The Study Of Law: A Critical Thinking Approach

by Currier, Katherine A.; Eimermann, Thomas E.

• ISBN13: 9780735552531
• ISBN10: 0735552533
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business

Summary

This exciting text introduces students to substantive law as well as the legal system. The Study of Law, written by the respected author team of Katherine A. Currier and Thomas E. Eimermann, gives students a thorough overview of essential skills and topics in a compact, concise format. This non-paralegal specific text: takes the critical thinking approach to familiarize students with the study of law and encourages students to interact with the materials through hypotheticals, examples, and well-designed questions teaches students the basic skills necessary to understand statutes and court cases includes ethics alerts, marginal definitions, Internet references, and legal reasoning exercises throughout the book presents material in an accessible and well-organized format uses edited cases in the substantive law chapters to teach students how to read and analyze the law offers helpful material on writing skills, research, and citation in the appendices the three parts of the book reflect the topics of the introductory course: the American Legal System presents the sources and classification of law, The structure of the court system, and an overview of litigation Finding and Analyzing the Law reviews the basics of legal analysis, research, and writing Substantive Law and Legal Ethics considers Tort Law, Contract Law, Property and Estate Law, laws affecting business, Family Law, Criminal Law and Procedure, and Legal Ethics Please visit the new companion website to learn more about this book. Website: http://www.aspenlawschool.com/currier_studyoflaw

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xxxiii
Preface	xxxvii
Acknowledgments	xli
PART 1 The American Legal System	1	(120)
Introduction to the Study of Law and the Legal Profession	3	(12)
Introduction	3	(1)
Legal Analysis	4	(4)
Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather	4	(1)
Case 2: The Harassed Student	5	(1)
Analyzing the Facts	5	(1)
Identifying the Appropriate Legal Rules	6	(1)
Practical Tip	6	(1)
Applying the Legal Rules to the Facts	6	(1)
Discussion Questions 1-2	7	(1)
Reporting the Results	8	(1)
Taking Actions on Behalf of the Client	8	(3)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-4	9	(2)
The Legal Profession	11	(4)
Attorneys	11	(1)
Ethics Alert	11	(1)
Paralegals	12	(1)
Other Support Staff	13	(1)
Discussion Questions 3-4	13	(1)
Summary	14	(1)
Review Questions 1-9	14	(1)
Functions and Sources of Law	15	(16)
Introduction	15	(1)
Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress	15	(1)
Functions and Theories of Law	16	(4)
Definition of Law	16	(1)
Functions of Law	16	(1)
Theories of Jurisprudence	17	(2)
Discussion Questions 1-6	19	(1)
Sources of Law	20	(11)
Constitutional Law	20	(2)
Practical Tip	22	(1)
Statutory Law	22	(1)
Administrative Law	23	(1)
Practical Tip	24	(1)
Judicial Interpretation and the Common Law	25	(2)
Discussion Questions 7-9	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Review Questions 1-12	29	(2)
Classification of the Law	31	(20)
Introduction	31	(1)
Federal versus State Law	32	(6)
Federal Law	33	(3)
State Law	36	(1)
Discussion Questions 1-4	37	(1)
Criminal Law versus Civil Law	38	(10)
A Comparison of Criminal and Civil Law	38	(1)
Type of Harm	38	(1)
Names of the Parties and the ``Prosecutor'' of the Claim	38	(1)
Standard of Proof	39	(1)
Judgment	40	(1)
Sanctions / Remedies	40	(1)
Practical Tip	40	(1)
Sources of Law	40	(1)
Criminal Law	41	(1)
Types of Crimes	41	(1)
Establishing a Prima Facie Case	42	(1)
Discussion Questions 5-6	42	(1)
Defenses	43	(1)
Civil Law	43	(1)
Establishing a Prima Facie Case	43	(1)
Defenses	43	(1)
Damages	44	(1)
Areas of Civil Law	44	(1)
Contracts	45	(1)
Property	45	(1)
Torts	45	(1)
Ethics Alert	46	(1)
Case 4: Mr. Whipple	46	(1)
Discussion Questions 7-8	47	(1)
Substantive versus Procedural Law	48	(3)
Discussion Question 9	49	(1)
Summary	49	(1)
Review Questions 1-24	49	(2)
Structure of the Court System	51	(20)
Introduction	51	(1)
Trial versus Appellate Courts	51	(5)
Case 5: Alibi to a Murder	53	(2)
Discussion Questions 1-3	55	(1)
Federal and State Court Systems	56	(11)
The Federal System	56	(3)
The Primary Federal Courts	59	(2)
Discussion Questions 4-5	61	(1)
Other Federal Courts	61	(2)
State Court Systems	63	(1)
Practical Tip	63	(2)
Exclusive and Concurrent Jurisdiction	65	(1)
Discussion Question 6	66	(1)
Court Personnel	67	(4)
Summary	68	(1)
Review Questions 1-16	68	(3)
Civil Litigation and Its Alternatives	71	(50)
Introduction	71	(1)
Civil Procedure	72	(32)
The Pretrial Stage	72	(1)
Preliminary Matters	72	(2)
Legal Grounds for the Suit	74	(1)
Ethics Alert	75	(1)
Discussion Questions 1-2	75	(1)
Parties to the Suit	76	(1)
Selection of the Court	77	(2)
Statutes of Limitations	79	(1)
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies	79	(1)
Discussion Questions 3-4	79	(1)
Pleadings	80	(1)
The Complaint	80	(2)
Discussion Question 5	82	(1)
Ethics Alert	82	(2)
The Summons	84	(1)
The Answer	84	(3)
Pretrial Motions	87	(3)
Discovery	90	(1)
Interrogatories	90	(1)
Depositions	91	(1)
Requests for Admissions	92	(1)
Requests for Documents and Physical Examinations	92	(1)
Enforcing Discovery Rights	92	(1)
Discussion Questions 6-8	93	(1)
Settlement or Pretrial Conference	93	(1)
The Trial	93	(1)
The Right to a Jury Trial	93	(1)
Ethics Alert	94	(1)
Jury Selection	94	(2)
Discussion Questions 9-10	96	(1)
Opening Statements	96	(1)
Presentation of Evidence	96	(2)
Discussion Questions 11-12	98	(1)
Closing Arguments	98	(1)
Jury Instructions	98	(1)
Jury Deliberations, Verdict, and Judgment	99	(1)
Post-Trial Motions	99	(1)
The Appeal	100	(1)
The Timing of the Appeal	100	(1)
The Scope of the Review	100	(2)
Filing the Appeal	102	(1)
Oral Arguments	102	(1)
The Decision and Its Publication	102	(1)
Further Appeals	103	(1)
Administrative Procedure	104	(7)
Prehearing Procedures	105	(1)
Commencing the Action	106	(1)
Notice of Alleged Violations	106	(1)
Investigation	106	(1)
Initial Determination	107	(1)
Notice of Hearing	107	(1)
Hearings	108	(1)
The Participants	108	(1)
Hearing Procedures	109	(1)
The Form of the Decision	110	(1)
Appeals	110	(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	111	(10)
Arbitration	112	(1)
Practical Tip	112	(1)
Mediation	112	(1)
Cases Most Suitable for Mediation	113	(1)
Mediation Formats and Styles	113	(2)
Mandatory Mediation Programs	115	(1)
Mediation Training	116	(1)
Ethics Alert	116	(1)
Summary Jury Trials	116	(1)
Evaluation of ADR Techniques	116	(1)
Discussion Questions 13-15	117	(1)
Summary	117	(1)
Review Questions 1-37	118	(3)
PART 2 Finding and Analyzing the Law	121	(118)
Finding and Interpreting Statutory Law	123	(34)
Introduction	123	(1)
Locating the Appropriate Statute	124	(2)
Practical Tip	125	(1)
The Format of Statutes	126	(2)
Ambiguity in Statutes	128	(1)
The Four Basic Steps to Statutory Interpretation	129	(13)
Case 6: The Clearance Sale	129	(1)
Get the Facts	130	(1)
Locate a Relevant Statute	130	(1)
Analyze the Statute	130	(1)
Divide the Statute into Its Elements	131	(1)
Determine the Issues and Develop Arguments for Each Side	131	(1)
Think Creatively	132	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	133	(1)
Understand the Methods Used for Interpreting Statutes	133	(3)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4	136	(3)
Practical Tip	139	(2)
Recognize the Role of Judicial Philosophy	141	(1)
Conclude	141	(1)
The Case of the Unhappy Customer	142	(3)
Case 7: The Unhappy Customer	142	(2)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 5-6	144	(1)
Written Analysis--The Use of IRAC	145	(6)
Case 8: The Book Battery	146	(1)
Issue	146	(1)
Rule	147	(1)
Analysis	147	(1)
Conclusion	148	(3)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 7-8	151	(1)
Locating and Interpreting Administrative Regulations	151	(1)
Locating and Interpreting Constitutions	152	(5)
Summary	154	(1)
Review Questions 1-15	154	(3)
Finding and Interpreting Court Opinions	157	(56)
Introduction	157	(1)
Types of Court Opinions	158	(4)
Locating Court Opinions	162	(3)
The Elements of a Court Opinion	165	(3)
Preliminary Material and West Editorial Features	165	(1)
Facts of the Case	165	(2)
Law Analyzed	167	(1)
Issues Raised	167	(1)
Decisions Reached	167	(1)
The Reasoning	168	(1)
Concurring and Dissenting Opinions	168	(1)
Case Briefing	168	(40)
An Overview of Case Briefing	168	(1)
Format for a Case Brief	169	(1)
Jim Jones v. Sam Smith	169	(1)
Case Citation	169	(1)
Facts	169	(1)
Rule	170	(1)
Issue	171	(1)
Holding	172	(2)
Reasoning	174	(1)
Criticism	174	(1)
Practical Tip	174	(1)
Six Hints for Better Brief Writing	175	(1)
Read the Case First, Then Brief	175	(1)
Practical Tip	175	(1)
Develop a Workable Style	175	(2)
Write Based on the Needs of Your Reader	177	(1)
Cross-reference	177	(1)
Paraphrase	177	(1)
Use a Dictionary	177	(1)
A Sample Case Brief	177	(1)
People v. Blair	178	(1)
Briefing Cases Involving Statutes	178	(1)
Interpreting a Statute	179	(1)
McBoyle v. United States	180	(4)
Discussion Questions 1-3	184	(1)
Ruling on a Statute's Constitutionality	184	(1)
Texas v. Johnson	185	(4)
Discussion Questions 4-6	189	(1)
Briefing Cases Involving the Common Law	189	(1)
Applying Established Law	189	(2)
Keller v. DeLong	191	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	192	(1)
Creating New Law	193	(1)
Callow v. Thomas	194	(5)
Discussion Questions 7-9	199	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 2	199	(1)
Lewis v. Lewis	200	(8)
Discussion Questions 10-12	208	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 3	208	(1)
The Power of the Courts to Make New Law	208	(5)
Summary	209	(1)
Review Questions 1-16	210	(3)
Applying the Law	213	(26)
Introduction	213	(1)
Predicting the Outcome in Your Client's Case	213	(5)
Looking for Analogies and Distinctions	213	(1)
Determine Whether the Governing Rules of Law and Issues Are the Same in Both Cases	214	(1)
Decide Which Facts Are the Key Facts in the Prior Case	214	(1)
Decide How Those Facts Are Similar to or Different from the Facts of Your Client's Case	214	(1)
Explain Why Those Similarities or Differences Matter	215	(1)
Selecting among Precedents	215	(1)
Chambers v. Maroney	216	(2)
A Note on Logic	218	(3)
The Format for a Written Analysis	221	(10)
Using IRAC	221	(1)
Ethics Alert	222	(2)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	224	(3)
Practical Tip	227	(1)
Synthesizing Cases	228	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4	229	(2)
Internal Office Memoranda	231	(8)
Format and Content	231	(1)
Heading	231	(1)
Question Presented (Issue)	232	(1)
Brief Answer	232	(1)
Facts	232	(1)
Applicable Statutes	233	(1)
Discussion	233	(1)
Practical Tip	234	(1)
Conclusion	234	(1)
Sample Law Office Memorandum	234	(3)
Summary	237	(1)
Review Questions 1-6	237	(2)
PART 3 Ethical Issues and Substantive Law	239	(362)
Ethical Dilemmas Facing Attorneys	241	(54)
Introduction	241	(1)
The Adversarial System	242	(1)
Discussion Questions 1-2	243	(1)
Regulation of Attorneys	243	(2)
Discussion Questions 3-5	245	(1)
The Attorney-Client Relationship	245	(35)
Confidentiality	246	(2)
Harm to Others Involving Death or Substantial Bodily Harm	248	(3)
Discussion Questions 6-8	251	(1)
Harm to Others Not Involving Death or Substantial Bodily Harm	251	(1)
New York v. Belge	252	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	254	(1)
Discussion Questions 9-10	254	(1)
Substantial Bodily Harm or Death Due to Past Actions	254	(2)
Spaulding v. Zimmerman	256	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-7	257	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-3	258	(1)
Revelation of a Client's Plan to Cause Substantial Bodily Harm or Death	259	(2)
In re Original Grand Jury Investigation	261	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	262	(1)
Responding to Client Perjury	263	(1)
Nix v. Whiteside	264	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	267	(1)
Discussion Questions 11-12	268	(1)
Inadvertent Disclosure of Confidential Information	268	(1)
American Bar Association Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Formal Opinion No. 92-368	269	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	271	(1)
Discussion Questions 13-14	271	(1)
Professional Ethics Commission of the Maine Board of Overseers of the Bar, Opinion No. 146 (1994)	272	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	273	(1)
Discussion Questions 15-16	274	(1)
Avoiding Conflict of Interest	275	(1)
Commonwealth v. Croken	276	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	279	(1)
Discussion Questions 17-18	280	(1)
Access to Justice	280	(15)
Providing Services to Unpopular Clients and Causes	280	(1)
Discussion Question 19	281	(1)
Making Legal Services Available to Low-Income Clients	282	(1)
The Contingency Fee System	282	(1)
Gagnon v. Shoblom	283	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-6	286	(1)
Nonattorney Representation	286	(3)
In re Arons	289	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	291	(1)
Summary	292	(1)
Review Questions 1-22	292	(3)
Torts	295	(62)
Introduction	295	(2)
Intentional Torts	297	(19)
Harm to a Person's Body, Reputation, or Emotional Well-Being	298	(1)
Assault and Battery	298	(1)
The Elements of Assault and Battery	298	(1)
Knight v. Jewett	299	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	300	(1)
The Defenses to Assault and Battery	300	(1)
Katko v. Briney	301	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-6	302	(1)
False Imprisonment	303	(1)
The Elements of False Imprisonment	303	(1)
Defenses to False Imprisonment	303	(1)
Coblyn v. Kennedy's, Inc.	303	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	305	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	306	(1)
Discussion Question 1	307	(1)
Defamation	307	(1)
The Elements of Defamation	307	(1)
Defamation of Public Figures	308	(1)
Defenses to Defamation	309	(1)
Discussion Question 2	309	(1)
Invasion of Privacy	310	(1)
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress	310	(1)
Agis v. Howard Johnson Co.	311	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	313	(1)
Discussion Questions 3-4	313	(1)
Harm to a Person's Property	313	(1)
Trespass to Land	314	(1)
Trespass to Personal Property and Conversion	314	(1)
Defenses to Torts against Property	314	(1)
Other Intentional Torts	314	(2)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 2	316	(1)
Negligence	316	(24)
The Elements of Negligence	316	(1)
Duty	316	(3)
Discussion Question 5	319	(1)
Woods v. Lancet	319	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	322	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-5	322	(1)
Breach	322	(1)
Sauer v. Hebrew Institute of Long Island, Inc.	323	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	324	(1)
Discussion Questions 6-7	324	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 6	325	(1)
Cause	325	(1)
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.	326	(1)
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.	327	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	328	(1)
Intervening Cause	329	(1)
Anglin v. State [of Florida] Department of Transportation	329	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	332	(1)
Duty of Care to Third Parties	332	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 7-10	333	(1)
Harm	333	(1)
Discussion Question 8	334	(1)
Defenses to Negligence	334	(1)
Contributory Negligence	334	(1)
Assumption of the Risk	335	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 11-12	336	(1)
Comparative Negligence	337	(1)
Immunities	337	(2)
Irwin v. Town of Ware	339	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	340	(1)
Strict Liability	340	(7)
Ultrahazardous Activities	341	(1)
Products Liability	342	(1)
Doe v. Miles Laboratories, Inc.	343	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	346	(1)
Defenses to Strict Liability Torts	346	(1)
New Torts	347	(4)
Wrongful Life or Wrongful Birth	347	(1)
Battered Woman's Syndrome	348	(1)
Giovine v. Giovine	348	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	350	(1)
Drug Dealer Liability Act	350	(1)
Discussion Questions 9-10	351	(1)
Remedies	351	(6)
Discussion Questions 11-13	354	(1)
Summary	355	(1)
Review Questions 1-28	355	(2)
Contract Law	357	(50)
Introduction	357	(1)
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)	358	(2)
Types of Contracts	360	(2)
Discussion Question 1	360	(2)
The Elements of a Binding Contract	362	(16)
Offer and Acceptance	364	(1)
Offer	364	(1)
Statements of Intent and Preliminary Negotiations	365	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	365	(1)
Terms Definite	366	(1)
Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc.	366	(2)
Practical Tip	368	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	368	(1)
Termination of an Offer	368	(1)
Acceptance	369	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 2	370	(1)
Quasi-Contract	371	(1)
Discussion Question 2	372	(1)
Consideration	372	(1)
Detriment to Promisee or Benefit to Promisor	372	(1)
Hamer v. Sideway	373	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	374	(1)
Problems with Consideration	374	(1)
Alaska Packers' Association v. Domenico	375	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	377	(1)
Promissory Estoppel	377	(1)
Defenses to a Valid Contract	378	(16)
Lack of Contractual Capacity	378	(1)
Minors	379	(1)
Quality Motors, Inc. v. Hays	379	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	381	(1)
Intoxication	381	(1)
Lucy v. Zehmer	381	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	383	(1)
Mental Incompetence	384	(1)
Illegal Contracts and Those that Violate Public Policy	384	(1)
Lack of Genuineness of Assent	385	(1)
Fraud	385	(1)
Vokes v. Arthur Murray, Inc.	386	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	387	(1)
Mistake	387	(1)
Undue Influence	388	(1)
Duress	388	(1)
Breach of Warranty	388	(1)
Practical Tip	389	(1)
Webster v. Blue Ship Tea Room, Inc.	390	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	392	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 3	392	(1)
Lack of Proper Format--Writing	392	(1)
Ethics Alert	393	(1)
Termination of Contractual Duties	394	(3)
By Performance	394	(1)
Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent	394	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	396	(1)
By Agreement	396	(1)
When Performance Is Impossible	396	(1)
Due to Commercial Impracticability	397	(1)
Third-Party Rights	397	(2)
Assignment	397	(1)
Delegation	398	(1)
Third-Party Beneficiaries	398	(1)
Intended Beneficiaries	398	(1)
Incidental Beneficiaries	399	(1)
Damages	399	(8)
Summary	401	(1)
Review Questions 1-41	402	(5)
Property and Estate Law	407	(26)
Introduction	407	(1)
Property Law	407	(14)
Ownership of Real Property	409	(2)
Discussion Questions 1-2	411	(1)
Rental of Real Property	411	(1)
Practical Tip	412	(1)
Baiz v. Hoffius	413	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	415	(1)
Transfer of Real Property	415	(1)
Sale	416	(1)
Death of the Owner	417	(1)
Gift	417	(1)
Seizure by a Creditor	418	(1)
Eminent Domain	418	(2)
Discussion Question 3	420	(1)
Adverse Possession	420	(1)
Transfer of Personal Property	420	(1)
Estate Planning	421	(12)
Wills	421	(2)
Living Wills	423	(1)
Trusts	423	(1)
Probate Process	423	(1)
Intestate Succession	424	(2)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	426	(2)
Probating a Will	428	(1)
In the Matter of the Estate of Franklin J. Till	428	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	431	(1)
Discussion Question 4	431	(1)
Summary	431	(1)
Review Questions 1-17	432	(1)
Laws Affecting Business	433	(50)
Introduction	433	(2)
The Four Basic Business Forms	435	(8)
Sole Proprietorship	435	(1)
Partnership	436	(2)
Van Dyke v. Bixby	438	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	439	(1)
Corporation	440	(2)
Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership	442	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-2	443	(1)
Borrowing Money	443	(5)
Commercial Paper	443	(2)
Secured Transactions	445	(3)
Agency Law and an Employer's Responsibility for an Employee's Act	448	(5)
Agency Law	448	(1)
Ethics Alert	449	(1)
Employees versus Independent Contractors	449	(1)
Employees and Independent Contractors as Agents	450	(1)
Employer's Liability for Acts of Employees	450	(1)
O'Connor v. McDonald's Restaurants of California, Inc.	451	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	453	(1)
Employment Law	453	(30)
Title VII: Discrimination Based on Race, Color, Religion, Sex, or National Origin	454	(1)
Introduction to Title VII	454	(3)
Discussion Questions 1-3	457	(1)
The Three Theories of Discrimination	457	(1)
Overt Discrimination and the BFOQ Defense	458	(1)
Diaz v. Pan American World Airways, Inc.	459	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	461	(1)
Discussion Question 4	462	(1)
Intentional Discrimination--Disparate Treatment	462	(1)
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green	462	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	464	(1)
Unintentional Discrimination--Disparate Impact	465	(1)
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.	466	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-5	468	(1)
Sexual Harassment	469	(1)
Ellison v. Brady	470	(4)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	474	(1)
Damages Awards and Other Relief under Title VII	474	(1)
Discussion Question 5	474	(1)
ADEA: Age Discrimination	475	(2)
ADA: Disability Discrimination	477	(1)
Limitations on Employee Lawsuits against State and Local Governmental Employers	478	(1)
Common-Law Approaches: At-Will Employment	478	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-5	479	(1)
Summary	480	(1)
Review Questions 1-34	480	(3)
Family Law	483	(48)
Introduction	483	(1)
Marriage	484	(30)
Discussion Questions 1-4	485	(1)
Consequences of Marriage	486	(1)
Same-Sex Marriages and Civil Unions	486	(2)
Opinions of the Justices to the Senate, Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts	488	(3)
Case Discussion Questions 1-7	491	(1)
Discussion Questions 5-7	492	(1)
Premarital Agreements	492	(1)
Ethics Alert	493	(1)
Discussion Questions 8-9	493	(1)
Consequences of Broken Engagements	493	(1)
Aronow v. Silver	494	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	495	(1)
Termination of the Marital Relationship	496	(1)
Annulment	496	(1)
Discussion Questions 10-11	497	(1)
Divorce/Dissolution	497	(1)
Divorce Procedures	498	(1)
Ethics Alert	499	(3)
Property Settlements	502	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	502	(2)
Woodworth v. Woodworth	504	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	506	(1)
Alimony/Maintenance Agreements	506	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 2	507	(1)
Custody, Visitation, and Child Support	507	(1)
Carroll v. Carroll	508	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	509	(5)
Discussion Questions 12-16	514	(1)
The Parent-Child Relationship	514	(17)
Establishing the Relationship	515	(1)
Paternity Actions	515	(1)
Discussion Questions 17-19	516	(1)
Adoption	516	(1)
Discussion Questions 20-21	517	(1)
In re Petition of John Doe and Jane Doe, Husband and Wife, to Adopt Baby Boy Janikova	518	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	519	(1)
Adoption Records	520	(1)
In re Roger B.	520	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	521	(1)
Tort of Wrongful Adoption	521	(1)
Surrogacy	522	(1)
In the Matter of Baby M	522	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	524	(1)
Discussion Question 22	525	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 3	525	(1)
Parental Rights, Responsibilities, and Liabilities	525	(1)
Child Neglect and Abuse	526	(1)
Discussion Questions 23-25	527	(1)
Legal Status of Minors	528	(1)
Summary	528	(1)
Review Questions 1-21	529	(2)
Criminal Law and Procedure	531	(70)
Introduction	531	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	532	(2)
Ethics Alert	533	(1)
Substantive Criminal Law	534	(28)
Common-Law Heritage and Model Penal Code	534	(1)
Discussion Questions 1-3	535	(1)
Classification of Crimes	536	(1)
Severity of Punishment	536	(1)
Type of Harm	537	(1)
Practical Tip	538	(1)
Federal or State Law	539	(1)
Elements of the Crime	539	(1)
Actus Reus	539	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	540	(1)
Mens Rea	541	(1)
Smallwood v. State [of Maryland]	542	(1)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	543	(3)
Parties to the Crime	546	(1)
Legal Reasoning, Exercises 2-4	547	(2)
Defenses	549	(1)
Alibi Defense	549	(1)
Ignorance or Mistake	549	(1)
Status: Infancy, Insanity, and Intoxication	550	(1)
Practical Tip	550	(2)
People v. Wolff	552	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	554	(1)
Discussion Questions 4-6	554	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 5	555	(1)
Duress and Necessity	555	(1)
Entrapment	556	(1)
Reactive Defenses	556	(1)
People v. Goetz	557	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-3	559	(1)
Statutes of Limitations and Speedy Trial Acts	560	(1)
Constitutional Defenses	560	(2)
Dynamic Change	562	(1)
Criminal Procedure	562	(39)
Investigation of the Crime	564	(1)
Search and Seizure	564	(1)
Stop and Frisk	565	(2)
Arrest	567	(1)
Searches and Seizures of Evidence	567	(2)
Discussion Questions 7-8	569	(2)
Questioning Suspects	571	(2)
Rhode Island v. Innis	573	(4)
Case Discussion Questions 1-2	577	(1)
Practical Tip	577	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 6	578	(1)
The Court System	578	(1)
Formal Charges, Initial Appearances, and Bail	578	(2)
Preliminary Hearings and Grand Juries	580	(1)
Arraignments, the Exclusionary Rule, and Pretrial Motions	581	(1)
Ethics Alert	581	(4)
Discussion Question 9	585	(1)
Mapp v. Ohio	586	(2)
Case Discussion Questions 1-4	588	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 7	588	(1)
Plea Bargaining	588	(1)
The Right to a Jury Trial	589	(1)
Practical Tip	589	(1)
Trial Procedures	590	(1)
Practical Tip	590	(1)
Discussion Question 10	591	(1)
Sentencing	591	(3)
Discussion Questions 11-15	594	(1)
Appeal	594	(1)
Summary	594	(1)
Review Questions 1-43	595	(6)
Appendix A Excerpts from the United States Constitution	601	(6)
Appendix B Fundamentals of Good Writing	607	(24)
Introduction	607	(1)
Part I: Grammar	608	(1)
Use Proper Sentence Structure	608	(4)
Use Simple Sentence Construction	608	(1)
Use Normal Sentence Order	608	(1)
One Thought per Sentence	608	(1)
Limit Sentences to Twenty-Five Words	608	(1)
Use Tabulations	609	(1)
Avoid Intrusive Phrases	609	(1)
Avoid Sentence Fragments	610	(1)
Avoid Run-On Sentences (Fused Sentences and Comma Splices)	611	(1)
Use Parallel Construction	612	(1)
Use the Proper Verb Tense	612	(1)
Make Sure Pronouns and Antecedents Agree	613	(1)
Put Modifying Words Close to What They Modify	614	(1)
Avoid Punctuation Problems	615	(3)
Use the Serial Comma	615	(1)
Do Not Use a Comma with Compound Verbs or between a Subject and Its Verb	615	(1)
Use Commas to Set Off Phrases Containing Nonessential Information	616	(1)
Forming the Possessive	616	(1)
Combining Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation	617	(1)
Part II: Style	618	(1)
Avoid Long Paragraphs	618	(1)
Do Not Bury Your Points	619	(1)
Use Transitions	619	(1)
Be Concise	620	(1)
Eliminate Unnecessary Words	620	(1)
Remove Unnecessary Introductory Phrases	621	(1)
Say It Once	621	(1)
Avoid the Passive Voice	621	(2)
Special Rules for Legal Writing	623	(2)
Avoid Legalese	623	(1)
Make the Court and Not the Court Opinion the Actor	623	(1)
Avoid Unnecessary Variation	623	(1)
Do Not Use the First Person	624	(1)
Do Not Use Contractions	624	(1)
Do Not Ask Your Reader Questions	624	(1)
That Case/This Case	625	(1)
Written Numbers versus Numerals	625	(1)
Do Not Eliminate the Articles ``A,'' ``An,'' and ``The''	625	(1)
Part III: Correct Word Usage	625	(6)
Summary	627	(1)
Review Questions 1-25	628	(3)
Appendix C The Basics of Citation Form	631	(30)
Introduction	631	(4)
Part I: Court Opinion Citation Form	635	(1)
Case Reporters	635	(1)
The Essentials of Case Citation	636	(3)
Case Name	639	(2)
Omit First Names	639	(1)
Omit Descriptive Terms	640	(1)
Omit All but the First Parties' Names	640	(1)
Use Abbreviations	640	(1)
The State as Part of the Citation	641	(1)
Case Reporter	641	(3)
The Parallel Citation	641	(2)
A Special Rule for the U.S. Supreme Court	643	(1)
Advance Sheets, Westlaw, and Lexis	643	(1)
Cite to Specific Pages	644	(1)
Parenthetical	644	(2)
Case History	646	(1)
Part II: Enacted Law Citation Form	647	(1)
Statutory Citation	647	(3)
Federal Statutes	648	(1)
State Statutes	649	(1)
Local Ordinances	650	(1)
Administrative Law	651	(1)
Constitutions	652	(1)
Part III: Using Citations in Your Legal Writing	653	(1)
The Citation as a Sentence or Clause	653	(1)
String Citations	654	(1)
Explanatory Parentheticals	654	(1)
Signals	654	(1)
Authority Previously Cited---Short Citing	654	(1)
Example of Citations Integrated into Text	655	(1)
Summary of the Most Common Citation Forms	656	(1)
Part IV: Citations in the Electronic Era	656	(5)
Summary	658	(1)
Review Questions 1-15	658	(3)
Appendix D Finding the Law	661	(58)
Introduction	661	(1)
Overview of the Researching Process	662	(1)
The Five Steps of Legal Research	663	(41)
Identify Your Search Terms	663	(1)
Practical Tip	663	(1)
Practical Tip	664	(1)
Go to Secondary Authority (Optional)	664	(1)
National Legal Encyclopedias	664	(3)
State-Specific Encyclopedias	667	(6)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 1	673	(1)
Special Subject Encyclopedias, Treatises, and Restatements	673	(1)
Legal Periodicals and Newspapers	673	(1)
American Law Reports Annotated	674	(1)
Citing Secondary Authority	674	(1)
Ending Your Secondary Research and Relying on Secondary Sources	674	(1)
Practical Tip	675	(1)
Go to Primary Authority	675	(1)
Practical Tip	676	(1)
A Note on Lawbook Publishers	677	(1)
Finding Statutes	677	(1)
Starting with the Citation	678	(1)
Starting with an Index	678	(1)
Practical Tip	678	(1)
Reading an Annotated Statute	678	(4)
Checking the Pocket Part	682	(1)
Finding State Agency Regulations	682	(1)
Practical Tip	682	(1)
Finding Court Opinions	682	(3)
Starting with a Citation or Name	685	(2)
Using a Summary Following a Statute	687	(1)
Using a Digest	687	(3)
Practical Tip	690	(4)
Summary of the Steps for Locating Primary Authority	694	(1)
Update Your Research	694	(1)
Using the Digest Topics and Key Numbers	695	(1)
Using Shepard's	696	(6)
Using Both Digests and Shepard's	702	(2)
Decide When to Stop Researching	704	(1)
Research Involving Federal Statutes and Regulations	704	(4)
Computer-Assisted Research	708	(7)
Major On-line Providers	708	(1)
The Major Commercial Databases: Lexis, and Westlaw, and LoisLaw	708	(1)
Lexis	708	(1)
Westlaw	708	(1)
LoisLaw	709	(1)
Other Internet-Based Resources	709	(1)
Computer Search Techniques	709	(1)
Determining Which Database to Use	710	(1)
Searching within a Database	710	(1)
Terms and Connectors	710	(2)
Practical Tip	712	(1)
Natural Language	713	(1)
Variation among Services	713	(1)
Updating with Lexis, Westlaw, and LoisLaw	713	(1)
Beyond Researching Primary Authority	714	(1)
Ethics Alert	714	(1)
Legal Reasoning Exercise 2	714	(1)
Practical Tip	714	(1)
The Interrelationship of Researching Materials	715	(4)
Summary	715	(1)
Review Questions 1-29	716	(3)
Appendix E NetNotes	719	(4)
Business Information	719	(1)
Citation Rules	719	(1)
Commercial On-Line Providers	719	(1)
Government Sites	720	(1)
Grammar	720	(1)
Information on the Court System	720	(1)
Legal Ethics	720	(1)
Legal News	720	(1)
Legal Search Engines	721	(1)
Organizations	721	(1)
Primary Material	721	(1)
Torts	722	(1)
Uniforms Laws	722	(1)
Glossary	723	(24)
Table of Cases	747	(4)
Index	751