Subjects/Strategies

by Eschholz, Paul A.; Rosa, Alfred F.

• ISBN13: 9780312182670
• ISBN10: 0312182678
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-03-01
• Publisher: Bedford/st Martins

Summary

- A comprehensive four-chapter introduction. This extensive introduction provides detailed guidelines and instruction on reading critically, writing essays, combining rhetorical strategies, and researching and documenting sources in print and online. The new edition includes easy-to-find writing tips addressing common problems; sample annotations of a professional essay in the chapter on reading; and a sample Internet search, with screen shots, in the chapter on writing documented essays.- 73 timely and teachable readings. Sixty-one professional readings (28 new) by some of the best classic and contemporary writers and 12 student essays offer a broad spectrum of subject matter, style, and cultural points of view, and show students the versatility and strengths of the different rhetorical strategies for effective college writing. The argument chapter has been expanded in this edition to include four classic argument essays; two argument pairs on current topics; and a new five-essay case study.Visual activities now accompany 20 professional essays to show students how subjects and strategies work in visual and written formats.- Extensive rhetorical apparatus. Each rhetorical chapter provides an introduction that shows students how to use a particular strategy to make their writing more effective and how to establish purpose, context, point of view, and organizational structure. Each rhetorical chapter also includes revision checklists in each introduction, Internet assignments (including updated URLs), and writing suggestions that focus both on the dominant strategy and on combinating strategies.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Thematic Contents	xxv
Reading for Understanding and Meaning	1	(8)
Reading as a Writer	2	(5)
Getting the Most out of Your Reading	3	(1)
An Example: Reading Laurence Perrine's ``Paradox''	4	(3)
Using Reading in the Writing Process	7	(2)
Writing Essays	9	(22)
The Writing Process	10	(14)
Prewriting	10	(9)
Writing Your First Draft	19	(1)
Revising	20	(3)
Editing and Proofreading	23	(1)
Writing An Expository Essay	24	(7)
A Student Essay in Progress	24	(1)
Secular Mantras	25	(6)
Keith Eldred
Combining Strategies	31	(12)
How Writers Combine Strategies	32	(1)
Some Thoughts on Combining Strategies	33	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using a Combination of Strategies	34	(1)
Kids, You Can't Read That Book!	34	(9)
Tara Ketch
Writing Documented Essays	43	(28)
Print Sources	43	(3)
Previewing Print Sources	44	(1)
Developing a Working Bibliography	44	(1)
Evaluating Print Sources	45	(1)
Internet Sources	46	(3)
Previewing Internet Sources	46	(1)
Developing a Working Bibliography	47	(1)
Evaluating Internet Sources	47	(2)
About the Web Exercises in This Book	49	(1)
Note Taking	49	(6)
Summary	50	(1)
Paraphrase	51	(1)
Direct Quotation	52	(2)
Taking Notes on Internet Sources	54	(1)
Integrating Quotations into Your Text	55	(1)
Documenting Sources	56	(7)
In-Text Citations	57	(1)
List of Works Cited	58	(5)
A Note on Plagiarism	63	(1)
A Documented Student Essay	64	(7)
The Absence Of Television In My Family	65	(6)
Melanie Milks
Exemplification	71	(64)
What is Exemplification?	71	(2)
Why Do Writers Use Exemplification?	73	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Exemplification	74	(4)
Wheel Chair Hell	74	(4)
Shannon Long
Suggestions for Writing an Essay of Exemplification	78	(5)
Gather Your Examples	79	(1)
Test Your Examples	80	(1)
Be Sure Your Examples Are Representative	80	(1)
Organize Your Examples	81	(1)
Use Transitions	82	(1)
Share Your Work with Others	82	(1)
Be Specific	83	(4)
Natalie Goldberg
A Crime of Compassion	87	(5)
Barbara Huttmann
How to Give Orders Like a Man	92	(11)
Deborah Tannen
In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens	103	(12)
Alice Walker
Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit	115	(11)
Leslie Marmon Silko
Fiction: Happy Endings (fiction)
Margaret Atwood	126	(6)
Writing Suggestions for Exemplification	132	(3)
Description	135	(52)
What is Description?	135	(1)
Why Do Writers Use Description?	136	(2)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Description	138	(2)
The ``Shaw''	138	(2)
Blake Wilson
Suggestions for Writing a Descriptive Essay	140	(5)
Select Descriptive Details with Your Purpose in Mind	141	(1)
Identify Your Audience	141	(1)
Collect Sensory Details about Your Subject	142	(1)
Create a Dominant Impression	142	(1)
Organize Your Details to Create a Vivid Picture	143	(1)
Use Specific, Concrete Nouns and Strong Action Verbs	144	(1)
Use Figurative Language to Add Freshness and Clarity	144	(1)
On the Ball	145	(4)
Roger Angell
Aravaipa Canyon	149	(7)
Edward Abbey
My Father, the Prince	156	(6)
Phyllis Theroux
A Partial Remembrance of a Puerto Rican Childhood	162	(8)
Judith Ortiz Cofer
A View from the Bridge	170	(5)
Cherokee Paul Mcdonald
Once More to the Lake	175	(9)
E. B. White
Writing Suggestions for Description	184	(3)
Narration	187	(50)
What is Narration?	187	(2)
Why Do Writers Use Narration?	189	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Narration	190	(4)
Challenging My Fears	190	(4)
Andrew Kauser
Suggestions for Writing a Narrative Essay	194	(6)
Select a Topic That Has Meaning for You	195	(1)
Determine Your Point and Purpose	195	(1)
Establish a Context	196	(1)
Choose the Most Appropriate Point of View	196	(1)
Select Details of the Event	196	(1)
Organize Your Narrative	197	(1)
Keep Your Verb Tense Consistent	198	(1)
Use Narrative Time for Emphasis	198	(1)
Use Transitional Words to Clarify Narrative Sequence	198	(1)
Use Dialogue to Bring Your Narrative to Life	199	(1)
Coming to an Awareness of Language	200	(6)
Malcolm X
Getting Caught	206	(6)
Annie Dillard
Stranger Than True	212	(6)
Barry Winston
Salvation	218	(5)
Langston Hughes
A Hanging	223	(7)
George Orwell
Snow (fiction)	230	(4)
Julia Alvarez
Writing Suggestions for Narration	234	(3)
Process Analysis	237	(58)
What is Process Analysis?	237	(1)
Why Do Writers Use Process Analysis?	238	(3)
Directional Process Analysis	239	(1)
Informational Process Analysis	239	(2)
Evaluative Process Analysis	241	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Process Analysis:	241	(5)
I Bet You Can	241	(5)
William Peterson
Suggestions for Writing a Process Analysis Essay	246	(4)
Know the Process You Are Writing About	246	(1)
Have a Clear Purpose	246	(1)
Divide the Process into Steps	246	(1)
Use Transitions to Link the Steps	247	(1)
Consider Your Audience and Choose Appropriate Diction	248	(1)
Test the Effectiveness of Your Process Analysis	248	(2)
How to Mark a Book	250	(8)
Mortimer Adler
How to Say Nothing in 500 Words	258	(15)
Paul Roberts
In the Toils of the Law	273	(9)
Edward Hoagland
Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall	282	(6)
Diane Ackerman
On Dumpster Diving	288	(5)
Lars Eighner
Writing Suggestions for Process Analysis	293	(2)
Comparison and Contrast	295	(52)
What Is Comparison and Contrast?	295	(4)
Point-by-Point and Block Comparison	296	(1)
Analogy: A Special Form of Comparison and Contrast	297	(2)
Why Do Writers Use Comparison and Contrast?	299	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Comparison and Contrast	300	(4)
Guns And Cameras	300	(4)
Barbara Bowman
Suggestions for Writing a Comparison and Contrast Essay	304	(5)
Ensure That Subjects Share Basic Characteristics	304	(1)
Determine Your Purpose and Focus on It	304	(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement	305	(1)
Choose the Points of Comparison	305	(1)
Organize the Points of Comparison	306	(1)
Draw a Conclusion from the Comparison	307	(2)
Two Ways of Seeing a River	309	(4)
Mark Twain
Neat People vs. Sloppy People	313	(5)
Suzanne Britt
Scrambled Eggs and Cross-Purposes	318	(5)
Frank S. Croce
FDR and Truman	323	(8)
David Mccullough
Sex, Lies, and Conversation	331	(8)
Deborah Tannen
The Men We Carry in Our Minds	339	(6)
Scott Russel Sanders
Writing Suggestions for Comparison and Contrast	345	(2)
Division And Classification	347	(56)
What Are Division and Classification?	347	(3)
Why Do Writers Use Division and Classification	350	(2)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Division and Classification	352	(3)
How Loud? How Good? How Much? How Pretty!	352	(3)
Gerald Cleary
Suggestions for Writing a Division and Classification Essay	355	(6)
Determine Your Purpose and Focus on It	355	(2)
Make Sure That Categories Share Characteristics	357	(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement	358	(1)
Organize the Points of Your Essay	359	(1)
State Your Conclusion	359	(1)
Use Other Rhetorical Strategies	359	(2)
The Plot against People	361	(5)
Russell Baker
Types of Doublespeak	366	(7)
William Lutz
The Truth about Lying	373	(8)
Judith Viorst
The Ways of Meeting Oppression	381	(5)
Martin Luther King Jr.
The Streak of Streaks	386	(11)
Stephen Jay Gould
Girl (fiction)	397	(4)
Jamaica Kincaid
Writing Suggestions for Division and Classification	401	(2)
Definition	403	(66)
What Is Definition?	403	(4)
Why Do Writers Use Definition?	407	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Definition	407	(4)
Best Friends	408	(3)
Howard Solomon Jr.
Suggestions for Writing a Definition Essay	411	(6)
Choose a Sufficiently Broad Subject	413	(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement	413	(1)
Consider Your Audience	414	(1)
Choose a Technique of Definition	415	(1)
Develop Your Strategy	415	(1)
Use Other Rhetorical Strategies	416	(1)
The Company Man	417	(5)
Ellen Goodman
What Is Poverty?	422	(7)
Jo Goodwin Parker
Americanization Is Tough on	429	(5)
Rose Del Castillo Guilbault ``Macho''
Manhood: The Elusive Goal	434	(13)
Mark Gerzon
On Being a Cripple	447	(14)
Nancy Mairs
A Respectable Woman (fiction)	461	(6)
Kate Chopin
Writing Suggestions for Definition	467	(2)
Cause And Effect Analysis	469	(56)
What Is Cause and Effect Analysis?	469	(3)
Why Do Writers Use Cause and Effect Analysis?	472	(1)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Cause and Effect Analysis	473	(4)
Gentrification	474	(3)
Kevin Cunningham
Suggestions for Writing a Cause and Effect Analysis	477	(6)
Establish Your Focus	479	(1)
Determine Your Purpose	479	(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement	480	(1)
Avoid Oversimplification and Errors of Logic	480	(2)
Strike a Balanced Tone	482	(1)
Use Other Rhetorical Strategies	482	(1)
How Boys Become Men	483	(5)
Jon Katz
The Great Kern County Mouse War	488	(8)
Kennedy P. Maize
The Face of Beauty	496	(8)
Diane Ackerman
Television and Family Life	504	(12)
Marie Winn
I show a Child What Is Possible	516	(7)
Jacques D'Amboise
Writing Suggestions for Cause and Effect Analysis	523	(2)
Argumentation	525	(110)
What Is Argument?	525	(3)
Informational or Exploratory Argument	527	(1)
Focused Argument	527	(1)
Action-Oriented Argument	527	(1)
Quiet or Subtle Argument	528	(1)
Reconciliation Argument	528	(1)
Why Do Writers Use Argument?	528	(5)
An Annotated Student Essay Using Argumentation	533	(5)
The Liberal Arts: A Practical View	533	(5)
Mark Jackson
Suggestions for Writing an Argumentation Essay	538	(6)
Determine Your Thesis or Proposition	540	(1)
Consider Your Audience	540	(1)
Gather Supporting Evidence	541	(1)
Choose an Organizational Pattern	541	(1)
Consider Refutations to Your Argument	541	(1)
Avoid Faulty Reasoning	542	(1)
Conclude Forcefully	543	(1)
Use Other Rhetorical Strategies	543	(1)
The Case for Short Words	544	(6)
Richard Lederer
The Declaration of Independence	550	(6)
Thomas Jefferson
Where Do We Go from Here: Community or Chaos?	556	(6)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Demystifying Multiculturalism	562	(8)
Linda Chavez
The Pleasures of Eating	570	(9)
Wendell Berry
Violence in the Movies and Television	579	(1)
Violence Is Us	579	(8)
Robert Scheer
Cause and Violent Effect: Media and Our Youth	587	(12)
Body Images: Weight Control and Fitness	599	(1)
A Weight That Women Carry	599	(13)
Sallie Tisdale
The Naked Truth about Fitness	612	(7)
Barbara Ehrenreich
The Legalization of Drugs	619	(1)
Should Drugs Be Legalized?	619	(8)
William Bennett
It Isn't Working	627	(5)
William F. Buckley Jr.
Writing Suggestions for Argumentation	632	(3)
Glossary of Rhetorical Terms	635	(15)
Index	650