Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology

by Edited by Ronald Cole , Joseph Mariani , Hans Uszkoreit , Giovanni Battista Varile , Annie Zaenen , Antonio Zampolli

• ISBN13: 9780521592772
• ISBN10: 0521592771
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-03-13
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Originally published in 1997, this book is concerned with human language technology. This technology provides computers with the capability to handle spoken and written language. One major goal is to improve communication between humans and machines. If people can use their own language to access information, working with software applications and controlling machinery, the greatest obstacle for the acceptance of new information technology is overcome. Another important goal is to facilitate communication among people. Machines can help to translate texts or spoken input from one human language to the other. Programs that assist people in writing by checking orthography, grammar and style are constantly improving. This book was sponsored by the Directorate General XIII of the European Union and the Information Science and Engineering Directorate of the National Science Foundation, USA.

Table of Contents

1 Spoken Language Input	1	(62)
Ron Cole
Victor Zue
1.1 Overview	1	(2)
Victor Zue
Ron Cole
1.2 Speech Recognition	3	(7)
Victor Zue
Ron Cole
Wayne Ward
1.3 Signal Representation	10	(5)
Melvyn J. Hunt
1.4 Robust Speech Recognition	15	(6)
Richard M. Stern
1.5 HMM Methods in Speech Recognition	21	(9)
Renato De Mori
Fabio Brugnara
1.6 Language Representation	30	(6)
Salim Roukos
1.7 Speaker Recognition	36	(6)
Sadaoki Furui
1.8 Spoken Language Understanding	42	(7)
Patti Price
1.9 Chapter References	49	(14)
2 Written Language Input	63	(32)
Joseph Mariani
2.1 Overview	63	(5)
Sargur N. Srihari
Rohini K. Srihari
2.2 Document Image Analysis	68	(3)
Richard G. Casey
2.3 OCR: Print	71	(4)
Abdel Belaid
2.4 OCR: Handwriting	75	(3)
Claudie Faure
Eric Lecolinet
2.5 Handwriting as Computer Interface	78	(5)
Isabelle Guyon
Colin Warwick
2.6 Handwriting Analysis	83	(4)
Rejean Plamondon
2.7 Chapter References	87	(8)
3 Language Analysis and Understanding	95	(44)
Annie Zaenen
3.1 Overview	95	(1)
Annie Zaenen
Hans Uszkoreit
3.2 Sub-Sentential Processing	96	(4)
Fred Karlsson
Lauri Karttunen
3.3 Grammar Formalisms	100	(2)
Hans Uszkoreit
Annie Zaenen
3.4 Lexicons for Constraint-Based Grammars	102	(3)
Antonio Sanfilippo
3.5 Semantics	105	(6)
Stephen G. Pulman
3.6 Sentence Modeling and Parsing	111	(10)
Fernando Pereira
3.7 Robust Parsing	121	(2)
Ted Briscoe
3.8 Chapter References	123	(16)
4 Language Generation	139	(26)
Hans Uszkoreit
4.1 Overview	139	(8)
Eduard Hovy
4.2 Syntactic Generation	147	(4)
Gertjan van Noord
Gunter Neumann
4.3 Deep Generation	151	(4)
John Bateman
4.4 Chapter References	155	(10)
5 Spoken Output Technologies	165	(5)
Ron Cole
5.1 Overview	165	(5)
Yoshinori Sagisaka
5.2 Synthetic Speech Generation	170	(5)
Christophe d'Alessandro
Jean-Sylvain Lienard
5.3 Text Interpretation for TtS Synthesis	175	(7)
Richard Sproat
5.4 Spoken Language Generation	182	(5)
Kathleen R. McKeown
Johanna D. Moore
5.5 Chapter References	187	(12)
6 Discourse and Dialogue	199	(24)
Hans Uszkoreit
6.1 Overview	199	(2)
Barbara Grosz
6.2 Discourse Modeling	201	(3)
Donia Scott
Hans Kamp
6.3 Dialogue Modeling	204	(6)
Phil Cohen
6.4 Spoken Language Dialogue	210	(4)
Egidio Giachin
6.5 Chapter References	214	(9)
7 Document Processing	223	(22)
Annie Zaenen
7.1 Overview	223	(3)
Per-Kristian Halvorsen
7.2 Document Retrieval	226	(4)
Donna Harman
Peter Schauble
Alan Smeaton
7.3 Text Interpretation: Extracting Information	230	(2)
Paul Jacobs
7.4 Summarization	232	(3)
Karen Sparck Jones
7.5 Computer Assistance in Text Creation and Editing	235	(3)
Robert Dale
7.6 Controlled Languages in Industry	238	(2)
Richard H. Wojcik
James E. Hoard
7.7 Chapter References	240	(5)
8 Multilinguality	245	(3)
Annie Zaenen
8.1 Overview	245	(3)
Martin Kay
8.2 Machine Translation: The Disappointing Past and Present	248	(3)
Martin Kay
8.3 (Human-Aided) Machine Translation: A Better Future?	251	(6)
Christian Boitet
8.4 Machine-aided Human Translation	257	(4)
Christian Boitet
8.5 Multilingual Information Retrieval	261	(5)
Christian Fluhr
8.6 Multilingual Speech Processing	266	(7)
Alexander Waibel
8.7 Automatic Language Identification	273	(3)
Yeshwant K. Muthusamy
A. Lawrence Spitz
8.8 Chapter References	276	(11)
9 Multimodality	287	(36)
Joseph Mariani
9.1 Overview	287	(11)
James L. Flanagan
9.2 Representations of Space and Time	298	(5)
Gerard Ligozat
9.3 Text and Images	303	(4)
Wolfgang Wahlster
9.4 Modality Integration: Speech and Gesture	307	(2)
Yacine Bellik
9.5 Modality Integration: Facial Movement & Speech Recognition	309	(2)
Alan J. Goldschen
9.6 Modality Integration: Facial Movement & Speech Synthesis	311	(12)
Christian Benoit
Dominic W. Massaro
Michael M. Cohen
9.7 Chapter References	314
10 Transmission and Storage	323	(14)
Victor Zue
10.1 Overview	323	(2)
Isabel Trancoso
10.2 Speech Coding	325	(5)
Bishnu S. Atal
Nikil S. Jayant
10.3 Speech Enhancement	330	(4)
Dirk Van Compernolle
10.4 Chapter References	334	(3)
11 Mathematical Methods	337	(44)
Ron Cole
11.1 Overview	337	(5)
Ron Cole
11.2 Statistical Modeling and Classification	342	(6)
Steve Levinson
11.3 DSP Techniques	348	(3)
John Makhoul
11.4 Parsing Techniques	351	(5)
Aravind Joshi
11.5 Connectionist Techniques	356	(5)
Herve Bourlard
Nelson Morgan
11.6 Finite State Technology	361	(4)
Ronald M. Kaplan
11.7 Optimization and Search in Speech and Language Processing	365	(4)
John Bridle
11.8 Chapter References	369	(12)
12 Language Resources	381	(28)
Ron Cole
12.1 Overview	381	(3)
John J. Godfrey
Antonio Zampolli
12.2 Written Language Corpora	384	(4)
Eva Ejerhed
Ken Church
12.3 Spoken Language Corpora	388	(4)
Lori Lamel
Ronald Cole
12.4 Lexicons	392	(3)
Ralph Grishman
Nicoletta Calzolari
12.5 Terminology	395	(4)
Christian Galinski
Gerhard Budin
12.6 Addresses for Language Resources	399	(4)
12.7 Chapter References	403	(6)
13 Evaluation	409	(38)
Joseph Mariani
13.1 Overview of Evaluation in Speech and Natural Language Processing	409	(6)
Lynette Hirschman
Henry S. Thompson
13.2 Task-Oriented Text Analysis Evaluation	415	(3)
Beth Sundheim
13.3 Evaluation of Machine Translation and Translation Tools	418	(2)
John Hutchins
13.4 Evaluation of Broad-Coverage Natural-Language Parsers	420	(2)
Ezra Black
13.5 Human Factors and User Acceptability	422	(3)
Margaret King
13.6 Speech Input: Assessment and Evaluation	425	(4)
David S. Pallett
Adrian Fourcin
13.7 Speech Synthesis Evaluation	429	(2)
Louis C.W. Pols
13.8 Usability and Interface Design	431	(1)
Sharon Oviatt
13.9 Speech Communication Quality	432	(3)
Herman J.M. Steeneken
13.10 Character Recognition	435	(3)
Junichi Kanai
13.11 Chapter References	438	(9)
Glossary	447	(6)
Citation Index	453	(21)
Index	474