4	350	(1)
Data Types on the UltraSPARC III	350	(1)
Data Types on the 8051	351	(1)
Instruction Formats	351	(9)
Design Criteria for Instruction Formats	352	(2)
Expanding Opcodes	354	(3)
The Pentium 4 Instruction Formats	357	(1)
The UltraSPARC III Instruction Formats	358	(1)
The 8051 Instruction Formats	359	(1)
Addressing	360	(15)
Addressing Modes	360	(1)
Immediate Addressing	361	(1)
Direct Addressing	361	(1)
Register Addressing	361	(1)
Register Indirect Addressing	362	(1)
Indexed Addressing	363	(2)
Based-Indexed Addressing	365	(1)
Stack Addressing	365	(4)
Addressing Modes for Branch Instructions	369	(1)
Orthogonality of Opcodes and Addressing Modes	369	(2)
The Pentium 4 Addressing Modes	371	(2)
The UltraSPARC III Addressing Modes	373	(1)
The 8051 Addressing Modes	373	(1)
Discussion of Addressing Modes	374	(1)
Instruction Types	375	(20)
Data Movement Instructions	375	(1)
Dyadic Operations	376	(1)
Monadic Operations	377	(2)
Comparisons and Conditional Branches	379	(2)
Procedure Call Instructions	381	(1)
Loop Control	382	(1)
Input/Output	383	(3)
The Pentium 4 Instructions	386	(3)
The UltraSPARC III Instructions	389	(3)
The 8051 Instructions	392	(1)
Comparison of Instruction Sets	392	(3)
Flow of Control	395	(13)
Sequential Flow of Control and Branches	395	(1)
Procedures	396	(5)
Coroutines	401	(3)
Traps	404	(1)
Interrupts	404	(4)
A Detailed Example: The Towers of Hanoi	408	(3)
The Towers of Hanoi in Pentium 4 Assembly Language	409	(1)
The Towers of Hanoi in UltraSPARC III Assembly Language	409	(2)
The IA-64 Architecture and the it Anium 2	411	(10)
The Problem with the Pentium 4	413	(1)
The IA-64 Model: Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing	414	(1)
Reducing Memory References	415	(1)
Instruction Scheduling	416	(2)
Reducing Conditional Branches: Predication	418	(2)
Speculative Loads	420	(1)
Summary	421	(6)
The Operating System Machine Level	427	(80)
Virtual Memory	428	(25)
Paging	429	(2)
Implementation of Paging	431	(2)
Demand Paging and the Working Set Model	433	(3)
Page Replacement Policy	436	(2)
Page Size and Fragmentation	438	(1)
Segmentation	439	(3)
Implementation of Segmentation	442	(3)
Virtual Memory on the Pentium 4	445	(5)
Virtual Memory on the UltraSPARC III	450	(2)
Virtual Memory and Caching	452	(1)
Virtual I/O Instructions	453	(7)
Files	454	(1)
Implementation of Virtual I/O Instructions	455	(4)
Directory Management Instructions	459	(1)
Virtual Instructions for Parallel Processing	460	(10)
Process Creation	461	(1)
Race Conditions	462	(4)
Process Synchronization Using Semaphores	466	(4)
Example Operating Systems	470	(30)
Introduction	470	(9)
Examples of Virtual Memory	479	(3)
Examples of Virtual I/O	482	(11)
Examples of Process Management	493	(7)
Summary	500	(7)
The Assembly Language Level	507	(40)
Introduction to Assembly Language	508	(9)
What Is an Assembly Language?	508	(1)
Why Use Assembly Language?	509	(3)
Format of an Assembly Language Statement	512	(3)
Pseudoinstructions	515	(2)
Macros	517	(5)
Macro Definition, Call, and Expansion	518	(2)
Macros with Parameters	520	(1)
Advanced Features	521	(1)
Implementation of a Macro Facility in an Assembler	521	(1)
The Assembly Process	522	(8)
Two-Pass Assemblers	522	(1)
Pass One	523	(4)
Pass Two	527	(2)
The Symbol Table	529	(1)
Linking and Loading	530	(13)
Tasks Performed by the Linker	532	(3)
Structure of an Object Module	535	(1)
Binding Time and Dynamic Relocation	536	(3)
Dynamic Linking	539	(4)
Summary	543	(4)
Parallel Computer Architectures	547	(108)
On-Chip Paralellism	548	(19)
Instruction-Level Parallelism	549	(7)
On-Chip Multithreading	556	(6)
Single-Chip Multiprocessors	562	(5)
Coprocessors	567	(15)
Network Processors	568	(8)
Media Processors	576	(5)
Cryptoprocessors	581	(1)
Shared-Memory Multiprocessors	582	(30)
Multiprocessors vs. Multicomputers	582	(8)
Memory Semantics	590	(4)
UMA Symmetric Multiprocessor Architectures	594	(8)
NUMA Multiprocessors	602	(9)
COMA Multiprocessors	611	(1)
Message-Passing Multicomputers	612	(37)
Interconnection Networks	614	(3)
MPPs---Massively Parallel Processors	617	(10)
Cluster Computing	627	(5)
Communication Software for Multicomputers	632	(3)
Scheduling	635	(1)
Application-Level Shared Memory	636	(7)
Performance	643	(6)
Grid Computing	649	(2)
Summary	651	(4)
Reading List and Bibliography	655	(24)
Suggestions for Further Reading	655	(9)
Introduction and General Works	655	(2)
Computer Systems Organization	657	(1)
The Digital Logic Level	658	(1)
The Microarchitecture Level	659	(1)
The Instruction Set Architecture Level	659	(1)
The Operating System Machine Level	660	(1)
The Assembly Language Level	661	(1)
Parallel Computer Architectures	661	(2)
Binary and Floating-Point Numbers	663	(1)
Assembly Language Programming	664	(1)
Alphabetical Bibliography	664	(15)
A BINARY NUMBERS	679	(12)
Finite-Precision Numbers	679	(2)
Radix Number Systems	681	(2)
Conversion from One Radix to Another	683	(2)
Negative Binary Numbers	685	(3)
Binary Arithmetic	688	(3)
B FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS	691	(10)
Principles Of Floating Point	692	(2)
IEEE Floating-Point Standard 754	694	(7)
C ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING	701	(56)
Overview	702	(2)
Assembly Language	702	(1)
A Small Assembly Language Program	703	(1)
The 8088 Processor	704	(5)
The Processor Cycle	705	(1)
The General Registers	705	(3)
Pointer Registers	708	(1)
Memory and Addressing	709	(6)
Memory Organization and Segments	709	(2)
Addressing	711	(4)
The 8088 Instruction Set	715	(10)
Move, Copy and Arithmetic	715	(3)
Logical, Bit and Shift Operations	718	(1)
Loop and Repetitive String Operations	718	(1)
Jump and Call Instructions	719	(2)
Subroutine Calls	721	(2)
System Calls and System Subroutines	723	(2)
Final Remarks on the Instruction Set	725	(1)
The Assembler	725	(7)
Introduction	726	(1)
The ACK-Based Tutorial Assembler as88	727	(3)
Some Differences with Other 8088 Assemblers	730	(2)
The Tracer	732	(3)
Tracer Commands	734	(1)
Getting Started	735	(1)
Examples	736	(21)
Hello World Example	736	(4)
General Registers Example	740	(2)
Call Command and Pointer Registers	742	(2)
Debugging an Array Print Program	744	(4)
String Manipulation and String Instructions	748	(2)
Dispatch Tables	750	(2)
Buffered and Random File Access	752	(5)
Index	757