Subsea Pipelines And Risers

by Bai; Bai

• ISBN13: 9780080445663
• ISBN10: 0080445667
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-05
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

. Updated edition of a best-selling title . Author brings 25 years experience to the work . Addresses the key issues of economy and environment Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable way to exploit the valuable resources below the world's seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively new technology and continues to evolve in its quest to reduce costs and minimise the effect on the environment. With over 25years experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to students and designers alike. It represents an excellent source of up to date practices and knowledge to help equip those who wish to be part of the exciting future of this industry.

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Foreword to ``Pipelines and Risers'' Book	vii
Preface	ix
PART I: Mechanical Design
Introduction	3	(22)
Introduction	3	(1)
Design Stages and Process	3	(6)
Design Stages	3	(3)
Design Process	6	(3)
Design Through Analysis (DTA)	9	(2)
Pipeline Design Analysis	11	(10)
General	11	(1)
Pipeline Stress Checks	11	(2)
Span Analysis	13	(1)
On-bottom Stability Analysis	14	(3)
Expansion Analysis	17	(1)
Buckling Analysis	17	(2)
Pipeline Installation	19	(2)
Pipeline Simulator	21	(3)
References	24	(1)
Wall-thickness and Material Grade Selection	25	(16)
Introduction	25	(1)
General	25	(1)
Pipeline Design Codes	25	(1)
Material Grade Selection	26	(2)
General Principle	26	(1)
Fabrication, Installation and Operating Cost Considerations	27	(1)
Material Grade Optimization	28	(1)
Pressure Containment (hoop stress) Design	28	(5)
General	28	(1)
Hoop Stress Criterion of DNV (2000)	29	(1)
Hoop Stress Criterion of ABS (2000)	30	(1)
API RP1111 (1998)	31	(2)
Equivalent Stress Criterion	33	(1)
Hydrostatic Collapse	34	(2)
Wall Thickness and Length Design for Buckle Arrestors	36	(1)
Buckle Arrestor Spacing Design	37	(2)
References	39	(2)
Buckling/Collapse of Deepwater Metallic Pipes	41	(26)
Introduction	41	(1)
Pipe Capacity under Single Load	42	(7)
General	42	(1)
External Pressure	43	(3)
Bending Moment Capacity	46	(2)
Pure Bending	48	(1)
Pure Internal Pressure	48	(1)
Pure Tension	48	(1)
Pure Compression	48	(1)
Pipe Capacity under Couple Load	49	(2)
Combined Pressure and Axial Force	49	(1)
Combined External Pressure and Bending	50	(1)
Pipes under Pressure Axial Force and Bending	51	(7)
Case 1 -- Corroded Area in Compression	52	(1)
The Location of the Fully Plastic Neutral Axis	53	(1)
The Bending Moment	54	(4)
Finite Element Model	58	(7)
General	58	(1)
Analytical Solution versus Finite Element Results	59	(1)
Capacity of Pipes Subjected to Single Loads	59	(2)
Capacity of Pipes Subjected to Combined Loads	61	(4)
References	65	(2)
Limit-state based Strength Design	67	(16)
Introduction	67	(1)
Out of Roundness Serviceability Limit	68	(1)
Bursting	69	(1)
Hoop Stress vs. Equivalent Stress Criteria	69	(1)
Bursting Strength Criteria for Pipeline	69	(1)
Local Buckling/Collapse	70	(4)
Fracture	74	(3)
PD6493 Assessment	74	(1)
Plastic Collapse Assessment	75	(2)
Fatigue	77	(1)
General	77	(1)
Fatigue Assessment Based on S-N Curves	77	(1)
Fatigue Assessment Based on Δε-N Curves	78	(1)
Ratcheting	78	(1)
Dynamic Strength Criteria	79	(1)
Accumulated Plastic Strain	79	(1)
Strain Concentration at Field Joints Due to Coatings	80	(1)
References	80	(3)
PART II: Pipeline Design
Soil and Pipe Interaction	83	(6)
Introduction	83	(1)
Pipe Penetration in Soil	83	(3)
Verley and Lund Method	83	(1)
Classical Method	84	(1)
Buoyancy Method	85	(1)
Modeling Friction and Breakout Forces	86	(2)
Anisotropic Friction	86	(1)
Breakout Force	87	(1)
References	88	(1)
Hydrodynamics around Pipes	89	(12)
Wave Simulators	89	(1)
Choice of Wave Theory	89	(1)
Mathematical Formulations Used in the Wave Simulators	89	(6)
General	89	(1)
2D Regular Long-crested Waves	90	(1)
2D Random Long-crested Waves	91	(4)
Steady Currents	95	(1)
Hydrodynamic Forces	95	(5)
Hydrodynamic Drag and Inertia Forces	95	(4)
Hydrodynamic Lift Forces	99	(1)
References	100	(1)
Finite Element Analysis of In-situ Behavior	101	(14)
Introduction	101	(1)
Description of the Finite Element Model	102	(3)
Static Analysis Problems	102	(2)
Dynamic Analysis Problems	104	(1)
Steps in an Analysis and Choice of Analysis Procedure	105	(1)
The Static Analysis Procedure	105	(1)
The Dynamic Analysis Procedure	106	(1)
Element Types Used in the Model	106	(2)
Non-linearity and Seabed Model	108	(1)
Material Model	108	(1)
Geometrical Non-linearity	109	(1)
Boundary Conditions	109	(1)
Seabed Model	109	(1)
Validation of the Finite Element Model	109	(2)
Dynamic Buckling Analysis	111	(2)
Cyclic In-place Behaviour during Shutdown Operations	113	(1)
References	114	(1)
Expansion, Axial Creeping, Upheaval/Lateral Buckling	115	(14)
Introduction	115	(1)
Expansion	115	(2)
General Principle	115	(1)
Single Flowlines	116	(1)
Axial Creeping of Flowlines Caused by Soil Ratcheting	117	(3)
General	117	(1)
Cyclic Soil/Pipe Interaction Model	117	(1)
Expansion of a ``Long'' Flowline with Free ends	118	(1)
In-situ Expansion Behavior of the Creeping Flowlines	119	(1)
Upheaval Buckling	120	(5)
General	120	(1)
Analysis of Up-lifts	120	(4)
Upheaval Movements	124	(1)
Lateral Buckling	125	(1)
General	125	(1)
Lateral Buckling of Straight Line on Flat Seabed	125	(1)
Interaction between Lateral and Upheaval Buckling	126	(2)
References	128	(1)
On-bottom Stability	129	(8)
Introduction	129	(1)
Force Balance: the Simplified Method	129	(1)
Acceptance Criteria	130	(1)
Allowable Lateral Displacement	130	(1)
Limit-state Strength Criteria	130	(1)
Special Purpose Program for Stability Analysis	130	(3)
General	130	(1)
Pondus	131	(2)
Pipe	133	(1)
Use of FE Analysis for Intervention Design	133	(3)
Design Procedure	133	(1)
Seabed Intervention	133	(2)
Effect of Seabed Intervention	135	(1)
References	136	(1)
Vortex-induced Vibrations (VIV) and Fatigue	137	(18)
Introduction	137	(2)
Free-span VIV Analysis Procedure	139	(5)
Structural Analysis	139	(1)
Hydrodynamic Description	139	(2)
Soil Stiffness Analysis	141	(2)
Vibration Amplitude and Stress Range Analysis	143	(1)
Fatigue Model	143	(1)
Fatigue Design Criteria	144	(1)
Accumulated Fatigue Damage	144	(1)
S-N Curves	144	(1)
Response Amplitude	144	(4)
In-line VIV in Current Dominated Conditions	144	(3)
Cross-flow VIV in Combined Wave and Current	147	(1)
Modal Analysis	148	(2)
General	148	(1)
Single Span Modal Analysis	149	(1)
Multiple Span Modal Analysis	149	(1)
Example Cases	150	(4)
General	150	(2)
Fatigue Assessment	152	(2)
References	154	(1)
Force Model and Wave Fatigue	155	(18)
Introduction	155	(1)
Fatigue Analysis	155	(6)
Fatigue of Free-spanning Pipelines	155	(3)
Fatigue Damage Assessment Procedure	158	(1)
Fatigue Damage Acceptance Criteria	159	(1)
Fatigue Damage Calculated Using Time Domain Solution	159	(1)
Fatigue Damage Calculated Using Frequency Domain Solution	160	(1)
Force Model	161	(9)
Modal Analysis	163	(1)
Time Domain Solution	164	(4)
Frequency Domain Solution	168	(2)
Comparisons of Frequency Domain and Time Domain Approaches	170	(1)
Conclusions and Recommendations	171	(1)
References	172	(1)
Trawl Impact, Pullover and Hooking Loads	173	(22)
Introduction	173	(1)
Trawl Gears	173	(1)
Basic Types of Trawl Gear	173	(1)
Largest Trawl Gear in Present Use	174	(1)
Acceptance Criteria	174	(1)
Acceptance Criteria for Impact Response Analyses	174	(1)
Acceptance Criteria for Pullover Response Analyses	175	(1)
Impact Response Analysis	175	(9)
General	175	(1)
Methodology for Impact Response Analysis	175	(3)
Steel Pipe and Coating Stiffness	178	(3)
Trawl Board Stiffness, Mass and Hydrodynamic Added Mass	181	(2)
Impact Response	183	(1)
Pullover Loads	184	(2)
Finite Element Model for Pullover Response Analyses	186	(2)
General	186	(1)
Finite Element Models	186	(1)
Analysis Methodology	187	(1)
Case Study	188	(6)
General	188	(1)
Trawl Pull-over for Pipelines on an Uneven Seabed	188	(6)
References	194	(1)
Pipe-in-pipe and Bundle Systems	195	(24)
Introduction	195	(1)
Pipe-in-pipe System	195	(10)
General	195	(1)
Why Pipe-in-pipe Systems	196	(1)
Configuration	197	(1)
Structural Design and Analysis	198	(2)
Wall-thickness Design and Material Selection	200	(1)
Failure Modes	201	(1)
Design Criteria	201	(2)
Insulation Considerations	203	(1)
Fabrication and Field Joints	203	(1)
Installation	204	(1)
Bundle System	205	(13)
General	205	(1)
Bundle Configurations	206	(1)
Design Requirements for Bundle System	206	(1)
Bundle Safety Class Definition	207	(1)
Functional Requirement	207	(1)
Insulation and Heat-up System	208	(1)
Umbilicals in Bundle	209	(1)
Design Loads	209	(7)
Installation by CDTM	216	(2)
References	218	(1)
Seismic Design	219	(10)
Introduction	219	(1)
Pipeline Seismic Design Guidelines	220	(8)
Seismic Design Methodology	220	(3)
Seismic Level of Design	223	(1)
Analysis Examples	223	(5)
Conclusions	228	(1)
References	228	(1)
Corrosion Prevention	229	(12)
Introduction	229	(1)
Fundamentals of Cathodic Protection	229	(2)
Pipeline Coatings	231	(1)
Internal Coatings	231	(1)
External Coatings	231	(1)
CP Design Parameters	232	(4)
Design Life	232	(1)
Current Density	232	(2)
Coating Breakdown Factor	234	(1)
Anode Material Performance	235	(1)
Resistivity	235	(1)
Anode Utilization Factor	235	(1)
Galvanic Anodes System Design	236	(4)
Selection of Anodes Type	236	(1)
CP Design Practice	237	(1)
Anode Spacing Determination	238	(1)
Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes	238	(1)
Pipeline CP System Retrofit	239	(1)
Internal Corrosion Inhibitors	239	(1)
References	240	(1)
Asgard Flowlines Design Examples	241	(22)
Introduction	241	(1)
Wall-thickness and Linepipe Material Selection	242	(1)
General	242	(1)
Linepipe Material Selection	242	(1)
Wall-thickness Design	242	(1)
Limit State Strength Criteria	243	(4)
General	243	(1)
Bursting Under Combined Loading	243	(1)
Local Buckling/Collapse	243	(1)
Fracture	244	(1)
Low-cycle Fatigue	244	(1)
Ratcheting	245	(2)
Installation and On-bottom Stability	247	(2)
Installation Design	247	(1)
On-bottom Stability	248	(1)
Design for Global Buckling, Fishing Gear Loads and VIV	249	(9)
General	249	(1)
Global Buckling	250	(2)
Trawlboard	252	(3)
Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV)	255	(3)
Asgard Transport Project	258	(1)
References	258	(5)
PART III: Flow Assurance
Subsea System Engineering	263	(14)
Introduction	263	(2)
Flow Assurance Challenges	263	(1)
Flow Assurance Concerns	264	(1)
Typical Flow Assurance Process	265	(7)
General	265	(1)
Fluid Characterization and Property Assessments	265	(3)
Steady State Hydraulic and Thermal Performance Analyses	268	(1)
Transient Hydraulic and Thermal Performances Analyses	268	(4)
System Design and Operability	272	(4)
Well Start-up & Shut-in	273	(2)
Flowline Blowdown	275	(1)
References	276	(1)
Hydraulics	277	(40)
Introduction	277	(1)
Composition and Properties of Hydrocarbons	277	(5)
Hydrocarbons Composition	277	(2)
Equation of State	279	(1)
Hydrocarbons Properties	280	(2)
Emulsion	282	(3)
General	282	(1)
Effect of Emulsion on Viscosity	283	(2)
Prevention of Emulsion	285	(1)
Phase Behavior	285	(4)
Black Oils	286	(1)
Volatile Oils	286	(1)
Condensate	286	(1)
Wet Gases	287	(1)
Dry Gases	287	(1)
Computer Models	288	(1)
Hydrocarbon Flow	289	(13)
General	289	(1)
Single-phase Flow	290	(5)
Multi-phase Flow	295	(3)
Comparison of Two-phase Flow Correlations	298	(4)
Slugging and Liquid Handling	302	(6)
General	302	(2)
Hydrodynamic Slugging	304	(1)
Terrain Slugging	305	(1)
Start-up Slugging	306	(1)
Pigging	306	(1)
Slugging Prediction	307	(1)
Slug Detection and Control Systems	308	(1)
Slug Catcher Sizing	308	(1)
Pressure Surge	308	(2)
Fundamentals of Pressure Surge	308	(1)
When Is Pressure Surge Analysis Required?	309	(1)
Line Sizing	310	(5)
Hydraulic Calculation	310	(1)
Criteria	311	(1)
Maximum Operating Velocities	312	(1)
Minimum Operation Velocities	313	(1)
Wells	313	(1)
Gas Lift	314	(1)
References	315	(2)
Heat Transfer and Thermal Insulation	317	(40)
Introduction	317	(1)
Heat Transfer Fundamentals	318	(8)
Heat Conduction	318	(2)
Convection	320	(3)
Buried Pipeline Heat Transfer	323	(2)
Soil Thermal Conductivity	325	(1)
U-value	326	(5)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	326	(3)
Achievable U-values	329	(1)
U-value for Buried Pipe	330	(1)
Steady State Heat Transfer	331	(2)
Temperature Prediction along Pipeline	331	(1)
Steady State Insulation Performance	332	(1)
Transient Heat Transfer	333	(5)
Cool Down	334	(3)
Transient Insulation Performance	337	(1)
Thermal Management Strategy and Insulation	338	(11)
External Insulation Coating System	340	(4)
Pipe-in-pipe System	344	(2)
Bundling	346	(1)
Burial	346	(1)
Direct Heating	347	(2)
Hot Fluid Heating (Indirect Heating)	349	(1)
References	349	(2)
Appendix: U-value and Cooldown Time Calculation Sheet	351	(6)
Hydrates	357	(26)
Introduction	357	(2)
Physics and Phase Behavior	359	(8)
General	359	(1)
Hydrate Formation and Dissociation	360	(3)
Effects of Salt, MeOH, Gas Composition	363	(2)
Mechanism of Hydrate Inhibition	365	(2)
Hydrate Prevention	367	(4)
Thermodynamic Inhibitors	368	(1)
Low-dosage Hydrate Inhibitors	369	(1)
Low Pressure	369	(1)
Water Removal	370	(1)
Thermal Insulation	370	(1)
Active Heating	370	(1)
Hydrate Remediation	371	(3)
Depressurization	372	(1)
Thermodynamic Inhibitors	373	(1)
Active Heating	373	(1)
Mechanical Methods	374	(1)
Safety Considerations	374	(1)
Hydrate Control Design Philosophies	374	(6)
Selection of Hydrate Control	374	(4)
Cold Flow Technology	378	(1)
Hydrates Control Design Process	379	(1)
Hydrates Control Design and Operation Guideline	379	(1)
Recover of Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors	380	(2)
References	382	(1)
Wax and Asphaltenes	383	(18)
Introduction	383	(1)
Wax	383	(6)
General	383	(1)
Wax Formation	384	(3)
Viscosity of Waxy Oil	387	(1)
Gel Strength	387	(1)
Wax Deposition	387	(1)
Wax Deposition Prediction	388	(1)
Wax Management	389	(1)
General	389	(1)
Thermal Insulation	389	(1)
Pigging	390	(1)
Inhibitor Injection	390	(1)
Wax Remediation	390	(2)
Wax Remediation Methods	391	(1)
Assessment of Wax problem	392	(1)
Wax Control Design Philosophies	392	(1)
Asphaltenes	392	(4)
General	392	(1)
Assessment of Asphaltene Problem	393	(2)
Asphaltene Formation	395	(1)
Asphaltene Deposition	396	(1)
Asphaltenes Control Design Philosophies	396	(2)
References	398	(3)
PART IV: Riser Engineering
Design of Deepwater Risers	401	(12)
Description of a Riser System	401	(6)
General	401	(1)
System Descriptions	401	(1)
Flexible Riser Global Configuration	402	(2)
Component Descriptions	404	(2)
Catenary and Top Tensioned Risers	406	(1)
Riser Analysis Tools	407	(1)
Steel Catenary Riser for Deepwater Environments	408	(2)
Design Codes	408	(1)
Analysis Parameters	409	(1)
Soil-Riser Interaction	409	(1)
Pipe Buckling Collapse under Extreme Conditions	410	(1)
Vortex Induced Vibration Analysis	410	(1)
Stresses and Service Life of Flexible Pipes	410	(1)
Drilling and Workover Risers	411	(1)
References	411	(2)
Design Codes for Risers and Subsea Systems	413	(10)
Introduction	413	(1)
Design Criteria for Deepwater Metallic Risers	414	(1)
Design Philosophy and Considerations	414	(1)
Currently Used Design Criteria	415	(1)
Ultimate Limit State Design Checks	415	(1)
Limit State Design Criteria	415	(1)
Failure Modes and Limit States	415	(1)
Acceptance Criteria	416	(1)
Loads, Load Effects and Load Cases	416	(2)
Loads and Load Effects	416	(1)
Definition of Load Cases	417	(1)
Load Factors	417	(1)
Improving Design Codes and Guidelines	418	(3)
General	418	(1)
Flexible Pipes	418	(3)
Metallic Risers	421	(1)
Regulations and Standards for Subsea Production Systems	421	(1)
References	422	(1)
VIV and Wave Fatigue of Risers	423	(14)
Introduction	423	(1)
Fatigue Causes	423	(3)
Wave Fatigue	423	(2)
VIV Induced Fatigue	425	(1)
Riser VIV Analysis and Suppression	426	(5)
VIV Predictions	426	(1)
Theoretical Background	427	(1)
Riser VIV Analysis Software	428	(1)
Vortex-induced Vibration Suppression Devices	429	(1)
VIV Analysis Example	430	(1)
Riser Fatigue due to Vortex-induced Hull Motions (VIM)	431	(4)
General	431	(1)
VIM Amplitudes	432	(1)
Riser Fatigue due to VIM	433	(1)
VIM Stress Histograms	434	(1)
Sensitivity Analysis	435	(1)
Challenges and Solutions for Fatigue Analysis	435	(1)
Conclusions	435	(1)
References	436	(1)
Steel Catenary Risers	437	(16)
Introduction	437	(1)
SCR Technology Development History	438	(1)
Material Selection, Wall-thickness Sizing, Source Services and Clap Pipe	439	(1)
Wall Thickness Sizing	439	(1)
Sour Services and Clad Pipe	440	(1)
SCR Design Analysis	440	(1)
Initial Design	440	(1)
Strength and Fatigue Analysis	441	(1)
Welding Technology, S-N Curves and SCF for Welded Connections	441	(1)
Welding Technology	441	(1)
S-N Curves and SCF for Welded Connections	442	(1)
UT Inspections and ECA Criteria	442	(2)
Flexjoints, Stressjoints and Pulltubes	444	(1)
Flexjoints	444	(1)
Stressjoints	445	(1)
Pulltubes	445	(1)
Strength Design Challenges and Solutions	445	(1)
Strength Design Issues	445	(1)
SCR Hang-off Tensions	445	(1)
SCR Touchdown Zone Effective Compression	446	(1)
SCR Touchdown Zone Stress	446	(1)
Strength Design Solutions	446	(1)
Fatigue Design Challenges and Solutions	446	(3)
Fatigue Issues	446	(1)
VIV Design Challenges	446	(1)
Fatigue Due to Hull Heave Motions and VIM	447	(1)
Effect of Wall-thickness Tolerance on Submerged Weight and Fatigue	447	(1)
Effect of Vessel Selection, Hang-off Angle, Riser Orientation	447	(1)
Combined Frequency and Time Domain Analysis	448	(1)
Touchdown Soil Effect	448	(1)
Fatigue Design Solutions	448	(1)
Installation and Sensitivity Considerations	449	(1)
Installation Considerations	449	(1)
Sensitivity Analysis Considerations	449	(1)
Integrity Monitoring and Management Systems	450	(1)
Monitoring Systems	450	(1)
Integrity Management Using Monitored Data	450	(1)
References	450	(3)
Top Tensioned Risers	453	(24)
Introduction	453	(1)
Top Tension Risers Systems	454	(4)
Configuration	454	(3)
General Design Considerations	457	(1)
Drilling Risers	458	(1)
TTR Riser Components	458	(9)
General	458	(1)
Dry Tree Riser Tensioner System	458	(1)
Tie-back Connector	459	(1)
Keel Joint	459	(2)
Tapered Stress Joint	461	(1)
Riser Joint Connectors	461	(2)
Tension Joint & Ring	463	(1)
Riser Joint in Splash Zone	464	(1)
Flexible Jumper between Surface Tree and Deck-based Manifold	464	(1)
Tubing/Casing Hanger	464	(1)
Air Cans	465	(1)
Distributed Buoyancy Foam	466	(1)
Modelling and Analysis of Top Tensioned Risers	467	(8)
General	467	(1)
Stack-up Model and Tension Requirement	468	(1)
Composite Riser Section	469	(1)
Vessel Boundary Conditions	470	(1)
Soil Conditions	470	(1)
Modelling of Riser Components	471	(3)
Installation Analysis	474	(1)
Integrated Marine Monitoring System	475	(1)
General	475	(1)
IMMS System	475	(1)
Use of the Monitored Data	476	(1)
References	476	(1)
Steel Tube Umbilical & Control Systems	477	(20)
Introduction	477	(3)
General	477	(1)
Feasibility Study	478	(1)
Detailed Design and Installation	479	(1)
Qualification Tests	480	(1)
Control Systems	480	(5)
General	480	(1)
Control Systems	480	(1)
Elements of Control System	481	(1)
Umbilical Technological Challenges and Solutions	482	(3)
Cross-sectional Design of the Umbilical	485	(1)
Steel Tube Design Capacity Verification	486	(1)
Pressure Containment	486	(1)
Allowable Bending Radius	486	(1)
Extreme Wave Analysis	487	(1)
Manufacturing Fatigue Analysis	488	(1)
Accumulated Plastic Strain	488	(1)
Low Cycle Fatigue	489	(1)
In-place Fatigue Analysis	489	(5)
Selection of Seastate Data from Wave Scatter Diagram	490	(1)
Analysis of Finite Element Static Model	490	(1)
Umbilical Fatigue Analysis Calculations	490	(1)
Simplified or Enhanced Approach	491	(1)
Generation of Combined Stress History	492	(1)
Rainflow Cycle Counting Procedure or Spectral Fatigue Analysis	493	(1)
Incorporation of Mean Stress Effects in Histogram	493	(1)
Installation Analysis	494	(1)
Required On-seabed Length for Stability	495	(1)
References	495	(2)
Flexible Risers and Flowlines	497	(12)
Introduction	497	(1)
Flexible Pipe Cross Section	497	(4)
Carcass	499	(1)
Internal Polymer Sheath	500	(1)
Pressure Armor	500	(1)
Tensile Armor	500	(1)
External Polymer Sheath	501	(1)
Other Layers and Configurations	501	(1)
End Fitting and Annuals Venting Design	501	(2)
End Fitting Design and Top Stiffener (or Bellmouth)	501	(1)
Annulus Venting System	502	(1)
Flexible Riser Design	503	(4)
Design Analysis	503	(1)
Riser System Interface Design	504	(2)
Current Design Limitations	506	(1)
References	507	(2)
Hybrid Risers	509	(16)
Introduction	509	(2)
General Description of Hybrid Risers	511	(3)
Riser Foundation	511	(1)
Riser Base Spools	512	(1)
Top and Bottom Transition Forging	513	(1)
Riser Cross-section	513	(1)
Buoyancy Tank	513	(1)
Flexible Jumpers	514	(1)
Sizing of Hybrid Risers	514	(1)
Riser Cross-section	514	(1)
Buoyancy Tanks	515	(1)
Riser Foundation	516	(1)
Flexible Jumpers	517	(1)
Preliminary Analysis	518	(1)
Strength Analysis	519	(1)
Fatigue Analysis	520	(1)
Structural and Environmental Monitoring System	520	(3)
Riser Fatigue Monitoring Approach	521	(1)
Structural Monitoring System	521	(1)
Environmental Monitoring System	522	(1)
Vessel Mooring and Position	523	(1)
References	523	(2)
Drilling Risers	525	(24)
Introduction	525	(1)
Floating Drilling Equipments	526	(6)
Completion and Workover (C/WO) Risers	526	(4)
Diverter and Motion Compensating Equipment	530	(1)
Choke and Kill Lines and Drill String	531	(1)
Key Components of Subsea Production Systems	532	(1)
Subsea Wellhead Systems	532	(1)
BOP	532	(1)
Tree and Tubing Hanger System	533	(1)
Riser Design Criteria	533	(1)
Operability Limits	533	(1)
Component Capacities	534	(1)
Drilling Riser Analysis Model	534	(2)
Drilling Riser Stack-up Model	534	(1)
Vessel Motion Data	535	(1)
Environmental Conditions	535	(1)
Cyclic P-y Curves for Soil	536	(1)
Drilling Riser Analysis Methodology	536	(11)
Running and Retrieve Analysis	536	(3)
Operability Analysis	539	(1)
Weak Point Analysis	540	(1)
Drift-off Analysis	541	(1)
VIV Analysis	542	(1)
Wave Fatigue Analysis	543	(1)
Hang-off Analysis	543	(1)
Dual Operation Interference Analysis	544	(1)
Contact Wear Analysis	545	(1)
Recoil Analysis	546	(1)
References	547	(2)
Integrity Management of Flexibles and Umbilicals	549	(16)
Introduction	549	(1)
Failure Statistics	550	(2)
Risk Management Methodology	552	(1)
Failure Drivers	552	(3)
Temperature	552	(1)
Pressure	553	(1)
Product Fluid Composition	554	(1)
Service Loads	554	(1)
Ancillary Components	555	(1)
Failure Modes	555	(1)
Fatigue	555	(1)
Corrosion	555	(1)
Erosion	556	(1)
Pipe Blockage or Flow Restriction	556	(1)
Accidental Damage	556	(1)
Integrity Management Strategy	556	(2)
Flexible Pipe Integrity Management System	556	(2)
Installation Procedures	558	(1)
Gas Diffusion Calculations	558	(1)
Dropped Object Reporting /Deck Lifting & Handling Procedures	558	(1)
Vessel Exclusion Zone	558	(1)
Fatigue Life Re-analysis of Pipes	558	(1)
High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS)	558	(1)
Inspection Measures	558	(1)
General Visual Inspection (GVI)/Close Visual Inspection (CVI)	558	(1)
Cathodic Protection Survey	559	(1)
Monitoring	559	(1)
Inspection and Monitoring Systems	559	(1)
Bore Fluid Parameter Monitoring	559	(1)
Testing and Analysis Measures	560	(1)
Coupon Sampling and Analysis	560	(1)
Vacuum Testing of Riser Annulus	560	(1)
Radiography	560	(1)
Steel Tube Umbilical Risk Analysis and Integrity Management	561	(1)
Risk Assessment	561	(1)
Integrity Management Strategy	561	(1)
References	562	(3)
PART V: Welding and Installation
Use of High Strength Steel	565	(20)
Introduction	565	(1)
Review of Usage of High Strength Steel Linepipes	565	(7)
Usage of X70 Linepipe	565	(3)
Usage of X80 Linepipe Onshore	568	(4)
Grades Above X80	572	(1)
Potential Benefits and Disadvantages of High Strength Steel	572	(4)
Potential Benefits of High Strength Steels	572	(3)
Potential Disadvantages of High Strength Steels	575	(1)
Welding of High Strength Linepipe	576	(3)
Applicability of Standard Welding Techniques	576	(2)
Field Welding Project Experience	578	(1)
Cathodic Protection	579	(1)
Fatigue and Fracture of High Strength Steel	580	(1)
Material Property Requirements	581	(2)
Material Property Requirement in Circumferential Direction	581	(1)
Material Property Requirement in Longitudinal Direction	581	(1)
Comparisons of Material Property Requirements	582	(1)
References	583	(2)
Welding and Defect Acceptance	585	(12)
Introduction	585	(1)
Weld Repair Analysis	585	(4)
Allowable Excavation Lengths for Plastic Collapse	586	(1)
Allowable Excavation Lengths Using Different Assessments	587	(2)
Allowable Excavation Length Assessment	589	(4)
Description of Pipeline Being Installed	589	(1)
Analysis Method	589	(2)
Analysis Results	591	(2)
Conclusions	593	(2)
References	595	(2)
Installation Design	597	(40)
Introduction	597	(1)
Pipeline Installation Vessels	597	(8)
Pipelay Semi-submersibles	598	(4)
Pipelay Ships and Barges	602	(1)
Pipelay Reel Ships	603	(1)
Tow or Pull Vessels	604	(1)
Software OFFPIPE and Code Requirements	605	(1)
OFFPIPE	605	(1)
Code Requirements	606	(1)
Physical Background for Installation	606	(18)
S-lay Method	606	(2)
Static Configuration	608	(1)
Curvature in Sagbend	608	(2)
Hydrostatic Pressure	610	(2)
Curvature in Overbend	612	(1)
Strain Concentration and Residual Strain	612	(1)
Rigid Section in the Pipeline	613	(1)
Dry Weight/Submerged Weight	614	(2)
Theoretical Aspects of Pipe Rotation	616	(5)
Installation Behaviour of Pipe with Residual Curvature	621	(3)
Finite Element Analysis Procedure for Installation of In-line Valves	624	(4)
Finding Static Configuration	624	(2)
Pipeline Sliding on Stinger	626	(2)
Installation of In-line Valve	628	(1)
Two Medium Pipeline Design Concept	628	(6)
Introduction	628	(1)
Wall-thickness Design for Three Medium and Two Medium Pipelines	629	(1)
Implication to Installation, Testing and Operation	630	(1)
Installing Free Flooding Pipelines	631	(1)
S-lay vs. J-lay	632	(2)
Economic Implication	634	(1)
References	634	(3)
Route Optimization, Tie-in and Protection	637	(18)
Introduction	637	(1)
Pipeline Routing	637	(2)
General Principle	637	(1)
Fabrication, Installation and Operational Cost Considerations	638	(1)
Route Optimization	638	(1)
Pipeline Tie-ins	639	(8)
Spoolpieces	639	(1)
Lateral Pull	639	(2)
J-tube Pull-in	641	(1)
Connect and Lay Away	642	(1)
Stalk-on	642	(5)
Flowline Trenching/Burying	647	(6)
Jet Sled	647	(2)
Ploughing	649	(1)
Mechanical Cutters	649	(4)
Flowline Rockdumping	653	(1)
Side Dumping	653	(1)
Fall Pipe	653	(1)
Bottom Dropping	653	(1)
Equipment Dayrates	654	(1)
References	654	(1)
Pipeline Inspection, Maintenance and Repair	655	(30)
Operations	655	(6)
Operating Philosophy	655	(1)
Pipeline Security	655	(2)
Operational Pigging	657	(3)
Pipeline Shutdown	660	(1)
Pipeline Depressurization	660	(1)
Inspection by Intelligent Pigging	661	(9)
General	661	(1)
Metal Loss Inspection Techniques	661	(7)
Intelligent Pigs for Purposes other than Metal Loss Detection	668	(2)
Maintenance	670	(2)
General	670	(1)
Pipeline Valves	671	(1)
Pig Traps	671	(1)
Pipeline Location Markers	671	(1)
Pipeline Repair Methods	672	(8)
Conventional Repair Methods	672	(1)
General Maintenance Repair	673	(7)
Deepwater Pipeline Repair	680	(2)
General	680	(1)
Diverless Repair Research and Development	680	(1)
Deepwater Pipeline Repair Philosophy	681	(1)
References	682	(3)
PART VI: Integrity Management
Reliability-based Strength Design of Pipelines	685	(12)
Introduction	685	(1)
General	685	(1)
Calculation of Failure Probability	685	(1)
Uncertainty Measures	685	(1)
Selection of Distribution Functions	686	(1)
Determination of Statistical Values	686	(1)
Calibration of Safety Factors	686	(1)
General	686	(1)
Target Reliability Levels	686	(1)
Reliability-based Determination of Corrosion Allowance	687	(8)
General	687	(1)
Reliability Model	688	(1)
Design Examples	689	(5)
Discussions	694	(1)
Recommendations	695	(1)
References	695	(2)
Corroded Pipelines	697	(36)
Introduction	697	(1)
Corrosion Defect Predictions	697	(9)
Corrosion Defect Inspection	697	(1)
Corrosion Defect Growth	698	(1)
CO2 Corrosion Defects	698	(8)
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe	706	(8)
NG-18 Criterion	707	(1)
B31G Criterion	707	(2)
Evaluation of Existing Criteria	709	(1)
Corrosion Mechanism	709	(3)
Material Parameters	712	(1)
Problems Excluded in the B31G Criteria	713	(1)
New Remaining Strength Criteria for Corroded Pipe	714	(3)
Development of New Criteria	714	(3)
Evaluation of New Criteria	717	(1)
Reliability-based Design	717	(6)
Target Failure Probability	717	(1)
Design Equation and Limit State Function	718	(2)
Uncertainty	720	(1)
Safety Level in the B31G Criteria	721	(1)
Reliability-based Calibration	722	(1)
Re-qualification Example Applications	723	(8)
Design Basis	723	(3)
Condition Assessment	726	(5)
Rehabilitation	731	(1)
References	731	(2)
Residual Strength of Dented Pipes with Cracks	733	(18)
Introduction	733	(1)
Limit-state based Criteria for Dented Pipe	733	(4)
General	733	(1)
Serviceability Limit-state (Out of Roundness)	734	(1)
Bursting Criterion for Dented Pipes	734	(1)
Fracture Criterion for Dented Pipes with Cracks	735	(1)
Fatigue Criterion for Dented Pipes	735	(1)
Moment Criterion for Buckling and Collapse of Dented Pipes	736	(1)
Fracture of Pipes with Longitudinal Cracks	737	(5)
Failure Pressure of Pipes with Longitudinal Cracks	737	(1)
Burst Pressure of Pipes Containing Combined Dent and Longitudinal Notch	738	(4)
Burst Strength Criteria	742	(1)
Fracture of Pipes with Circumferential Cracks	742	(1)
Fracture Condition and Critical Stress	742	(1)
Material Toughness, Kmat	743	(1)
Net Section Stress, σn	743	(1)
Maximum Allowable Axial Stress	743	(1)
Reliability-based Assessment	743	(2)
Design Formats vs. LSF	743	(1)
Uncertainty Measure	744	(1)
Design Examples	745	(4)
Case Description	745	(1)
Parameter Measurements	745	(1)
Reliability Assessments	745	(3)
Sensitivity Study	748	(1)
References	749	(2)
Integrity Management of Subsea Systems	751	(36)
Introduction	751	(2)
General	751	(1)
Risk Analysis Objectives	751	(1)
Risk Analysis Concepts	751	(1)
Risk Based Inspection and Integrity Management (RBIM)	752	(1)
Acceptance Criteria	753	(3)
General	753	(1)
Risk of Individuals	753	(1)
Societal Risk	754	(1)
Environmental Risk	754	(1)
Financial Risks	755	(1)
Identification of Initiating Events	756	(1)
Cause Analysis	756	(1)
General	756	(1)
Fault Tree Analysis	756	(1)
Event Tree Analysis	757	(1)
Probability of Initiating Events	757	(2)
General	757	(1)
HOE Frequency	757	(2)
Causes of Risks	759	(2)
General	759	(1)
1st Party Individual Risk	760	(1)
Societal, Environmental and Material Loss Risk	760	(1)
Failure Probability Estimation Based on Qualitative Review and Databases	761	(3)
Failure Probability Estimation Based on Structural Reliability Methods	764	(2)
General	764	(1)
Simplified Calculations of Reliability Index and Failure Probability	764	(1)
Strength/Resistance Models	765	(1)
Evaluation of Strength Uncertainties	765	(1)
Consequence Analysis	766	(5)
Consequence Modeling	766	(3)
Estimation of Failure Consequence	769	(2)
Example 1: Risk Analysis for a Subsea Gas Pipeline	771	(6)
General	771	(1)
Gas Releases	771	(2)
Individual Risk	773	(1)
Societal Risk	774	(1)
Environmental Risk	775	(1)
Risk of Material Loss	775	(1)
Risk Estimation	776	(1)
Example 2: Dropped Object Risk Analysis	777	(4)
General	777	(1)
Acceptable Risk Levels	777	(1)
Quantitative Cause Analysis	777	(2)
Results	779	(2)
Consequence Analysis	781	(1)
Example 3: Example Use of RBIM to Reduce Operation Costs	781	(4)
General	781	(1)
Inspection Frequency for Corroded Pipelines	781	(3)
Examples of Prioritising Tasks	784	(1)
References	785	(2)
LCC Modeling as a Decision Making Tool in Pipeline Design	787	(22)
Introduction	787	(2)
General	787	(1)
Probabilistic vs. Deterministic LCC Models	787	(1)
Economic Value Analysis	788	(1)
Initial Cost	789	(3)
General	789	(1)
Management	790	(1)
Design/Engineering Services	791	(1)
Materials and Fabrication	792	(1)
Marine Operations	792	(1)
Operation	792	(1)
Financial Risk	792	(3)
General	792	(1)
Probability of Failure	792	(1)
Consequence	793	(2)
Time Value of Money	795	(1)
Fabrication Tolerance Example Using the Life-cycle Cost Model	795	(10)
General	795	(1)
Background	796	(1)
Step 1- Definition of Structure	796	(1)
Step 2- Quality Aspect Considered	796	(1)
Step 3- Failure Modes Considered	796	(1)
Step 4- Limit State Equations	796	(3)
Step 5- Definition of Parameters and Variables	799	(3)
Step 6- Reliability Analysis	802	(1)
Step 7- Cost of Consequence	803	(1)
Step 8- Calculation of Expected Costs	803	(1)
Step 9- Initial Cost	804	(1)
Step 10- Comparison of Life-cycle Costs	804	(1)
On-Bottom Stability Example	805	(2)
Introduction	805	(1)
Step 1- Definition of System	805	(1)
Step 2- Quality Aspects Considered	805	(1)
Step 3- Failure Modes	805	(1)
Step 4- Limit State Equations	806	(1)
Step 5- Definition of Variables and Parameters	806	(1)
Step 6- Reliability Analysis	806	(1)
Step 7- Cost of Consequence	806	(1)
Step 8- Expected Cost	806	(1)
Step 9- Initial Cost	807	(1)
Step 10- Comparison of Life-cycle Cost	807	(1)
References	807	(2)
Subject Index	809